Digital currency Datang

1. In China, there are two organizations that carry out pyramid selling under the banner of digital currency. One is Vicat, the other is radar. They are called the peerless double pride in pyramid selling. They are the two flags of financial fraud and the two yardsticks to test the IQ of buyers. The so-called left Vika, right radar, 3m in the chest, no matter how many people you want to pull, I will never look back

from the bottom of my heart, after seeing so many MLM coins, I have to say that the packaging of radar coin is not bad, at least much better than Vicat coin. When we open its official website, we can find that MLM dealers still use quite a lot of thoughts in the design of the official website, from his design, this layout, At least, it's not comparable to other glamorous and cheap money with a design fee of 100 yuan for MLM. The template of radar coin website cost at least 1000 or 2000 yuan. What cost is different. It looks like it's grand and elegant

the swindler has made great efforts

then we can look back at his good brother Vicat, and we can find that the web design level of Vicat is still in the last century. There are no flat style, dynamic interaction, and nothing. This is a typical 100 yuan forum. It's really outrageous that we cheated so much money, I'm not willing to use 100 yuan to decorate the facade<

the strong mountain style design of Vicat coins

without comparison, there is no harm. Suddenly, people who are fooled by radar coins can understand. After all, people are valuable, but people who are fooled by Vicat coins are really hard to say. Of course, the facade belongs to the facade. No matter how beautiful the facade of radar coin is, it can't hide his inner dirtiness and ugliness
radar currency is not tight. It is a very hidden and powerful pyramid scheme. Its concept is rubbish. If it is a global payment, what kind of transaction currency does it engage in, and the transaction currency fees will also rise or fall. I will go. There has never been a payment platform whose transaction fees will rise or fall. It is a rubbish platform for selling currency, Every time they earn money, they store it in the backstage. Then they stretch it at one time. After a period of time, there are more people entering. Then they sell off a lot of "take over swordsmen" who have been fooled in, so that this garbage platform can earn enough money. What's more, it's money to play with everyone, what's the real garbage currency. It's all bullshit.

2. It depends on what they are engaged in. If it's the kind of touting and then having to pay, it may be pyramid selling
to see if they have a proct is a real proct

1

2. Go your own way and be the best of yourself

3. Wait for a person or a story

4. All the past will become cordial memories

5. Time is still here, we are flying

6. I enjoy the warmth in time, and I forget the flowers in fleeting time

7; Without frustration, I don't understand life

8. When you feel that you are too late, it is the earliest time< No matter how strong a person is, there is always a soft place in his heart that he can't touch

10. The color is light and will fade when it is deep; Life, simple is good, complex will deteriorate

11. It's the greatest sorrow of human beings to ask but not to, to give up but not to, to get but not to hesitate

12. I hope someone will accompany me from friendship to love, and then from love to family

13. Those who are not good or bad are in the middle, those who are envious are swaying around, and those who are envious are always unhappy

14. Don't always evaluate your position in other people's hearts. To live in other people's eyes is to lose yourself

15. It's good to be half drunk when drinking wine. If you drink too much, you will be drunk. Love, or half really good, love too deep heartbreak

16. Life is too short, there is no time for regret, if not the end, please smile forward

17. Never mention it is not because of forgetting, but because of remembering

18. Do you really want to get to know someone again

19. Don't overestimate yourself in two years or underestimate yourself in ten years

20. Where it exists, it blooms. Don't forget to send out fragrance just because you are sad

21. Time is changing, so are people. Some things, no matter how hard we try, can't go back

22. You have to live in a framework to make the incomparable gift of love mature

23. When you can't hold on, you can say "I'm tired" to yourself, but never admit "I can't do it" in your heart

24. No matter how confused I am at this time, I will eventually live the life I want!

3.

blockchain is a new technology, not a disguised form of MLM. It is just claimed by many MLM organizations as "blockchain". In fact, there is no technology. It's just a practice of MLM under the name of "blockchain". The state has issued several announcements to crack down on this kind of MLM. The following is the Xinhua news report on MLM of blockchain:

blockchain is not equal to virtual currency, but also has security risks. Behind the popularity, there is exaggeration with "ulterior motives". Only by removing the flashiness, can the blockchain return to its real application value

invest 80000 yuan, change to 800000 yuan after three months? Shenzhen police cracked a huge fund-raising fraud. Under the guise of blockchain concept and 10 times income, thousands of investors were deeply involved in the case, involving up to 307 million yuan. Under the "veil of mystery" of the blockchain, the illegal elements have taken advantage of their own tricks, and the blockchain has become a "signboard" of economic crimes such as fraud and pyramid selling

why is the blockchain repeatedly "misused" by illegal activities such as pyramid selling fraud? In addition to "unknown", what is the "function" of blockchain technology itself? Since the beginning of this year, with the increase of supervision and the cooling of currency speculation, new opportunities have been brought to the development of blockchain. How about the implementation of blockchain commercial "application" The reporter of outlook news weekly recently concted an investigation

when the three-month "capital release period" promised by the trading platform expired and the staff began to "kick" in the QQ group, Tang Haiyan, who lives in Bao'an District of Shenzhen City, realized that she might have been cheated

previously, Tang Haiyan invested 80000 yuan to buy a virtual currency called "ordinary silver coin" under the introction of her classmates“ The other side said that this currency is the most advanced blockchain technology at present, with Tibetan tea as collateral. He also showed me the "technical white paper". I didn't understand blockchain, so I didn't read it carefully. "

although she doesn't know about blockchain and virtual currency, the high investment income makes Tang Haiyan full of expectations. She told reporters that companies issuing "ordinary silver coins" will regularly split the virtual currency according to the ratio of 1:10, which means that each split will make the value of "ordinary silver coins" in the hands of investors expand 10 times. As long as after a split, her investment of 80000 yuan is equivalent to the purchase of 800000 yuan worth of "ordinary silver coins", which can be sold on the trading platform to obtain huge profits

according to the rules of the trading platform, the newly purchased "ordinary silver coin" cannot be traded immediately, and it must be frozen on the platform for three months before it can enter the "release period". However, after three months, not only did Tang Haiyan not wait for the assets to double, but the 80000 yuan frozen on the platform could not be used for trading

"other investors began to question the authenticity of this investment in QQ group. As a result, the staff of the company kicked these investors out one by one, which made me feel bad." She said

The fact also proves Tang HaiYan's intuition. At the end of March 2018, Shenzhen police detected a huge fund-raising fraud, with the amount of fraud funds as high as 307 million yuan. In this case, Shenzhen Puyin blockchain Group Co., Ltd. involved in the case issued virtual currency in the mode of "blockchain + Tibetan tea" to obtain public deposits. Tang Haiyan was one of the thousands of victims

Shenzhen police investigation found that the company claimed that investors could buy and sell "ordinary silver coins" on the virtual trading platform "jucoin net" to earn a price difference

. In fact, the change of its trading price is that the company used investors' investment funds for behind the scenes operation, and once raised the price of "ordinary silver coin" from 0.5 yuan to 10 yuan, so that investors can taste some sweetness. When a large number of investors entered the market, the company continued to cash out through malicious manipulation of the price trend of "ordinary silver coin", which eventually led to the worthlessness of "ordinary silver coin" in the hands of investors

since 2018, engaging in fraud and pyramid selling under the banner of blockchain has become a common "routine" in new criminal tactics. In April 2018, Jinan police dropped a pyramid selling Gang under the guise of "western development", "national poverty alleviation", "original stocks", "blockchain" and "e-commerce", arrested more than 10 major suspects, frozen more than 100 accounts involved, and seized more than 300 million yuan of funds involved

according to Jinan police, huileyi e-commerce company designed a fake virtual disk on the Internet on the ground that the country is vigorously developing the big data instry, and released a variety of virtual currencies such as "precious currency" and "precious currency"

under the guise of giving away, they presented a certain amount of virtual currency to the New MLM staff, with the price of tens of yuan each. Then, through artificial manipulation, they appreciated the virtual currency all the way to more than 100 yuan or even hundreds of yuan, attracting people who did not know the truth to join. Finally, they "cut leeks" through the periodic fluctuation of the so-called "devaluation" of virtual currency, Finally, the purpose of seeking illegal interests is achieved

in Xi'an, a few days ago, the local police successfully cracked a huge network pyramid selling case under the banner of blockchain. According to the police, the suspect, Zheng Mou, has paid a high salary to the 9 network members, such as Zhang and Lee. Since March 28, 2018, he has gathered pyramid selling and network pyramid selling as a means to sell the virtual Datang coins at the consumption era network platform at the price of 3 yuan each, and manipulate the appreciation rate; p>

at the same time, promotion meetings were held in many cities at home and abroad to attract members. According to the development of members, 28 level agents were set up. In just 18 days, the gang developed more than 13000 registered members. At present, it has been found that the case involves 31 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China, and the fund involved is as high as 86 million yuan

according to Tencent's 2017 pyramid selling situation awareness white paper released by Tencent security joint laboratory, in recent years, all kinds of overseas capital disk, virtual currency and ICO (initial public offering token financing of blockchain project) projects have emerged in an endless stream, which hide many risks such as illegal issuance, untrue projects, cross-border money laundering, fraud and pyramid selling, As a result, a large number of funds flow overseas. Once the market collapses, runs away or loses contact, investors often have no way to complain and the losses are difficult to recover. For example, Baichuan coin, mark coin, beta coin, dark coin, etc

the reporter of lookout Newsweek interviewed in Guangdong, Shandong, Shanghai and other places and learned that most people know that the concept of blockchain is very popular, but they "don't know where it is", and there are different opinions on the specific functions of blockchain: some people think it is used for "investment and financing", "buying and selling currency", while others think it is "a major invention of the same magnitude as the steam engine", Some entrepreneurs are even more eager to seize this "once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to get rich."

many people in the instry said that it is precisely because people have many misunderstandings about blockchain that criminals have opportunities to fish in troubled waters and mislead investors

First, blockchain is not equal to virtual currency. By the end of last year, the number of domestic ICO participants and the total volume of transactions have doubled, a large number of digital currency exchanges have fled overseas, and the agent investment mode has involved more ordinary people in high-risk investment

in many instries, we media and celebrities form interest alliances with issuers and digital exchanges to endorse and create public opinion for the "air currency" project. In December last year, nine departments including the people's Bank of China identified ICO as "suspected of illegal fund-raising, financial fraud, pyramid selling and other illegal and criminal activities"

in the interview, many people told our reporter that the existence of token has built a set of rights and interests mechanism for the development of blockchain technology, which is indispensable for stimulating the prosperity of blockchain applications“ The market practice in the past five years has proved that blockchain applications without equity mechanism are just like market economy without computers connected to the Internet and money, with greatly reced application scenarios and development speed. " An investor in Shanghai said

in fact, the token represented by bitcoin is only one of the earliest procts to verify the blockchain technology, and the two can not be equated, and the existence of token has obviously negative effects on the development of blockchain

Xiao Wei, chief engineer of network blockchain, told this reporter that the myth of ICO's sudden wealth shakes the R & D concentration of blockchain technical talents, and the myth of "sudden wealth" with hundreds of times of return tests the patience of blockchain technical R & D talents“ Many of the "comrades in arms" in the circle who used to do research and development of blockchain technology have gone to issue coins, and now few of them can insist on doing research and development and application of technology. "

Xu zewei, Secretary of the Party committee of Beijing Internet Finance Instry Association, said that under the background of China's ban on ICO, many domestic start-ups promoting blockchain applications are "selling dog meat with sheep's pawn" and financing through concept packaging of worthless tokens“ ICO has polluted the good atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurship, and created a kind of speculative proct. Many young people are not thinking about entrepreneurship, but are thinking about issuing money, which makes us have the illusion of getting rich overnight. "

at present, more and more people in the instry begin to think about whether the development of blockchain must rely on the issuance of tokens to achieve incentives. Guo Dagang, Secretary General of Beijing Internet Finance Instry Association, told this reporter that the so-called incentive mechanism is only the theoretical basis for the project party to issue tokens for itself. Huo Xuewen, director of Beijing Municipal Bureau of financial work, also believes that if blockchain does not get rid of the dilemma of issuing currency, it will never find a legal landing mechanism

secondly, blockchain is not omnipotent and its security is at risk. Blockchain is generally considered to achieve three functions:

first, the data stored on the blockchain can not be tampered or forged, and the data has high credibility and credibility; Second, the whole process of the transaction can be traced, which can achieve accurate responsibility tracking; Third, the embedded smart contract in the blockchain can be executed automatically based on the contract, so as to improve work efficiency and rece the risk of default. It is generally believed that blockchain has broad application prospects in finance, logistics, trade and other fields

in fact, blockchain is not omnipotent, and its function has many limitations. It is generally believed that, according to the characteristics of cryptography, in order to tamper or falsify in the blockchain, more than 51% of the nodes need to be controlled in theory. When there are enough nodes in the blockchain, it is difficult to tamper with the trust creation mechanism widely participated by the public

However, in reality, digital currency exchanges are frequently attacked or even stolen. On June 20, 2018, bithumb exchange of South Korea announced on its official website that the exchange had been attacked by hackers and stolen 35 billion won, about 32 million US dollars of cryptocurrency

Ji Xinhua, known as the first generation of "hackers" in China, said that the blockchain will continue to face attacks, and the process of uploading data to the blockchain is prone to information leakage. Some people in the instry worry that once the super computing power of quantum computing is realized, it will also have a direct impact on the blockchain

Zhao Yao, a special researcher of the Institute of finance of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told this reporter that the academic community has confirmed as early as 2013 that the blockchain is not perfect and there are many "cheating" strategies. As long as there are enough economic incentives, controlling attacks of more than 51% nodes does not only exist in theory

Zeng Guang, Secretary General of Shenzhen Internet Finance Association, said that the blockchain technology itself does not have the ability to do so

4.

Recently, a photo of Chinese aunts posing at the blockchain conference became popular in the circle of friends, and netizens commented that aunts have been targeted by blockchain. Since the beginning of this year, some illegal elements have carried out pyramid selling activities under the banner of blockchain finance, becoming one of the latest varieties of pyramid selling. Recently, Xi'an City cracked a block chain pyramid selling case

Zhang Yangqiu said that virtual currency, as a new thing, is often used to engage in illegal and criminal activities. It usually controls a small number of indivial or company accounts to absorb and transfer funds, and establishes a pyramid selling network through the Internet to expand the scale of fund-raising. It is difficult for ordinary investors to see the operation rules behind it. She reminded that various virtual currency platforms generally publicize technologies such as "blockchain" and "decentralization", and some of them are also named after international organizations and multinational financial groups, which is extremely confusing. Middle aged and old people must be cautious in investment, and it is better not to set foot in unfamiliar investment fields

content source: Xinhuanet

5. 1. First of all, bitcoin is digital currency, code and data; Gold is a material object and a metal
2. Bitcoin was born in 2008 and has been known for more than 10 years; Gold originated from the feudal dynasty, with a history of thousands of years and a strong consensus
3. There are only 21 million bitcoins. The total amount of bitcoins is constant and will never be issued again. The mining cycle is halved every four years, which is deflationary; Gold needs physical mining, and the total amount of gold will change with the continuous mining
4. Bitcoin has the value of saving, and gold has the value of collecting
5. Bitcoin is divisible. One bitcoin can be divided into innumerable parts, up to 8 decimal places; Gold can not be subdivided, and the cost of segmentation is high and inconvenient
6. Bitcoin is more convenient to save assets. As long as you keep your private key, you can keep your wealth in your hands all the time; Gold cannot be stored in large quantities and needs to be stored in third-party institutions. It is clear how many asset centralization institutions there are.

6. There are not many kinds of coins in Tang Dynasty, such as "Deyi Yuanbao", "Shuntian Yuanbao", "Xianxuan Tongbao", "chen39"; Qianyuan treasure, Qianfeng Quanbao, Jianzhong Tongbao, Dali Tongbao and Kaiyuan Tongbao.

7. In September 2019, I cooperated with the sock processing instry in Shangqiao, Shihe District, Xinyang City, and cheated out 20000 yuan. Until now, I haven't seen any money, and I haven't recovered a pair of socks. I refuse to recover them because they are unqualified. I hope the police will intervene in the investigation

8. In the Tang Dynasty, because money casting could not meet the needs of the market, a ban was issued to prohibit excessive private savings and prevent coins from withdrawing from circulation In June of the third year of Yuanhe (808), Emperor Xianzong issued an edict that "if there is less money, it is necessary to set up an order of animal money. First, he told merchants all over the world who have animal money, and ordered them to change the market and not to use animal money.". In April of the 12th year of the Yuan Dynasty (817), Emperor Xianzong promulgated the imperial edict of banning private storage of money, saying: "recently, cloth and silk has become lighter and money has become less and less. All of them are e to the congestion, so they are not allowed to flow. It is advisable to make all the private money stored in the capital, from the civil and military bureaucrats, regardless of their rank, to the princes and prefectures, the middle envoys, to the common people, the business travelers, the temples and the square cities, no more than 5000 Guan. If there has been this, Xu from the imperial edict, limited to one month will be the city of goods storage. If the amount of money is large and the disposal has not yet been completed, please limit the amount of money. Even if there is such a color, it will not be more than two months. If there are other houses, shops, etc. in a home, the money stored must be counted and used in this amount. If his brother originally lived in a different place, this is not the limit. If the time limit is over, the violator, the white body person, etc. should pay the Department, and be executed with a painful stick. His military officer and princess, and commissioned the Department of music, when the heavy demotion. Qi's envoy also has a famous title. The remaining money, no matter how much, and Lena officer. One out of the five points in the number will be used as a reward, ending at five thousand Guan. In addition, those who have been found and have been sued will also be given severe punishment, and the amount of punishment will be given to those who have been sued. ")

in case of normal currency transportation, it should also be packed in boxes<

entertainment activities: song and dance (Rainbow Dress and badminton dance), hu music, brothel, drama (military drama), Buddhism, Daoqing (famous Huashan women), polo, lantern appreciation, swing, leaf play, Cuju, pot throwing (old tradition), swing, shuttlecock, kite

9. Tang Dynasty coins

(618-907)
Tang Dynasty is the peak of the development of feudal society in China. Political, economic and cultural development is unprecedented. There are also significant monetary reforms. In Tang Dynasty, the name and weight of coins were completely separated. Coins were no longer called by weight, but "Bao", that is, the popular treasure goods. Qian Wen changed from seal script to official script. In addition, it is stipulated that every ten Kaiyuan Tongbao coins weighing two baht and four taels is one or two, that is, ten coins is one or two“ Since then, "money" has become a unit of measurement of less than two, which is also the basis of Chinese metric system
there are not many kinds of coins in Tang Dynasty, such as "Deyi Yuanbao", "Shuntian Yuanbao", "Xianxuan Tongbao" and "Chen 39"; Qianyuan treasure, Qianfeng Quanbao, Jianzhong Tongbao, Dali Tongbao and Kaiyuan Tongbao
Kaiyuan Tongbao: e to the chaotic monetary system in the late Sui Dynasty, the early Tang Dynasty was also affected, and the currency was mainly money and silk. In 621 A.D., Kaiyuan Tongbao was made, each of which weighed two baht and four Lei. Since then, it has become the main currency of the Tang Dynasty and has been widely circulated. Due to its long circulation time, Kaiyuan Tongbao has many editions, such as star, moon, star and moon patterns on its back. Sometimes the star and moon patterns are on the left of the coin screen, sometimes on the right, up and down“ The second stroke of the word "Yuan" is called "Zuo Tiao" when it is raised on the left, right "right" when it is raised on the right, and "Shuang Tiao" when it is raised on both sides<

Huichang Kaiyuan: after Tang Zhenyuan, deflation was carried out. Inflation devalues money and prices soar, bringing misery to the people. Deflation is also a severe blow to the people. Deflation leads to the shortage of money, which leads to the high price of money and the low price of goods. Cheap things hurt the farmers. The working people work all the year round and get little income, which is very hard. For example, in the first year of Jianzhong (780 A.D.), the price of rice was 200 yuan per Dou, and then it dropped to 50 yuan per Dou. In the first year of yuanhe (806 AD), the price dropped to two yuan per bucket of rice. In order to ease the situation of deflation and for other political reasons, Emperor Wuzong ordered the destruction of the national bronze Buddha statues, bells, chimes, furnaces, os and other bronze wares in 845 A.D. in order to increase the currency. This kind of money is called "Huichang Kaiyuan" and has a prison name on its back. They are: Chang (Yangzhou), Jing, Luo, Yi (Sichuan), LAN (Lantian, Shaanxi), Jing (Jiangling), Xiang (Xiangyang), Yue, Xuan, Yan, Hong (Jiangxi), run (Zhejiang), Tan (Xiang), e, Ping (Pingzhou), Xing (Xingyuan), Liang (Liangzhou), Guang (Guangzhou), Zi (Dongchuan), Fu (Fuzhou), Dan (Danzhou) GUI (Guiyang)

the founding of Kaiyuan in Huichang eased the situation of money shortage in the first 60 or 70 years of emperor Wuzong< Qianfeng Quanbao: This is the first year of the Tang Dynasty. It was made in the first year of Qianfeng reign of Emperor Gaozong (666 AD). From then on, all the coins of the later dynasties were given the year number<

Qianyuan treasure: Tang Xuanzong's extravagance and corruption and the chaos of an and Shi made his financial situation stretched, so Tang suzong had to cast "Qianyuan treasure should be ten coins" which was used as ten Kaiyuan Tongbao to implement inflation<

Chonglun Qianyuan chongbao: it was cast in the second year of Qianyuan reign of suzong (759 AD). Because there are double rings on the back, it is called "heavy wheel". When the coins were first made, they were 50 Kaiyuan Tongbao coins. The next year, they were changed to one when 30, then one when three, and then one when one. If you melt a piece of Qianyuan treasure, you can make three times as much profit

Dali Tongbao and Jianzhong Tongbao: both kinds of money may be privately made in Tang Dynasty<

get one Yuan Bao and Shun Tian Yuan Bao: in the rebellion of an and Shi, when Emperor suzong of Tang Dynasty cast Qianyuan's treasure money in the reign of emperor Qianyuan (759-762 AD), Shi Siming occupied Luoyang to cast the money. The purpose of the two is to raise money evenly. Get one, Shun day money each when Kaiyuan money 100<

when Li Yuan first came to Chang'an, he used the light money of the Sui Dynasty to accumulate 80000 or 90000 pieces of rice. In the fourth year of Wude, he changed the monetary system with the names of "baht" and "Liang" in all previous dynasties, and coined coins that became "Tongbao", named "Kaiyuan Tongbao" or "Kaiyuan Yuanbao", However, it is more appropriate to read "Kaiyuan Tongbao" according to the meaning of creating a perfect life of Fuxi stability and opening up a new era“ "Tongbao" is also the currency. Qian Wen of Kaiyuan Tongbao was written by Ouyang Xun, a famous calligrapher at that time. It has eight points and three styles of Zhuan and Li. This is also the first record of Qian Wen's name in history books. This shows that it is a great event to cast Kaiyuan Tongbao in the early Tang Dynasty“ "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is characterized by vigorous writing, precise expression, dignified and elegant, dignified and vigorous

Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is eight cents in diameter and weighs two baht. Ten yuan is one or two yuan, and a thousand yuan weighs six Jin and four Liang. Because a Jin in Tang Dynasty is more than twice as heavy as a Jin in Western Han Dynasty, Kaiyuan Tongbao is slightly heavier than wuzhu in Western Han Dynasty. The creation of Kaiyuan Tongbao coin, like Qin banliang coin and Han wuzhu coin, is an epoch-making event in the history of Chinese currency. At this point, China's metal coinage officially broke away from the system of weight as the name of coins, and was called "Tongbao" and "Yuanbao". From then on, China's weighing method no longer takes baht as the unit of calculation (before Tang Dynasty, baht was used, 24 baht was one or two, which was twenty-four decimal places), but instead uses the decimal method of two, money, cent and Li, one of which is 3.73 grams, which means the weight of a coin of Kaiyuan Tongbao, ten Kaiyuan Tongbao is one or two. Kaiyuan Tongbao also had a far-reaching influence on the reform of China's currency system because of its moderate size, proper name and shape. It is not only the main currency in circulation throughout the Tang Dynasty, but also a model of copper coins for more than 1000 years after the Tang Dynasty. It was used in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Kaiyuan Tongbao was also made in Southern Tang Dynasty and Min Dynasty

Kaiyuan Tongbao in the Tang Dynasty was made of gold, silver, copper and lead, and there were no less than 100 kinds of formats. In the Tang Dynasty, there were 49 coin making furnaces in Tianbao period. At that time, it was stipulated that the composition of copper coin was 83.32% of copper, 14.56% of white wax and 2.12% of black lead. Each year, 21200 kg of copper, 31700 kg of white wax and 500 kg of tin were used. In the early Tang Dynasty, the inside and outside of the coin were neat, and the back was flat and smooth. People paid more attention to the calligraphy and craftsmanship, which not only had use value, but also had high ornamental value. Du Fu, a great poet, said in his poem, "if you have nothing to spare, you will be afraid of being shy. If you have a little money to look at it", it means Tianyuan Tongbao

on the back of Kaiyuan and other Tang coins, some have a prominent dot, some have one or several curved convex coins, and some even have the mark of floating clouds. This kind of dot and convex coin is called star moon pattern in numismatics. The star pattern on the back of money is divided into star pattern on the back and star pattern on the back. The moon pattern on the top is called the upward moon, and the downward one is called the downward moon. There are no clear records about the moon patterns and floating clouds of Kaiyuan money in the history books, so that it leaves people endless reverie. Some say that when Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, presented a wax sample of Kaiyuan coins, empress Wende didn't notice that there was a nail mark on her finger. People thought it was the will of the emperor, so she made it just the same. It is even more absurd to think that it is the nail marks of Yang Yuhuan, the favorite imperial concubine of the Ming Dynasty. Because the emperor of the Tang Dynasty used the year of Kaiyuan, and Yang Guifei was deeply trusted and even read the memorial, she would naturally ask about the coinage and conclude that the nail marks were the work of Yang Yuhuan. In fact, these are all nonsense, because the "nail marks" on the money are thick and thin, which should be the marks of different coin making furnaces, and the floating cloud should mean auspicious cloud, which represents people's good wishes. In addition, Kaiyuan Tongbao also has the word "Yuan" to choose from left, right and double. In the beginning, the characters of Kaiyuan were not selected. In Wude years, the characters of Yuan appeared on the left. On the right hand, Yuan Qian should have been made in Zhenguan period and later; The quantity of shuangtiao Kaiyuan is very small, which should be the commemorative coin of Gaozong, and it was cast when a big event happened. After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the characters of the Yuan Dynasty still had the situation of choosing a pen, but it was difficult to distinguish them because of their different copper quality, weight and outline

the Kaiyuan Tongbao coins mentioned above are made of a variety of materials, including gold and silver besides copper, among which silver is more and gold is less handed down. However, in October 1970, 30 pieces of Kaiyuan Tongbao and 421 pieces of silver were unearthed from the Tang Dynasty kiln collection in Hejia village, Xi'an. The gold Kaiyuan unearthed this time is very similar to the Kaiyuan Tongbao copper coins of the early Tang Dynasty in shape and style, but the diameter is slightly smaller, with a diameter of 2.4cm. The Kaiyuan Tongbao gold and silver coins cast in Tang Dynasty were not used as currency, but mainly used for court reward or entertainment. For example, Tang Dynasty's "Kaiyuan Tianbao dispatch affairs" said, "every spring, the imperial concubines of the inner court accompany three to five people in the forbidden period, throwing money for the play.". In addition, when Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty watched Yang Guifei "wash three" for an Lushan, that is, on the third day of an Lushan's birthday, Yang Guifei wrapped An Lushan with brocade like a newborn and carried it in a sedan chair. People felt strange and noisy. Xuanzong looked happy and gave her money to wash her son. In Tang Dynasty, gold and silver money was mainly used for rewards and gifts, as well as for sacrifices. It played a role of payment, but not for circulation
in the early years of Wude, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, there were not many Kaiyuan Tongbao coins. At this time, old coins and ancient coins were graally out of circulation, and there were not enough coins in the market. Until the early years of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, cloth was still used for trading. The imperial court was afraid of the inflation of the Sui Dynasty. Although money was needed in the market, it was cautious and refused to increase the issue. On the contrary, it encouraged barter to ease the return of currency. At that time, a bucket of rice cost only three or five Wen, which made it inconvenient for ordinary people to use their pocket money. Although they used cloth, it was too inflexible. At the same time, China's exchanges with overseas countries are also increasing, and a large number of coins are flowing out, all of which make domestic transactions feel weak. As a result of these reasons, private casting began to take place again. Although the private money is relatively small, some of the material foundry workers can still do it, so some places use it as official money, with two or three pieces as official money. It is also rare in history that private money can not conflict with official money. In the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, the government was dissatisfied with the fact that the benefits of deflation were obtained by private investors. It ordered to ban private investment and to exchange official money for private money at a ratio of five to one. But there is a lack of people to ask for help, and some even collect their private money and do not exchange it. Therefore, in the first year of Qianfeng (666 AD), the "Qianfeng Quanbao" was launched, with one as the ten Kaiyuan Tongbao. The purpose seems to be to increase the issuance, stimulate prices, and make private money lose its existence. The diameter of Qianfeng Quanbao is 2.5cm. It is written in official script, read in rotation, with smooth back, pure copper and good foundry. In the history of Chinese coins, it is rare to use Quanbao for writing. But after the big money was launched, the effect was not good. People were not interested in big money and were even more afraid of inflation. As a result, they collected Kai Yuan money one after another, resulting in a sharp rise in private money. In the end, it disappeared, leaving only big money. Seeing this, the imperial court ordered to stop the casting and use the circulating Qianfeng money for one to one Kaiyuan. In the early period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the imperial court absorbed the experience and reorganized the private money again. First, it encouraged the proction and supported the commercial development. Only when the quality of the new money reached the standard could it be circulated, so as to increase the credit of the official money, increase the casting quantity and run on the private money. This time, the characters of the new Kaiyuan coin are different from each other. The characters of the new Kaiyuan coin include star and sun patterns

the "an Shi rebellion" in the late period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty is a turning point in the history of Tang Dynasty