The commonly used digital currency in e-commerce is e-cash

2. For many people, the concept of digital currency is a mystery. But there is no doubt that digital currency is different from virtual currency

virtual currency is the electronization of illegal currency, and its original issuer is not the central bank. This kind of virtual currency is mainly limited to circulation in a specific virtual environment. Digital currency can be used for real goods and services transactions, but only the digital currency issued by the state is legal digital currency

in 2013, the central bank, together with five ministries and commissions, issued the notice on preventing the risk of bitcoin, which clearly defined non legal digital currencies such as bitcoin as virtual commodities, not in the form of currency and legal currency< At the same time, digital currency is different from electronic payment. In the actual use experience, digital money and electronic payment may feel similar, but they are still quite different in essence. Before digital currency, the financial instry has been highly informationized. Such as Internet banking, WeChat, Alipay and so on pay the popularization of electronic technology, physical cash accounts for only a very small part of the total circulation of money. In spite of this, because the money used in the transaction comes from the bank account, it actually corresponds to the banknotes.

3. Bitcoin, of course, is the hottest one. In addition to bitcoin, there are also:
1. Litecoin is similar to bitcoin, which is also an encrypted digital currency, and its price has risen sharply recently. It is a P2P open source digital currency, which can be regarded as a branch of bitcoin. However, although lightcoin is based on bitcoin protocol, it does not require very high computing power. It can also be mined using ordinary computers. Lightcoin's algorithm comes from the algorithm designed by Dr Colin Percival for tarsnap secure online backup service (backup for Linux and other open source operating systems)
2. Namecoin
namecoin is also based on bitcoin, which is another branch of open source. Namecoin is a distributed DNS protocol -- generally speaking, it can transform the website name (such as ifeng. Com) that can be understood by human into the address that can be understood by machine. As its own DNS, this kind of currency can operate outside the normal Internet, so it can break away from the control of ICANN
the monetary value and domain name of namecoin are stored in the user's blockchain records, limiting the total number to 21 million
3. Peercoin
peercoin is a peer-to-peer variant of bitcoin, which can improve mining efficiency and security, and improve safeguard measures to avoid group mining. Now, group mining has been considered as a potential defect of bitcoin. According to the statistics of emerging currencies by coinmarketcap.com, peercoin currently ranks fourth in the market value of digital currencies
4. Primecoin
primecoin is a cryptocurrency similar to bitcoin, but it uses a completely independent mining algorithm. Bitcoin uses the hashcash algorithm, while prime coin uses the long Cunningham chains to create the value of money - a sequence of prime numbers named after mathematician AJC Cunningham
in the process of bitcoin mining, as the amount of money goes on, the difficulty will increase sharply. But prime is different. Every time a primecoin is mined, the mining difficulty will increase slightly, and the process is much more stable< 5. Feathercoin

based on the design of litecoin, released in April 2013, can adjust the mining difficulty more frequently than litecoin. Feathercoin will be updated frequently, adding new features and improvements to eliminate malicious mining behavior

6. Novacoin

another P2P digital cryptocurrency. Novacoin is different from most other currencies in that it integrates a protection mechanism in the currency core, which can identify illegal mining activities

the total number of novacoin is limited to 2 billion, which is considerable. If necessary, the total can be adjusted upward

7, infinitech

published in June 2013. A by-proct of litecain. According to the mining situation and the total amount of money, infinite money can frequently adjust the mining difficulty ratio< Megacoin was only released in the fourth quarter of 2013, imitating bitcoin in the early stage. The total number of megacoin is limited to 42 million, which can be mined like other virtual currencies. Its biggest selling point is brand publicity, which other digital currencies lack< It was released in 2013 and is still in its infancy. In the security part of quarkcoin, nine independent loops are deployed and six different algorithms are used.

4.

Generally, the excellent digital currencies are mostly imported procts, such as bitcoin, Leyte coin, ether coin and so on. However, the domestic Yuanbao coin, Ruitai coin, bitcoin and the tokens of different crowdfunding projects of European crowdfunding are excellent digital currencies

< H2 > development materials

digital currency (English: digital currency) is an alternative currency in the form of electronic currency. At present, no central bank of any government has indicated that it will issue digital currency, and digital currency does not have to have a benchmark currency and a central bank

it is different from the virtual currency in the virtual world, because it can be used for real goods and services transactions, not limited to online games. The early digital currency (digital gold currency) is a form of electronic currency named after the weight of gold. Today's digital currency, such as bitcoin, lightcoin and ppcoin, is an electronic currency created, issued and circulated by check sum cryptography

5.

E-cash, like paper money, has no value in itself. It only depends on the credit of the issuer to reflect its value. It is a kind of digital information composed of 0 and 1 signed by the bank through electronic means, so it is also called digital currency. It is different from the credit card used now, because the credit card itself is not money, it is just a means of transfer, and e-cash itself is a kind of money, it can be directly used to buy goods. Although it is the same as gold coin and paper money, it does not need physical entity like them. Instead, it can make electronic payment only through data exchange to realize the function of cash. E-cash has the following characteristics:

one is the rapidity of mobile. It can send cash to distant places instantaneously through the network, so it has extremely fast mobility. Because it is a kind of digital information, like the usual data, it can be put in the computer and transmitted by the network. Moreover, it can be sent directly to the store terminal by the consumer terminal, so there is no need to pay the service charge to the intermediate settlement institution. However, because it can transfer large amounts of money to distant places instantaneously, it also increases the monitoring difficulty of financial management institutions, and also causes tax, legal, exchange rate instability and other problems

The other is the anonymity of payment (i.e. it is impossible to know who originally owned the money). Using cash can also achieve anonymity, but it is difficult to achieve it when using electronic settlement services (such as credit card). With the electronization of various social systems, there is a tendency to automatically collect personal secret information. Payment behavior is often the source of all kinds of personal secret information. Therefore, the use of e-cash will be an effective means of self-defense in the future computer society. However, the anonymity of e-cash will also provide the convenience of money laundering for money of unknown origin, so we should try to prevent it

The third is to improve the safety. Because the security measures it adopts are far more perfect than the current credit card, much safer than checking accounts and savings accounts, and will not be stolen or robbed like banknotes and coins

Fourthly, it can save cost. Banknotes need to be printed, transported, preserved, counted, anti-counterfeited and secured, which requires a lot of expenses. It is reported that the annual cost of transporting tangible currency in the United States is as high as US $6 billion, and that in the United Kingdom is as high as 200 million pounds. The cost of money settlement and transportation between the world bank system accounts for 5% of its total management fee. All these expenses can be saved when using e-cash

6. E-wallet has two concepts: one is pure software, which is mainly used for online consumption and account management. This kind of software is usually connected with bank account or bank card account. The second is the smart stored value card of small amount payment. The cardholder deposits a certain amount in the card in advance, and directly dects the transaction amount from the stored value account ring the transaction
e-wallet is a kind of payment tool commonly used by customers in e-commerce shopping activities. It is a new type of wallet commonly used in small amount shopping or purchasing small goods. Shopping with e-wallet usually needs to be done in the E-wallet service system. The software of e-wallet in e-commerce activities is usually provided free of charge. You can directly use the E-wallet software on the e-commerce system server connected with your own bank account. You can also upgrade it from the Internet and use the E-wallet software on the Internet in various confidential ways. At present, there are two e-wallet service systems visacash and Mondex in the world, and other e-wallet service systems include mastercardcash, europay's clip and Belgium's proton.

customers who use e-wallets usually have accounts in the bank. When using the E-wallet, you can install the relevant application software on the e-commerce server, and use the E-wallet service system to input the data on your various e-currencies or e-financial cards. In the event of collection and payment, if the customer wants to pay by electronic credit card, such as visa card or MasterCard card, the customer only needs to click the corresponding item (or icon) to complete the payment. People often call this electronic payment method click or electric shock payment

e-wallet can only be fully loaded with e-cash, e-change, secure change, e-credit card, online currency, digital currency, etc. These electronic payment tools can support click payment

in the e-commerce service system, there is a function management mole of e-money and e-wallet, which is called e-wallet manager. Customers can use it to change the secret password or secret method, and use it to view the e-money account, list and data of their own bank account. There is also an electronic transaction recorder in the e-commerce service system. Through the query recorder, customers can know what they have bought, how much they have bought, and print out the query results

although the use of e-wallets often starts from a centralized city or instry, if different instries and regions develop their own e-wallets, GM will become an important issue. The common effect brought by the unified standard makes different e-wallet terminals can be shared at low cost, which is an important prerequisite for the cross instry and cross regional development of E-wallet. As far as China is concerned, the financial IC card standard of the people's Bank of China has formulated the standards of e-wallet and e-passbook, which has laid a foundation for the development of unified e-wallet in China. At present, there is no non-contact standard in the standard, that is to say, the standard can not enter the largest application field of e-wallet transportation, so it needs to be further improved.

7.

E-cash is a technology to simulate cash in electronic form

e-wallet is a common payment tool in e-commerce shopping activities. Electronic money stored in electronic wallet, such as electronic cash, electronic change, electronic credit card, etc

First, e-cash overview:

e-commerce is a business activity carried out through the Internet. A key requirement for e-commerce is to have a safe and efficient e-cash system. Since D. Chaum published his first paper on e-cash system in 1882, he has made a lot of achievements in the research of e-cash system

Second, e-wallet overview:

e-wallet has two concepts: one is pure software, which is mainly used for online consumption and account management. This kind of software is usually connected with bank account or bank card account. The second is the smart stored value card of small amount payment. The cardholder deposits a certain amount in the card in advance, and directly dects the transaction amount from the stored value account ring the transaction

extended data:

I. characteristics of e-cash:

1. There should be agreement and authorization relationship between banks and businesses

2. Users, businesses and e-cash banks all need to use e-cash software

E-cash bank is responsible for the transfer of funds between users and businesses

4. E-cash is anonymous to users, and the use of e-cash consumption can protect users' information

Second, the characteristics of e-wallet

1. Security: the personal data of e-wallet users are stored in the server, and the security is ensured by technical means. No personal data is stored on the personal computer, so as to avoid the risk of data leakage

2. Self: after successfully applying for wallet, consumers have their own files on the server. When they travel or go on business, they can pay online without carrying the E-wallet information

3. Convenience: the E-wallet has many merchant site links, through which consumers can directly enter the merchant site for shopping

4. Fast: it only takes 10-20 seconds to complete the normal processing of a payment instruction through the electronic wallet (depending on the network and communication)

8. Stored value card
credit card

e-check

e-money




e-wallet
1. Concept: e-wallet is a kind of payment tool commonly used by online shopping customers in e-commerce activities, and a new type of wallet commonly used in small amount shopping or small commodity purchase
customers who use e-wallets usually have accounts in the bank. When using the E-wallet, you can install the relevant application software on the e-commerce server, and use the E-wallet service system to input your data in the e-money or e-financial card. In the process of payment, if customers want to pay with electronic credit card, such as visa card or MasterCard card card, they just need to click the corresponding item or icon to complete the payment. This kind of payment method is often called click or electric shock payment method.

9. In e-commerce, e-cash can be understood as the electronization of paper cash. Compared with other online payment methods, it can better reflect the characteristics of currency and equivalent, and can be said to be the real currency. Therefore, e-cash has the similar characteristics of paper cash in all aspects, and it also shows the application characteristics of paper cash in online payment, which is obviously different from other online payment methods
the main characteristics of e-cash network payment in e-commerce:
1. Anonymity
this is also the advantage of paper money. The buyer pays the seller in digital cash, and no one knows the buyer's identity or transaction details except the seller. If the buyer uses a very complex pseudonym system, then even the seller does not know the identity of the buyer. Because there is no formal business record, even the bank can not analyze and identify the flow of funds. Because of this, if e-cash is lost, it will be as irrecoverable as paper money
protecting the privacy of customers is the main advantage of e-cash, so e-cash can not provide information for tracking the holder, even when making online payment
2. Independence and versatility
e-cash does not depend on the computer system used. There should be an agreement and authorization relationship between banks and businesses. Customers, businesses and e-cash banks all need to use e-cash software. E-cash bank is responsible for the transfer of funds between customers and businesses. Authentication is done by e-cash itself. E-cash bank uses digital signature when issuing e-money. In each transaction, the merchant sends the electronic currency to the e-cash bank, and the e-cash bank verifies whether the electronic currency paid by the user is invalid (forged or used, etc.). It is not reusable. After e-cash is spent once, it can't be used twice
3. Flexibility
in the process of e-cash payment, there is no need for the intermediary of the bank, so it can be used in a wider range. Unlike credit cards, which are limited to authorized stores, they are more convenient and flexible to use
4. Economy and high efficiency
with the help of Internet, e-cash transfers directly between the sender and the receiver to complete the payment process. It not only has higher efficiency, but also is more economical in application. It can also get a smaller share, such as one yuan e-cash, which is more suitable for the payment and settlement of some small funds on the Internet, such as C to c e-commerce payment
5. Good safety
make full use of digital signature, hidden signature and other security technologies to ensure security, so as to prevent repudiation and forgery. If necessary, back office bank authentication can be added to improve the recognition ability of preventing forgery and repeated consumption. In addition, no need to carry, convenient travel, but pay attention to prevent loss
6. Dependence on e-cash application software
customers, businesses and e-cash issuing banks need to use the corresponding e-cash software
7. Greatly save resources and avoid huge storage, transportation and maintenance costs of similar banknotes.

10. E-wallet has two concepts: one is pure software, which is mainly used for online consumption and account management. This kind of software is usually connected with bank account or bank card account. The second is the smart stored value card of small amount payment. The cardholder deposits a certain amount in the card in advance, and directly dects the transaction amount from the stored value account ring the transaction

e-wallet is a kind of payment tool commonly used by customers in e-commerce shopping activities. It is a new type of wallet commonly used in small amount shopping or purchasing small goods. Shopping with e-wallet usually needs to be done in the E-wallet service system. The software of e-wallet in e-commerce activities is usually provided free of charge. You can directly use the E-wallet software on the e-commerce system server connected with your own bank account. You can also upgrade it from the Internet and use the E-wallet software on the Internet in various confidential ways. At present, there are two e-wallet service systems visacash and Mondex in the world, and other e-wallet service systems include mastercardcash, europay's clip and Belgium's proton.

customers who use e-wallets usually have accounts in the bank. When using the E-wallet, you can install the relevant application software on the e-commerce server, and use the E-wallet service system to input the data on your various e-currencies or e-financial cards. In the event of collection and payment, if the customer wants to pay by electronic credit card, such as visa card or MasterCard card, the customer only needs to click the corresponding item (or icon) to complete the payment. People often call this electronic payment method click or electric shock payment

e-wallet can only be fully loaded with e-cash, e-change, secure change, e-credit card, online currency, digital currency, etc. These electronic payment tools can support click payment

in the e-commerce service system, there is a function management mole of e-money and e-wallet, which is called e-wallet manager. Customers can use it to change the secret password or secret method, and use it to view the e-money account, list and data of their own bank account. There is also an electronic transaction recorder in the e-commerce service system. Through the query recorder, customers can know what they have bought, how much they have bought, and print out the query results

although the use of e-wallets often starts from a centralized city or instry, if different instries and regions develop their own e-wallets, GM will become an important issue. The common effect brought by the unified standard makes different e-wallet terminals can be shared at low cost, which is an important prerequisite for the cross instry and cross regional development of E-wallet. As far as China is concerned, the financial IC card standard of the people's Bank of China has formulated the standards of e-wallet and e-passbook, which has laid a foundation for the development of unified e-wallet in China. At present, there is no non-contact standard in the standard, that is to say, the standard can not enter the largest application field of e-wallet transportation, so it needs to be further improved

at present, e-wallets in China can be roughly divided into two categories: instry e-wallets (or quasi e-wallets) evolved from instry cards and general e-wallets issued by banks. Due to the history and the existing system, the public transport instry is the most developed field of the instry card, and also the cradle of the instry E-wallet

at present, various large and medium-sized cities in China are implementing bus card projects, with different standards and implementation methods The rapid development of the bus card instry in Shanghai and Guangzhou is mainly e to the large population base, and its transaction volume and deposited funds can bring relatively rich profits to the project. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 7 million public transport "all-in-one cards" currently issued in Shanghai, and more than 2 million "Yangchengtong" currently issued in Guangzhou. The total number of traffic cards in the two cities has exceeded 10 million. In addition, because traffic cards, especially those applied across instries, involve the image of urban information management and the vital interests of citizens, The government usually has a certain enthusiasm for promotion. Beijing, Wuhan, Nanjing, Jinan and other big cities and small and medium-sized cities are also implementing bus cards to varying degrees. Even small cities such as Wuxi and Suzhou are actively implementing "inter city connection" with Shanghai. It can be seen that the development trend of all-in-one bus card is good

another instry e-wallet comparable to the bus card is the catering card and the commercial card used in supermarkets and department stores. This type of card is generally used for public consumption, or the company's welfare to employees, and has special advantages in marketing that other instry cards can't match

in foreign countries, the general e-wallet is regulated by financial institutions, but China lacks the corresponding legal norms of E-wallet. Therefore, there are no rules for all kinds of instry cards to enter the field of micro payment and become a general e-wallet, which can only be graally infiltrated. Shanghai's all-in-one bus card has been used to pay for water, electricity, gas, etc., and can also be used for shopping in some supermarkets. Basically, the same is true for catering cards and commercial cards<

except for Instry cards, IC cards issued by banks according to the financial IC card specifications of the people's Bank of China are basically universal e-wallets conforming to PBOC standards. Such as Beijing's peony transportation card, Bank of China's petrochemical gas card and so on

although the bank e-wallet has appeared since the 1990s, it has not been widely promoted in practical application. So far, the circulation of pure bank e-wallets (excluding co branded cards) is only over 2 million

considering the overall income of commercial banks, e-wallet, like debit card, can absorb deposits without interest payment, and does not occupy the bank's back office system and communication resources. However, there are still some difficulties in the promotion of E-wallet. First of all, like the United States, the cost of communication in China is much lower than that in Europe, and the cost advantage of e-wallet offline transaction is negligible. In the field of micropayment which can be entered by bank debit card and credit card, e-wallet has no other advantages except the advantage of transaction speed. Secondly, at present, the micro payment fields that require high transaction speed mainly include expressways, parking lots, subways, buses, taxis and fast food restaurants. Contactless cards are more practical. However, there is no contactless standard for bank e-wallet, so its application in some micro payment fields is limited. In addition, in terms of marketing means, one of the important reasons why the instry card can be promoted is that it can issue commercial invoice, and group purchase forms the main channel of stored value card sales, while Bank e-wallet does not have the marketing channel of group purchase. Therefore, for the bank e-wallet with pure payment function, banks are very cautious in their investment

of course, e to the need of horizontal competition, some instries have begun to open their own business platforms, making full use of the advantages of payment function of financial e-wallet to attract more consumers

e-wallet is widely used, which brings people a lot of convenience

e-cash is a kind of currency circulating in the form of data. It converts the value of cash into a series of encrypted serial numbers, which represent the currency value of various amounts in reality. After opening an account in the bank where e-cash business is carried out and storing money in the account, users can shop in the store where e-cash is accepted

when a user dials Internet banking, uses a password and personal identification number (PTN) to verify himself, and directly downloads a package of low value electronic "coins" from his account, then e-cash will work. Then, the e-cash is stored in the user's hard disk until the user purchases from the online merchant. In order to ensure the security of the transaction, the computer also establishes a serial number for each "coin" to be selected at any time, and hides this number in an encrypted envelope, so that no one can find out who extracted or used the e-cash. Buying in this way can actually leave buyers nowhere to be found, which is welcomed by privacy advocates

digicash, which is headquartered in the Netherlands, is the only company that provides a real e-cash system in business, followed by digital equipment company (DEC). Digicash company began to test an e-cash system called cyberrbucks in Mark Twain Bank of St. Louis in October 1995. At present, about 50 Internet manufacturers and 1000 customers use this e-cash system. According to Frank trotter, senior vice president and head of international marketing of Mark Twain bank, "the first stage
is the retail business system, but the real potential is in the second stage, which I think will form a global business oriented payment network." He also said that users have always thought that e-cash is very convenient to use. At present, there are more than 10 banks using the system to release e-cash, including Mark Twain, eunet Deutsche, advance and other world-famous banks. IBM's Mini pay system provides another e-cash mode. The proct uses RSA company's key digital signature. The identity authentication of all parties in the transaction is completed through the certificate. The certificate of e-money is valid on the same day. The proct is mainly used for small online transactions.