Digital currency MT
digital currency is an alternative currency in the form of electronic currency (which can be used for real goods and services transactions)
digital currency has the main characteristics of network packets. This kind of data packet is composed of data code and identification code. The data code is the content we need to transmit, while the identification code indicates where the data packet comes from and goes
based on the characteristics of digital currency, the direct benefit of digital currency to the central bank is not only to save the cost of note issuance, circulation and settlement, but also to enhance the central bank's ability to control funds
Electronic money and virtual money are called digital money. According to the definition of the European Central Bank, virtual money is issued by non central banks, credit institutions and e-money institutions, which can be used as the numerical expression of the value of currency substitutes in some cases{rrrrrrr}
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the process of digital currency trading through the platform is as follows:
(1) investors should register accounts first, and obtain digital currency accounts and US dollar or other foreign exchange accounts at the same time
(2) users can buy and sell digital currency with the money in their cash account, just like buying and selling stocks and futures
(3) the trading platform will sort the buying requests and selling requests according to the rules and start to match them. If they meet the requirements, the transaction will be concluded
(4) e to the difference between the buy and sell volumes submitted by users, a buy or sell request may be partially executed
In the morning of March 9, 2014 Beijing time, Jared Cohen, creative director of Google, said at the Sxsw conference this week that digital cryptocurrency similar to bitcoin will exist for a long time. Cohen and Eric Schmidt, Google's chairman, promoted their co-author book the new digital age at the conference
in the past few months, bitcoin prices have fluctuated significantly. At the same time, this digital currency is strongly supported by the hacker community and is closely related to some black markets. Cohen believes that bitcoin has its value, but it will bring risks if it is not regulated
mt.gox lost $400 million worth of bitcoin, which shakes the confidence of the outside world in bitcoin. Some critics even point out that "bitcoin is dead". However, Cohen's statement is a strong support for cryptocurrency technologies such as bitcoin
bitcoin can exist only because both sides of the transaction recognize its transaction value, so anyone can independently design a virtual currency. Ars technica, for example, announced this week that it would create its own cryptocurrency, arscoin
Cohen believes that the main threat to digital cryptocurrency is how to keep it safely, and the loss of mt.gox bitcoin once again highlights this problem. Recently, the US Congress has also launched a debate on digital cryptocurrency. Some members believe that the supervision of the bitcoin should be strengthened to avoid risks. Another congressman, Jared polis, believes that the US dollar has similar defects to bitcoin, so if bitcoin is banned, then the US dollar note should also be banned
digital currency has a short history in the world, but it develops rapidly. Many countries are trying to sum up experiences and lessons through official or non-governmental efforts
take Europe as an example. In 2015, the transaction volume of digital currency in relevant European countries and regions exceeded 1 billion euro. Although the total amount is not large, it is fierce
it was reported on January 2, 2016 that the Bank of England is also considering whether to issue digital currency by the central bank, and the research work is still in the initial stage. Andy Haldane, chief economist of the Bank of England, said that switching to digital currency would be "a great technological leap forward"
DNB, Norway's largest bank, has already cancelled the cash counter service. The bank called on the government to stop using paper money completely. According to the data, only 6% of Norwegians still use cash every day, most of them the elderly. The social cost of cash payment is twice that of electronic money payment. In one day's life, the payment of bus, shopping, payment, refueling, and even parking is completed by swiping the card. Only when the children's school holds a charity sale can the banknotes be used
compared with paper money, digital currency has obvious advantages, which can not only save the cost of issuance and circulation, but also improve the efficiency of transaction or investment, and enhance the convenience and transparency of economic transaction activities. The issue of digital currency by the central bank also ensures the continuity of financial policy and the integrity of monetary policy, and also ensures the security of monetary transactions
although the issuing method of digital currency is still under study, paper currency has been regarded as "the currency of the previous generation" by some professionals, and it is the general trend to be replaced by new technologies and procts. Due to China's large population and volume, the timetable for issuing digital currency is still uncertain. It is predicted that digital currency and cash will be in parallel and graally replaced for quite a long time. When the era of digital currency really comes, people will carry less and less cash, travel more and more safe, poverty alleviation more and more accurate, corruption more and more difficult to escape, and thieves more and more difficult
very large
in the field of blockchain and virtual currency, such cases of losses caused by the security of exchanges occur frequently, causing great economic losses to users. The security experts of Juhui ggfx also gave a hint: there are still many loopholes in the current digital currency trading platform, for example, the most common are the following six kinds:
the first kind: denial of service attack
denial of service attack is the most important attack against the digital currency trading platform at present. Through denial of service attack, the attacker makes the trading platform unable to access normally, Because users can not accurately distinguish the degree of attack, it often causes panic asset transfer, which brings some loss
the second kind: phishing
even the best technical measures at present can not make the digital currency trading platform avoid phishing attacks. Some hackers and outlaws can confuse digital currency investors by means of fake domain names or fake pages, while ordinary investors can't identify the authenticity, so it's easy to cause asset losses
the third: Hot wallet protection
many digital currency trading platforms use a single private key to protect the hot wallet. If hackers can access a single private key, they can crack the hot wallet related to the private key. For example, in the attack on yapizon of Seoul stock exchange in 2017, the attackers stole hot wallets from the trading platform twice in a year, resulting in a total loss of nearly 50% of the assets of the trading platform and eventually leading to the bankruptcy of the trading platform
Fourth: internal attack
e to the lack of perfect risk isolation measures or ineffective supervision on the authority of employees, the digital currency trading platform also has employees' self-monitoring and stealing, and some employees with operating authority of the platform use internal trust to seek ill gotten gains for themselves. For example, in 2016, the event of employees stealing bitcoin on shapeshift caused a total loss of US $230000 to the trading platform by stealing and reselling sensitive information to others
the fifth: software vulnerability
the software vulnerability of digital currency trading platform includes single sign on vulnerability, OAuth protocol vulnerability, etc. At present, all countries have laws requiring banks or other financial institutions to implement information security measures to protect customers' deposits. However, e to the fact that the blockchain field is still in its infancy, there is a lack of such specifications for encrypting digital assets. Therefore, it is not accidental that many trading platforms have a large number of loopholes in the absence of security constraints
sixth: transaction malleability
Technical supporters of blockchain often think that blockchain transactions are highly secure because they are recorded on records that are said to be unchangeable, but each transaction needs to have a corresponding signature, and the records can be temporarily forged before the final confirmation of the transaction. Mt. GOx, which once accounted for 80% of the world's total transactions, was hacked to submit code changes to the public ledger before the initial transaction was released, resulting in a loss of 473 million US dollars< br /> &# 160;
The real digital currency is issued by the state, based on the national credit, and stored in the form of electronic data. This is the national legal currency that can be circulated. So far, no country has issued digital currency, so has China. Therefore, anyone claiming to be a digital currency issued by the state is a fraud
the mode of digital currency trading through operating companies is as follows: take Ruibo coin as an example, Ruibo coin is operated by professional operating company opencoin, ripple protocol was originally designed based on means of payment, and the design idea is based on acquaintance network and trust chain. To use ripple network for remittance or loan
the premise is that in the network, the payee and the payer must be friends, or have common friends (through the transmission of friends to form a trust chain), otherwise the trust chain between the user and other users cannot be established, and the transfer cannot be carried out
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transaction mode:
at present, digital currency is more like an investment proct, because it lacks a strong guarantee agency to maintain its price stability, and its role as a value measure has not yet appeared, so it can not be used as a means of payment. As an investment proct, digital currency cannot develop without trading platform, operating company and investors
trading platforms act as trading agents, and some of them act as market makers. The profits of these trading platforms come from investors' transaction or withdrawal fees and premium income from holding digital currency. Bitstamp, gathub, ripple Singapore, snapswap, Japan's Mt. GOx and China's new star Ruihu are the platforms with large trading volume
bitcoin can exist only because both sides of the transaction recognize its transaction value, so anyone can design virtual currency independently. Ars technica, for example, announced this week that it would create its own cryptocurrency, arscoin[ 2]
Cohen believes that the main threat to digital cryptocurrency is how to keep it safely, and the loss of mt.gox bitcoin once again highlights this problem. Recently, the US Congress has also launched a debate on digital cryptocurrency. Some members believe that the supervision of the bitcoin should be strengthened to avoid risks. Another congressman, Jared polis, believes that the US dollar has similar defects to bitcoin, so if bitcoin is banned, then the US dollar note should also be banned[ 2]
digital currency has a short history of development in the world, but it develops rapidly. Many countries are trying to sum up experiences and lessons through official or non-governmental efforts.
on the morning of February 25, 2014, Mt. GOx, the world's first exchange, stolen 744408 bitcoins in a major bitcoin theft case. According to the average price of bitcoin on the 28th day, it is equivalent to 475 million US dollars. Mt. GOx went bankrupt
on January 26, 2018, coincheck illegally removed about 260000 NEM holders at about 02:57 on that day, and then suspended some functions
on March 7, 2018, the world's second largest exchange, "coin on binance exchange". A large number of users' accounts were stolen. In the face of the hacker attack, this morning, coin an rolled back all abnormal transactions
the above lesson of xuelinlin tells us that no matter how big the exchange is, it can't guarantee the security of core assets and users' digital currency
next, I would like to say that it is safer to withdraw your digital currency to Epay blockchain wallet
Why do you say that< 1. Epay wallet adopts multiple encryption, offline cold storage
2. Bank and risk control system, anti money laundering system
3. Secured transactions are more secure, and it is the first encrypted digital wallet supporting secured transactions in the world
Epay wallet is a digital currency encrypted wallet developed by Epay global payment, and Epay global payment is the best payment channel of global cryptocurrency, The official partner of tether and the world's largest usdt charging platform account for more than 80% of the total usdt, and it is the first digital currency wallet in the world to support the top five legal currencies. Epay global payment was established in 2014 with a registered capital of 200 million yuan. Epay global payment integrates the latest blockchain technology and e-wallet to provide convenient and flexible e-payment, global bank wire transfer, payment gateway and other services for global users with a series of advantages such as diversified payment methods, low cost, high security and trust.
made by Changsha Bureau of land and resources
mining right contract
Article 1 both parties of this Contract:
transferor: Changsha Bureau of land and resources, Hunan Province, people's Republic of China
transferee:
according to the mineral resources law of the people's Republic of China, the Interim Provisions on the administration of mining right transfer, the According to the contract law of the people's Republic of China and other laws and regulations, both parties enter into this contract on the principle of equality, voluntariness, compensation and good faith
Article 2 the transferor transfers the mining right according to the authorization of the law, and the ownership of the mineral resources transferred belongs to the people's Republic of China. The state has jurisdiction and administrative power conferred by the Constitution and the law, as well as other powers exercised by the state in accordance with the laws of the people's Republic of China and rights and interests necessary for the interests of the public. The state ownership of mineral resources does not change with the land ownership or the right to use. The land use right attached to mineral resources does not belong to the scope of mining right transfer
Article 2 the mineral resources transferred to the transferee under this contract are located in
, and the inflection point coordinates of the mining area are shown in the annex for details, with the mining area of square kilometers and the mining depth of meter meter meter
Article 4 the main mineral species of the mineral resources transferred under this contract are: the mining method is mining, and the mining method is mining method< Article 5 the transferor agrees to deliver the transferred mineral resources to the transferee before (mm / DD / yyyy). According to the resource reserve evaluation report provided by the geological exploration unit, the transferred resource reserves under this contract are recoverable reserves tons
Article 6 according to the approved development and utilization plan of mineral resources and the mineral resources reserves within the mining scope, the service life of the transferred mine under this contract is years, and the proction scale of the mine is tons / year
Article 7 according to the relevant provisions on payment of mining right price, the price of the transferred mining right under this contract is RMB (in figures). Among them, yuan was handed over to the Provincial Department of land and resources; Turn over to Changsha Bureau of land and resources yuan; Turn in county (city)
yuan. However, the price of mining right stipulated in this contract does not include registration fee, mining right use fee and mineral resource compensation fee, and the transaction expenses of mining right have been dected
Article 8 the transferee agrees to pay the price of the mining right to the transferor in accordance with the provisions of paragraph () of this article, and pay it separately according to the amount determined by the transferor
(1) within days from the date of signing this contract, the above mining right price shall be paid in one lump sum
(2) pay the above mining right price to the transferor in installments according to the following time and amount
the first installment is RMB in words (in figures), and the payment time is before mm / DD / yyyy
the second installment of RMB in words (in figures), payment time: before mm / DD / yyyy
the third installment of RMB in words (in figures), payment time: before mm / DD / yyyy
the fourth installment of RMB in words (in figures), payment time: before (mm / DD / yyyy)
in case of policy adjustment, the new policy shall be implemented< Article 9 the grantee agrees to complete the infrastructure construction of the mine and start mining mineral resources before
if the mineral resources cannot be mined on schele, it shall be reported to the transferor in advance
Article 10 the grantee must organize proction in strict accordance with the mining area, mining types, proction scale, mining methods and mining methods specified in the approved plan for the development and utilization of mineral resources, so as to ensure the rational and effective utilization of mineral resources and the safe proction of the mine< Article 11 in case of any of the following circumstances ring the period of validity of the mining license, the transferee shall go through the change registration with the original license issuing authority:
(1) expand or narrow the scope of the mining area
(2) change of main mining minerals< (3) change of mining method< (4) change the name of mining enterprises
Article 12 the Grantee shall not transfer the mining right to another person for mining operation by means of contracting. If it is necessary to transfer the mining right, both parties to the transfer must apply to the original license issuing authority and go through the change registration proceres after examination and approval
Article 13 the transferee must take the initiative to accept the supervision and management of the transferor and submit the annual report to the transferor. If the grantee needs to continue mining after the expiration of the mining license, he shall apply to the original license issuing authority for registration of renewal 30 days before the expiration of the mining license
Article 14 in case of any potential safety hazard or damage to geological environment ring mining, the transferee shall immediately stop proction, report to the local people's government and relevant competent departments in time, and do a good job in rectification of potential safety hazard and treatment of geological environment
Article 15 the transferor shall not take back the mining right legally obtained by the transferee before the expiration of the service life stipulated in this contract. Under special circumstances, if the mining right needs to be withdrawn in advance according to the social and public interests, the transferor shall apply for approval in accordance with the legal proceres, and give corresponding compensation to the transferee
Article 16 Any party shall not be responsible for the partial or total failure to perform this contract e to force majeure, but shall take all necessary remedial measures to rece the losses caused by force majeure if conditions permit. If force majeure occurs after a party's delay in performance, he shall not be exempted from liability
Article 17 in case of force majeure, the party shall inform the other party of the event in written form such as letter, telegram, telex, fax, etc. within 48 hours, and submit to the other party a report on the reasons why the contract cannot be performed or partially cannot be performed or needs to be delayed within 3 days after the event< Article 18 the transferee must pay the price of the mining right on time in accordance with the contract. If the transferee fails to pay the price of the mining right on time, it shall pay the late fee to the transferor at the rate of 3 ‰ of the delayed payment every day from the date of late payment. If the delayed payment exceeds six months, the transferor has the right to terminate the contract and recover the mining right. The transferee has no right to ask for the return of the paid price, and the transferor can ask the transferee to compensate for other losses caused by breach of contract< Article 19 If the transferee pays the price of the mining right as agreed in the contract, the transferor must provide the mineral resources available for mining on time as agreed in the contract. If the mining right can not be provided for the reason of the transferor for more than six months, the transferee has the right to terminate the contract, the transferor shall double the paid price, and the transferee may request the transferor to compensate for other losses caused by the breach of contract
the transferor specially reminds us that the risk of mining investment is high, and what the transferor transfers on behalf of the state is the right of mining, so the scale, shape, reserves and grade of the ore body may be different from the actual mining, and the transferor will not bear any responsibility for this
Article 20 if the transferee violates the provisions of Articles 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of the contract, the transferor has the right to terminate the contract and investigate the relevant legal liabilities of the transferee< Article 21 the conclusion, validity, interpretation, performance and dispute settlement of this contract shall be governed by the laws of the people's Republic of China< Article 22 this contract shall come into force from the date when the transferor issues the mining license to the transferee
Article 23 this contract is made in quadruplicate, with the same legal effect. The transferor and the transferee shall hold two copies respectively< Article 24 this contract is signed in Changsha Bureau of land and resources, Hunan Province, the people's Republic of China on
Article 25 matters not covered in this contract can be agreed by both parties as an appendix to the contract, which has the same legal effect as this contract< br />
the people's Bank of China has been studying legal digital currency since 2014. According to the relevant person in charge of the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China, at present, the research and development of digital RMB is steadily advancing. Under the premise of adhering to double-layer operation, currency (M0) substitution in circulation and controllable anonymity, the digital RMB system has basically completed the top-level design, standard formulation, function research and development, joint debugging and testing, etc., and followed the principles of steady, safe, controllable, innovative and stable development The principle of practicality
the relevant person in charge of the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China stressed that the current online transmission of DC / EP information is the test content in the process of technology research and development, which does not mean the official launch of digital RMB. The current closed test of digital RMB will not affect the commercial operation of listed companies, nor will it affect the RMB issuance and circulation system, financial market and social economy outside the test environment< In short, the digital currency of the people's Bank of China is the electronic version of RMB
when it comes to digital currency, your first reaction may be bitcoin or Libra, which Facebook plans to launch< However, unlike these so-called digital currencies, the digital currency to be launched by the Central Bank of China has national credit endorsement, which can be said to be the electronic version of RMB. Therefore, the digital currency of the central bank has the nature of legal compensation
more importantly, with the endorsement of the state, the value of the central bank's digital currency will be more stable. Bitcoin and other so-called virtual currencies can not guarantee the stability of currency value, so it is common to be "cut leeks"
from the perspective of usage scenarios, the central bank's digital currency does not pay interest, and can be used in small, retail and high-frequency business scenarios, which is no different from paper money. At the same time, the use should comply with all the existing regulations on cash management, anti money laundering and anti-terrorism financing.
This is a Linux system IP address configuration command. The specific meaning is:
set the IP address of the system to 192.168.0.2; The subnet mask is 24, that is 255.255.255.0; The broadcast address is 192.168.0.255; The name of NIC device is eth0
all computers in the network must set a unique IP address to communicate normally. Because of this unique address, users can select the objects they need from thousands of computers efficiently and conveniently when they operate on networked computers
The IP address is just like our home address. If you want to write to a person, you need to know his or her address so that the postman can deliver the letter. A computer sending information is like a postman. It must know the only "home address" to avoid sending the letter to the wrong person. But our address is expressed in words, the address of the computer is expressed in binary numbers eth0 is the name set by the system for the network card. If there are al network cards or multiple network cards, there will be names like eth1 and eth2. The name can be set artificially. It is the unique name of the network card in the current computer system
There is a very strange phenomenon in Vietnam, that is, there are a lot of RMB on the street. Maybe many people will want to put RMB on the street. Won't they be robbed by thieves
in fact, this method is very simple. When we travel in downtown areas and sometimes there is no bank, we can exchange these people for Dong , and want to buy what we like. This kind of situation is very common in Vietnam. It's not unusual at all