Explanation of digital currency
Publish: 2021-04-19 20:59:40
1. Hello! Switch stacking is one of the ways to connect switches. Stacking is used to connect switches of the same type. Its main function is to add ports
2. Tang Dynasty coins
(618-907)
Tang Dynasty is the peak of the development of feudal society in China. Political, economic and cultural development is unprecedented. There are also significant monetary reforms. In Tang Dynasty, the name and weight of coins were completely separated. Coins were no longer called by weight, but "Bao", that is, the popular treasure goods. Qian Wen changed from seal script to official script. In addition, it is stipulated that every ten Kaiyuan Tongbao coins weighing two baht and four taels is one or two, that is, ten coins is one or two“ Since then, "money" has become a unit of measurement of less than two, which is also the basis of Chinese metric system
there are not many kinds of coins in Tang Dynasty, such as "Deyi Yuanbao", "Shuntian Yuanbao", "Xianxuan Tongbao" and "Chen 39"; Qianyuan treasure, Qianfeng Quanbao, Jianzhong Tongbao, Dali Tongbao and Kaiyuan Tongbao
Kaiyuan Tongbao: e to the chaotic monetary system in the late Sui Dynasty, the early Tang Dynasty was also affected, and the currency was mainly money and silk. In 621 A.D., Kaiyuan Tongbao was made, each of which weighed two baht and four Lei. Since then, it has become the main currency of the Tang Dynasty and has been widely circulated. Due to its long circulation time, Kaiyuan Tongbao has many editions, such as star, moon, star and moon patterns on its back. Sometimes the star and moon patterns are on the left of the coin screen, sometimes on the right, up and down“ The second stroke of the word "Yuan" is called "Zuo Tiao" when it is raised on the left, right "right" when it is raised on the right, and "Shuang Tiao" when it is raised on both sides<
Huichang Kaiyuan: after Tang Zhenyuan, deflation was carried out. Inflation devalues money and prices soar, bringing misery to the people. Deflation is also a severe blow to the people. Deflation leads to the shortage of money, which leads to the high price of money and the low price of goods. Cheap things hurt the farmers. The working people work all the year round and get little income, which is very hard. For example, in the first year of Jianzhong (780 A.D.), the price of rice was 200 yuan per Dou, and then it dropped to 50 yuan per Dou. In the first year of yuanhe (806 AD), the price dropped to two yuan per bucket of rice. In order to ease the situation of deflation and for other political reasons, Emperor Wuzong ordered the destruction of the national bronze Buddha statues, bells, chimes, furnaces, os and other bronze wares in 845 A.D. in order to increase the currency. This kind of money is called "Huichang Kaiyuan" and has a prison name on its back. They are: Chang (Yangzhou), Jing, Luo, Yi (Sichuan), LAN (Lantian, Shaanxi), Jing (Jiangling), Xiang (Xiangyang), Yue, Xuan, Yan, Hong (Jiangxi), run (Zhejiang), Tan (Xiang), e, Ping (Pingzhou), Xing (Xingyuan), Liang (Liangzhou), Guang (Guangzhou), Zi (Dongchuan), Fu (Fuzhou), Dan (Danzhou) GUI (Guiyang)
the founding of Kaiyuan in Huichang eased the situation of money shortage in the first 60 or 70 years of emperor Wuzong< Qianfeng Quanbao: This is the first year of the Tang Dynasty. It was made in the first year of Qianfeng reign of Emperor Gaozong (666 AD). From then on, all the coins of the later dynasties were given the year number<
Qianyuan treasure: Tang Xuanzong's extravagance and corruption and the chaos of an and Shi made his financial situation stretched, so Tang suzong had to cast "Qianyuan treasure should be ten coins" which was used as ten Kaiyuan Tongbao to implement inflation<
Chonglun Qianyuan chongbao: it was cast in the second year of Qianyuan reign of suzong (759 AD). Because there are double rings on the back, it is called "heavy wheel". When the coins were first made, they were 50 Kaiyuan Tongbao coins. The next year, they were changed to one when 30, then one when three, and then one when one. If you melt a piece of Qianyuan treasure, you can make three times as much profit
Dali Tongbao and Jianzhong Tongbao: both kinds of money may be privately made in Tang Dynasty<
get one Yuan Bao and Shun Tian Yuan Bao: in the rebellion of an and Shi, when Emperor suzong of Tang Dynasty cast Qianyuan's treasure money in the reign of emperor Qianyuan (759-762 AD), Shi Siming occupied Luoyang to cast the money. The purpose of the two is to raise money evenly. Get one, Shun day money each when Kaiyuan money 100<
when Li Yuan first came to Chang'an, he used the light money of the Sui Dynasty to accumulate 80000 or 90000 pieces of rice. In the fourth year of Wude, he changed the monetary system with the names of "baht" and "Liang" in all previous dynasties, and coined coins that became "Tongbao", named "Kaiyuan Tongbao" or "Kaiyuan Yuanbao", However, it is more appropriate to read "Kaiyuan Tongbao" according to the meaning of creating a perfect life of Fuxi stability and opening up a new era“ "Tongbao" is also the currency. Qian Wen of Kaiyuan Tongbao was written by Ouyang Xun, a famous calligrapher at that time. It has eight points and three styles of Zhuan and Li. This is also the first record of Qian Wen's name in history books. This shows that it is a great event to cast Kaiyuan Tongbao in the early Tang Dynasty“ "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is characterized by vigorous writing, precise expression, dignified and elegant, dignified and vigorous
Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is eight cents in diameter and weighs two baht. Ten yuan is one or two yuan, and a thousand yuan weighs six Jin and four Liang. Because a Jin in Tang Dynasty is more than twice as heavy as a Jin in Western Han Dynasty, Kaiyuan Tongbao is slightly heavier than wuzhu in Western Han Dynasty. The creation of Kaiyuan Tongbao coin, like Qin banliang coin and Han wuzhu coin, is an epoch-making event in the history of Chinese currency. At this point, China's metal coinage officially broke away from the system of weight as the name of coins, and was called "Tongbao" and "Yuanbao". From then on, China's weighing method no longer takes baht as the unit of calculation (before Tang Dynasty, baht was used, 24 baht was one or two, which was twenty-four decimal places), but instead uses the decimal method of two, money, cent and Li, one of which is 3.73 grams, which means the weight of a coin of Kaiyuan Tongbao, ten Kaiyuan Tongbao is one or two. Kaiyuan Tongbao also had a far-reaching influence on the reform of China's currency system because of its moderate size, proper name and shape. It is not only the main currency in circulation throughout the Tang Dynasty, but also a model of copper coins for more than 1000 years after the Tang Dynasty. It was used in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Kaiyuan Tongbao was also made in Southern Tang Dynasty and Min Dynasty
Kaiyuan Tongbao in the Tang Dynasty was made of gold, silver, copper and lead, and there were no less than 100 kinds of formats. In the Tang Dynasty, there were 49 coin making furnaces in Tianbao period. At that time, it was stipulated that the composition of copper coin was 83.32% of copper, 14.56% of white wax and 2.12% of black lead. Each year, 21200 kg of copper, 31700 kg of white wax and 500 kg of tin were used. In the early Tang Dynasty, the inside and outside of the coin were neat, and the back was flat and smooth. People paid more attention to the calligraphy and craftsmanship, which not only had use value, but also had high ornamental value. Du Fu, a great poet, said in his poem, "if you have nothing to spare, you will be afraid of being shy. If you have a little money to look at it", it means Tianyuan Tongbao
on the back of Kaiyuan and other Tang coins, some have a prominent dot, some have one or several curved convex coins, and some even have the mark of floating clouds. This kind of dot and convex coin is called star moon pattern in numismatics. The star pattern on the back of money is divided into star pattern on the back and star pattern on the back. The moon pattern on the top is called the upward moon, and the downward one is called the downward moon. There are no clear records about the moon patterns and floating clouds of Kaiyuan money in the history books, so that it leaves people endless reverie. Some say that when Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, presented a wax sample of Kaiyuan coins, empress Wende didn't notice that there was a nail mark on her finger. People thought it was the will of the emperor, so she made it just the same. It is even more absurd to think that it is the nail marks of Yang Yuhuan, the favorite imperial concubine of the Ming Dynasty. Because the emperor of the Tang Dynasty used the year of Kaiyuan, and Yang Guifei was deeply trusted and even read the memorial, she would naturally ask about the coinage and conclude that the nail marks were the work of Yang Yuhuan. In fact, these are all nonsense, because the "nail marks" on the money are thick and thin, which should be the marks of different coin making furnaces, and the floating cloud should mean auspicious cloud, which represents people's good wishes. In addition, Kaiyuan Tongbao also has the word "Yuan" to choose from left, right and double. In the beginning, the characters of Kaiyuan were not selected. In Wude years, the characters of Yuan appeared on the left. On the right hand, Yuan Qian should have been made in Zhenguan period and later; The quantity of shuangtiao Kaiyuan is very small, which should be the commemorative coin of Gaozong, and it was cast when a big event happened. After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the characters of the Yuan Dynasty still had the situation of choosing a pen, but it was difficult to distinguish them because of their different copper quality, weight and outline
the Kaiyuan Tongbao coins mentioned above are made of a variety of materials, including gold and silver besides copper, among which silver is more and gold is less handed down. However, in October 1970, 30 pieces of Kaiyuan Tongbao and 421 pieces of silver were unearthed from the Tang Dynasty kiln collection in Hejia village, Xi'an. The gold Kaiyuan unearthed this time is very similar to the Kaiyuan Tongbao copper coins of the early Tang Dynasty in shape and style, but the diameter is slightly smaller, with a diameter of 2.4cm. The Kaiyuan Tongbao gold and silver coins cast in Tang Dynasty were not used as currency, but mainly used for court reward or entertainment. For example, Tang Dynasty's "Kaiyuan Tianbao dispatch affairs" said, "every spring, the imperial concubines of the inner court accompany three to five people in the forbidden period, throwing money for the play.". In addition, when Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty watched Yang Guifei "wash three" for an Lushan, that is, on the third day of an Lushan's birthday, Yang Guifei wrapped An Lushan with brocade like a newborn and carried it in a sedan chair. People felt strange and noisy. Xuanzong looked happy and gave her money to wash her son. In Tang Dynasty, gold and silver money was mainly used for rewards and gifts, as well as for sacrifices. It played a role of payment, but not for circulation
in the early years of Wude, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, there were not many Kaiyuan Tongbao coins. At this time, old coins and ancient coins were graally out of circulation, and there were not enough coins in the market. Until the early years of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, cloth was still used for trading. The imperial court was afraid of the inflation of the Sui Dynasty. Although money was needed in the market, it was cautious and refused to increase the issue. On the contrary, it encouraged barter to ease the return of currency. At that time, a bucket of rice cost only three or five Wen, which made it inconvenient for ordinary people to use their pocket money. Although they used cloth, it was too inflexible. At the same time, China's exchanges with overseas countries are also increasing, and a large number of coins are flowing out, all of which make domestic transactions feel weak. As a result of these reasons, private casting began to take place again. Although the private money is relatively small, some of the material foundry workers can still do it, so some places use it as official money, with two or three pieces as official money. It is also rare in history that private money can not conflict with official money. In the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, the government was dissatisfied with the fact that the benefits of deflation were obtained by private investors. It ordered to ban private investment and to exchange official money for private money at a ratio of five to one. But there is a lack of people to ask for help, and some even collect their private money and do not exchange it. Therefore, in the first year of Qianfeng (666 AD), the "Qianfeng Quanbao" was launched, with one as the ten Kaiyuan Tongbao. The purpose seems to be to increase the issuance, stimulate prices, and make private money lose its existence. The diameter of Qianfeng Quanbao is 2.5cm. It is written in official script, read in rotation, with smooth back, pure copper and good foundry. In the history of Chinese coins, it is rare to use Quanbao for writing. But after the big money was launched, the effect was not good. People were not interested in big money and were even more afraid of inflation. As a result, they collected Kai Yuan money one after another, resulting in a sharp rise in private money. In the end, it disappeared, leaving only big money. Seeing this, the imperial court ordered to stop the casting and use the circulating Qianfeng money for one to one Kaiyuan. In the early period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the imperial court absorbed the experience and reorganized the private money again. First, it encouraged the proction and supported the commercial development. Only when the quality of the new money reached the standard could it be circulated, so as to increase the credit of the official money, increase the casting quantity and run on the private money. This time, the characters of the new Kaiyuan coin are different from each other. The characters of the new Kaiyuan coin include star and sun patterns
the "an Shi rebellion" in the late period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty is a turning point in the history of Tang Dynasty
(618-907)
Tang Dynasty is the peak of the development of feudal society in China. Political, economic and cultural development is unprecedented. There are also significant monetary reforms. In Tang Dynasty, the name and weight of coins were completely separated. Coins were no longer called by weight, but "Bao", that is, the popular treasure goods. Qian Wen changed from seal script to official script. In addition, it is stipulated that every ten Kaiyuan Tongbao coins weighing two baht and four taels is one or two, that is, ten coins is one or two“ Since then, "money" has become a unit of measurement of less than two, which is also the basis of Chinese metric system
there are not many kinds of coins in Tang Dynasty, such as "Deyi Yuanbao", "Shuntian Yuanbao", "Xianxuan Tongbao" and "Chen 39"; Qianyuan treasure, Qianfeng Quanbao, Jianzhong Tongbao, Dali Tongbao and Kaiyuan Tongbao
Kaiyuan Tongbao: e to the chaotic monetary system in the late Sui Dynasty, the early Tang Dynasty was also affected, and the currency was mainly money and silk. In 621 A.D., Kaiyuan Tongbao was made, each of which weighed two baht and four Lei. Since then, it has become the main currency of the Tang Dynasty and has been widely circulated. Due to its long circulation time, Kaiyuan Tongbao has many editions, such as star, moon, star and moon patterns on its back. Sometimes the star and moon patterns are on the left of the coin screen, sometimes on the right, up and down“ The second stroke of the word "Yuan" is called "Zuo Tiao" when it is raised on the left, right "right" when it is raised on the right, and "Shuang Tiao" when it is raised on both sides<
Huichang Kaiyuan: after Tang Zhenyuan, deflation was carried out. Inflation devalues money and prices soar, bringing misery to the people. Deflation is also a severe blow to the people. Deflation leads to the shortage of money, which leads to the high price of money and the low price of goods. Cheap things hurt the farmers. The working people work all the year round and get little income, which is very hard. For example, in the first year of Jianzhong (780 A.D.), the price of rice was 200 yuan per Dou, and then it dropped to 50 yuan per Dou. In the first year of yuanhe (806 AD), the price dropped to two yuan per bucket of rice. In order to ease the situation of deflation and for other political reasons, Emperor Wuzong ordered the destruction of the national bronze Buddha statues, bells, chimes, furnaces, os and other bronze wares in 845 A.D. in order to increase the currency. This kind of money is called "Huichang Kaiyuan" and has a prison name on its back. They are: Chang (Yangzhou), Jing, Luo, Yi (Sichuan), LAN (Lantian, Shaanxi), Jing (Jiangling), Xiang (Xiangyang), Yue, Xuan, Yan, Hong (Jiangxi), run (Zhejiang), Tan (Xiang), e, Ping (Pingzhou), Xing (Xingyuan), Liang (Liangzhou), Guang (Guangzhou), Zi (Dongchuan), Fu (Fuzhou), Dan (Danzhou) GUI (Guiyang)
the founding of Kaiyuan in Huichang eased the situation of money shortage in the first 60 or 70 years of emperor Wuzong< Qianfeng Quanbao: This is the first year of the Tang Dynasty. It was made in the first year of Qianfeng reign of Emperor Gaozong (666 AD). From then on, all the coins of the later dynasties were given the year number<
Qianyuan treasure: Tang Xuanzong's extravagance and corruption and the chaos of an and Shi made his financial situation stretched, so Tang suzong had to cast "Qianyuan treasure should be ten coins" which was used as ten Kaiyuan Tongbao to implement inflation<
Chonglun Qianyuan chongbao: it was cast in the second year of Qianyuan reign of suzong (759 AD). Because there are double rings on the back, it is called "heavy wheel". When the coins were first made, they were 50 Kaiyuan Tongbao coins. The next year, they were changed to one when 30, then one when three, and then one when one. If you melt a piece of Qianyuan treasure, you can make three times as much profit
Dali Tongbao and Jianzhong Tongbao: both kinds of money may be privately made in Tang Dynasty<
get one Yuan Bao and Shun Tian Yuan Bao: in the rebellion of an and Shi, when Emperor suzong of Tang Dynasty cast Qianyuan's treasure money in the reign of emperor Qianyuan (759-762 AD), Shi Siming occupied Luoyang to cast the money. The purpose of the two is to raise money evenly. Get one, Shun day money each when Kaiyuan money 100<
when Li Yuan first came to Chang'an, he used the light money of the Sui Dynasty to accumulate 80000 or 90000 pieces of rice. In the fourth year of Wude, he changed the monetary system with the names of "baht" and "Liang" in all previous dynasties, and coined coins that became "Tongbao", named "Kaiyuan Tongbao" or "Kaiyuan Yuanbao", However, it is more appropriate to read "Kaiyuan Tongbao" according to the meaning of creating a perfect life of Fuxi stability and opening up a new era“ "Tongbao" is also the currency. Qian Wen of Kaiyuan Tongbao was written by Ouyang Xun, a famous calligrapher at that time. It has eight points and three styles of Zhuan and Li. This is also the first record of Qian Wen's name in history books. This shows that it is a great event to cast Kaiyuan Tongbao in the early Tang Dynasty“ "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is characterized by vigorous writing, precise expression, dignified and elegant, dignified and vigorous
Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is eight cents in diameter and weighs two baht. Ten yuan is one or two yuan, and a thousand yuan weighs six Jin and four Liang. Because a Jin in Tang Dynasty is more than twice as heavy as a Jin in Western Han Dynasty, Kaiyuan Tongbao is slightly heavier than wuzhu in Western Han Dynasty. The creation of Kaiyuan Tongbao coin, like Qin banliang coin and Han wuzhu coin, is an epoch-making event in the history of Chinese currency. At this point, China's metal coinage officially broke away from the system of weight as the name of coins, and was called "Tongbao" and "Yuanbao". From then on, China's weighing method no longer takes baht as the unit of calculation (before Tang Dynasty, baht was used, 24 baht was one or two, which was twenty-four decimal places), but instead uses the decimal method of two, money, cent and Li, one of which is 3.73 grams, which means the weight of a coin of Kaiyuan Tongbao, ten Kaiyuan Tongbao is one or two. Kaiyuan Tongbao also had a far-reaching influence on the reform of China's currency system because of its moderate size, proper name and shape. It is not only the main currency in circulation throughout the Tang Dynasty, but also a model of copper coins for more than 1000 years after the Tang Dynasty. It was used in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Kaiyuan Tongbao was also made in Southern Tang Dynasty and Min Dynasty
Kaiyuan Tongbao in the Tang Dynasty was made of gold, silver, copper and lead, and there were no less than 100 kinds of formats. In the Tang Dynasty, there were 49 coin making furnaces in Tianbao period. At that time, it was stipulated that the composition of copper coin was 83.32% of copper, 14.56% of white wax and 2.12% of black lead. Each year, 21200 kg of copper, 31700 kg of white wax and 500 kg of tin were used. In the early Tang Dynasty, the inside and outside of the coin were neat, and the back was flat and smooth. People paid more attention to the calligraphy and craftsmanship, which not only had use value, but also had high ornamental value. Du Fu, a great poet, said in his poem, "if you have nothing to spare, you will be afraid of being shy. If you have a little money to look at it", it means Tianyuan Tongbao
on the back of Kaiyuan and other Tang coins, some have a prominent dot, some have one or several curved convex coins, and some even have the mark of floating clouds. This kind of dot and convex coin is called star moon pattern in numismatics. The star pattern on the back of money is divided into star pattern on the back and star pattern on the back. The moon pattern on the top is called the upward moon, and the downward one is called the downward moon. There are no clear records about the moon patterns and floating clouds of Kaiyuan money in the history books, so that it leaves people endless reverie. Some say that when Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, presented a wax sample of Kaiyuan coins, empress Wende didn't notice that there was a nail mark on her finger. People thought it was the will of the emperor, so she made it just the same. It is even more absurd to think that it is the nail marks of Yang Yuhuan, the favorite imperial concubine of the Ming Dynasty. Because the emperor of the Tang Dynasty used the year of Kaiyuan, and Yang Guifei was deeply trusted and even read the memorial, she would naturally ask about the coinage and conclude that the nail marks were the work of Yang Yuhuan. In fact, these are all nonsense, because the "nail marks" on the money are thick and thin, which should be the marks of different coin making furnaces, and the floating cloud should mean auspicious cloud, which represents people's good wishes. In addition, Kaiyuan Tongbao also has the word "Yuan" to choose from left, right and double. In the beginning, the characters of Kaiyuan were not selected. In Wude years, the characters of Yuan appeared on the left. On the right hand, Yuan Qian should have been made in Zhenguan period and later; The quantity of shuangtiao Kaiyuan is very small, which should be the commemorative coin of Gaozong, and it was cast when a big event happened. After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the characters of the Yuan Dynasty still had the situation of choosing a pen, but it was difficult to distinguish them because of their different copper quality, weight and outline
the Kaiyuan Tongbao coins mentioned above are made of a variety of materials, including gold and silver besides copper, among which silver is more and gold is less handed down. However, in October 1970, 30 pieces of Kaiyuan Tongbao and 421 pieces of silver were unearthed from the Tang Dynasty kiln collection in Hejia village, Xi'an. The gold Kaiyuan unearthed this time is very similar to the Kaiyuan Tongbao copper coins of the early Tang Dynasty in shape and style, but the diameter is slightly smaller, with a diameter of 2.4cm. The Kaiyuan Tongbao gold and silver coins cast in Tang Dynasty were not used as currency, but mainly used for court reward or entertainment. For example, Tang Dynasty's "Kaiyuan Tianbao dispatch affairs" said, "every spring, the imperial concubines of the inner court accompany three to five people in the forbidden period, throwing money for the play.". In addition, when Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty watched Yang Guifei "wash three" for an Lushan, that is, on the third day of an Lushan's birthday, Yang Guifei wrapped An Lushan with brocade like a newborn and carried it in a sedan chair. People felt strange and noisy. Xuanzong looked happy and gave her money to wash her son. In Tang Dynasty, gold and silver money was mainly used for rewards and gifts, as well as for sacrifices. It played a role of payment, but not for circulation
in the early years of Wude, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, there were not many Kaiyuan Tongbao coins. At this time, old coins and ancient coins were graally out of circulation, and there were not enough coins in the market. Until the early years of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, cloth was still used for trading. The imperial court was afraid of the inflation of the Sui Dynasty. Although money was needed in the market, it was cautious and refused to increase the issue. On the contrary, it encouraged barter to ease the return of currency. At that time, a bucket of rice cost only three or five Wen, which made it inconvenient for ordinary people to use their pocket money. Although they used cloth, it was too inflexible. At the same time, China's exchanges with overseas countries are also increasing, and a large number of coins are flowing out, all of which make domestic transactions feel weak. As a result of these reasons, private casting began to take place again. Although the private money is relatively small, some of the material foundry workers can still do it, so some places use it as official money, with two or three pieces as official money. It is also rare in history that private money can not conflict with official money. In the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, the government was dissatisfied with the fact that the benefits of deflation were obtained by private investors. It ordered to ban private investment and to exchange official money for private money at a ratio of five to one. But there is a lack of people to ask for help, and some even collect their private money and do not exchange it. Therefore, in the first year of Qianfeng (666 AD), the "Qianfeng Quanbao" was launched, with one as the ten Kaiyuan Tongbao. The purpose seems to be to increase the issuance, stimulate prices, and make private money lose its existence. The diameter of Qianfeng Quanbao is 2.5cm. It is written in official script, read in rotation, with smooth back, pure copper and good foundry. In the history of Chinese coins, it is rare to use Quanbao for writing. But after the big money was launched, the effect was not good. People were not interested in big money and were even more afraid of inflation. As a result, they collected Kai Yuan money one after another, resulting in a sharp rise in private money. In the end, it disappeared, leaving only big money. Seeing this, the imperial court ordered to stop the casting and use the circulating Qianfeng money for one to one Kaiyuan. In the early period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the imperial court absorbed the experience and reorganized the private money again. First, it encouraged the proction and supported the commercial development. Only when the quality of the new money reached the standard could it be circulated, so as to increase the credit of the official money, increase the casting quantity and run on the private money. This time, the characters of the new Kaiyuan coin are different from each other. The characters of the new Kaiyuan coin include star and sun patterns
the "an Shi rebellion" in the late period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty is a turning point in the history of Tang Dynasty
3. RMB, the full name of the people's Bank of China, is the legal currency of the people's Republic of China. Its formal ISO 4217 is abbreviated as CNY (China yuan), but RMB (Ren Min BI) is more commonly used internationally; Generally, adding "￥" before the number indicates the amount of RMB
Article 15 of Chapter III of the law of the people's Republic of China on the people's Bank of China stipulates that "the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB". When the people's Bank of China was established on December 1, 1948, it began to issue the first set of RMB; The second set of RMB was issued on March 1, 1955; The third set of RMB was issued on April 15, 1962; The fourth set of RMB was issued on April 27, 1987; The fifth set of RMB was issued on October 1, 1999. At present, the circulation of the first, second and third sets of RMB has been stopped. The fifth set of RMB is mainly in circulation on the market, and there is a small amount of the fourth set of RMB
the unit of RMB is yuan (yuan) (renminbi yuan, abbreviated as "RMB", with "￥" as the code). The subsidiary currency unit of RMB is Jiao Fen. There is no legal gold content in RMB. It performs the functions of value scale, circulation means and payment means
at present, the RMB bonds in circulation in the market are: 1,2,5 Jiao, 1,2,5,10,20,50,100 yuan respectively. According to the law, more than RMB yuan is the main currency, and the remaining Jiao and Fen are the secondary currency (but now Fen is almost out of circulation). Form the three-step carry system of main and auxiliary coins, that is, 1 yuan = 10 Jiao = 100 Fen. According to the natural properties of materials, there are metal money (also known as coins) and paper money (also known as banknotes). Both banknotes and coins are in circulation
the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB (which can be abbreviated to RMB), and the people's Bank of China is the national authority in charge of the management of RMB, which is responsible for the design, printing and issuance of RMB. The unit of RMB is yuan, and the subsidiary units of RMB are Jiao and Fen. One yuan is ten Jiao, and one Jiao is ten Fen. Since the issuance of RMB, the people's Republic of China has lasted for more than 50 years. With the development of economic construction and the needs of people's life, it has graally improved and improved. So far, it has issued five sets of RMB, forming a multi variety and multi series monetary system of paper money and metal money, ordinary commemorative money and precious metal commemorative money. Except for 1, 2 and 5 fen coins, the first, second and third sets of RMB have been withdrawn from circulation. The current circulating RMB is the fourth set of RMB issued by the people's Bank of China since 1987 and the fifth set of RMB issued in 1999. The two sets of RMB are in circulation at the same time.
Article 15 of Chapter III of the law of the people's Republic of China on the people's Bank of China stipulates that "the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB". When the people's Bank of China was established on December 1, 1948, it began to issue the first set of RMB; The second set of RMB was issued on March 1, 1955; The third set of RMB was issued on April 15, 1962; The fourth set of RMB was issued on April 27, 1987; The fifth set of RMB was issued on October 1, 1999. At present, the circulation of the first, second and third sets of RMB has been stopped. The fifth set of RMB is mainly in circulation on the market, and there is a small amount of the fourth set of RMB
the unit of RMB is yuan (yuan) (renminbi yuan, abbreviated as "RMB", with "￥" as the code). The subsidiary currency unit of RMB is Jiao Fen. There is no legal gold content in RMB. It performs the functions of value scale, circulation means and payment means
at present, the RMB bonds in circulation in the market are: 1,2,5 Jiao, 1,2,5,10,20,50,100 yuan respectively. According to the law, more than RMB yuan is the main currency, and the remaining Jiao and Fen are the secondary currency (but now Fen is almost out of circulation). Form the three-step carry system of main and auxiliary coins, that is, 1 yuan = 10 Jiao = 100 Fen. According to the natural properties of materials, there are metal money (also known as coins) and paper money (also known as banknotes). Both banknotes and coins are in circulation
the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB (which can be abbreviated to RMB), and the people's Bank of China is the national authority in charge of the management of RMB, which is responsible for the design, printing and issuance of RMB. The unit of RMB is yuan, and the subsidiary units of RMB are Jiao and Fen. One yuan is ten Jiao, and one Jiao is ten Fen. Since the issuance of RMB, the people's Republic of China has lasted for more than 50 years. With the development of economic construction and the needs of people's life, it has graally improved and improved. So far, it has issued five sets of RMB, forming a multi variety and multi series monetary system of paper money and metal money, ordinary commemorative money and precious metal commemorative money. Except for 1, 2 and 5 fen coins, the first, second and third sets of RMB have been withdrawn from circulation. The current circulating RMB is the fourth set of RMB issued by the people's Bank of China since 1987 and the fifth set of RMB issued in 1999. The two sets of RMB are in circulation at the same time.
4. [introction to RMB]
the full name of RMB is the currency of the people's Bank of China, which is the legal currency of the people's Republic of China. Its formal ISO 4217 is abbreviated as CNY (China yuan), but RMB (Ren Min BI) is more commonly used internationally; Generally, adding "￥" before the number indicates the amount of RMB
Article 15 of Chapter III of the law of the people's Republic of China on the people's Bank of China stipulates that "the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB". When the people's Bank of China was established on December 1, 1948, it began to issue the first set of RMB; The second set of RMB was issued on March 1, 1955; The third set of RMB was issued on April 15, 1962; The fourth set of RMB was issued on April 27, 1987; The fifth set of RMB was issued on October 1, 1999. At present, the circulation of the first, second and third sets of RMB has been stopped. The fifth set of RMB is mainly in circulation on the market, and there is a small amount of the fourth set of RMB
the unit of RMB is yuan (yuan) (renminbi yuan, abbreviated as "RMB", with "￥" as the code). The subsidiary currency unit of RMB is Jiao Fen. There is no legal gold content in RMB. It performs the functions of value scale, circulation means and payment means
at present, the RMB bonds in circulation in the market are: 1,2,5 Jiao, 1,2,5,10,20,50,100 yuan respectively. According to the law, more than RMB yuan is the main currency, and the remaining Jiao and Fen are the secondary currency (but now Fen is almost out of circulation). Form the three-step carry system of main and auxiliary coins, that is, 1 yuan = 10 Jiao = 100 Fen. According to the natural properties of materials, there are metal money (also known as coins) and paper money (also known as banknotes). Both banknotes and coins are in circulation
the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB (which can be abbreviated to RMB), and the people's Bank of China is the national authority in charge of the management of RMB, which is responsible for the design, printing and issuance of RMB. The unit of RMB is yuan, and the subsidiary units of RMB are Jiao and Fen. One yuan is ten Jiao, and one Jiao is ten Fen. Since the issuance of RMB, the people's Republic of China has lasted for more than 50 years. With the development of economic construction and the needs of people's life, it has graally improved and improved. So far, it has issued five sets of RMB, forming a multi variety and multi series monetary system of paper money and metal money, ordinary commemorative money and precious metal commemorative money. Except for 1, 2 and 5 fen coins, the first, second and third sets of RMB have been withdrawn from circulation. The current circulating RMB is the fourth set of RMB issued by the people's Bank of China since 1987 and the fifth set of RMB issued in 1999. The two sets of RMB are in circulation at the same time.
the full name of RMB is the currency of the people's Bank of China, which is the legal currency of the people's Republic of China. Its formal ISO 4217 is abbreviated as CNY (China yuan), but RMB (Ren Min BI) is more commonly used internationally; Generally, adding "￥" before the number indicates the amount of RMB
Article 15 of Chapter III of the law of the people's Republic of China on the people's Bank of China stipulates that "the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB". When the people's Bank of China was established on December 1, 1948, it began to issue the first set of RMB; The second set of RMB was issued on March 1, 1955; The third set of RMB was issued on April 15, 1962; The fourth set of RMB was issued on April 27, 1987; The fifth set of RMB was issued on October 1, 1999. At present, the circulation of the first, second and third sets of RMB has been stopped. The fifth set of RMB is mainly in circulation on the market, and there is a small amount of the fourth set of RMB
the unit of RMB is yuan (yuan) (renminbi yuan, abbreviated as "RMB", with "￥" as the code). The subsidiary currency unit of RMB is Jiao Fen. There is no legal gold content in RMB. It performs the functions of value scale, circulation means and payment means
at present, the RMB bonds in circulation in the market are: 1,2,5 Jiao, 1,2,5,10,20,50,100 yuan respectively. According to the law, more than RMB yuan is the main currency, and the remaining Jiao and Fen are the secondary currency (but now Fen is almost out of circulation). Form the three-step carry system of main and auxiliary coins, that is, 1 yuan = 10 Jiao = 100 Fen. According to the natural properties of materials, there are metal money (also known as coins) and paper money (also known as banknotes). Both banknotes and coins are in circulation
the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB (which can be abbreviated to RMB), and the people's Bank of China is the national authority in charge of the management of RMB, which is responsible for the design, printing and issuance of RMB. The unit of RMB is yuan, and the subsidiary units of RMB are Jiao and Fen. One yuan is ten Jiao, and one Jiao is ten Fen. Since the issuance of RMB, the people's Republic of China has lasted for more than 50 years. With the development of economic construction and the needs of people's life, it has graally improved and improved. So far, it has issued five sets of RMB, forming a multi variety and multi series monetary system of paper money and metal money, ordinary commemorative money and precious metal commemorative money. Except for 1, 2 and 5 fen coins, the first, second and third sets of RMB have been withdrawn from circulation. The current circulating RMB is the fourth set of RMB issued by the people's Bank of China since 1987 and the fifth set of RMB issued in 1999. The two sets of RMB are in circulation at the same time.
5. Five cent coin is a familiar thing in people's life, but if you can look at it carefully, you will find that you didn't know enough about it before. From the appearance, the coin is a flat cylinder with a thickness of only 2 mm and a diameter of only 2.4 cm. The coin is made of aluminum nickel alloy, which not only makes the coin light and rable, but also looks silver and eye-catching. 35sk.com although the coin is very thin, both sides have strong three-dimensional patterns. On the other hand, the first thing you see is the national emblem of the people's Republic of China. It is located in the center of the whole coin, with a diameter of 1.4 cm, accounting for almost half of the area. It tells you the country where the coin was made and used. Above the national emblem, there are seven characters of "people's Republic of China" in imitation of Song Dynasty, which makes the coin face more solemn. The outermost is a 1.5 mm wide outer ring, slightly protruding from the whole coin face. On the inside of the outer ring, there is a small circle lower than the outer ring and higher than the coin face, which is as thick as hair and very delicate. If you don't pay attention, it's likely to get out of your sight. Looking at the front, there are two big characters "Wu Fen" in the middle, which clearly indicate the face value of this coin. Around these two words are two ears of wheat whose stems are crossed. The minimum distance between spike tips is 6 mm, which just sets off an Arabic numeral "5". This number is for people who can't read Chinese characters to recognize the face value of this coin. Just below the stem of the spike is the year in Arabic numerals, which undoubtedly indicates the date of the coin. What's more worth mentioning is the side of the coin. 35sk.com is a lot of closely arranged vertical stripes. The side of the newly cast coin is very rough, and even the hand may be cut. This requires chamfering, so that the upper and lower sides of the side become smooth, connected with the positive and negative sides, so that the coin not only feels smooth, but also looks beautiful. From the layout of the whole nickel coin, there is a harmonious and solemn aesthetic feeling on the front, the back and the side. The composition of the picture is exquisite, and the pattern extends from the middle to the surrounding, echoing each other. The design of the whole coin is in the form of sun engraving, which is very three-dimensional. From this point of view, the five cent coin is a small work of art! Wufen coin has certain artistic value, but more importantly, it plays an irreplaceable role in people's daily life. In addition, children can also store it, set up the consciousness and concept of accumulating a little makes a lot, and form the habit of diligence and thrift. It can also be regarded as a kind of coin by the interested collectors. Although it is insignificant, it always accompanies us. I think, after reading this article, you will have a superficial understanding of the nickel.
6. 100 yuan notes
the fifth set of RMB 100 yuan notes. The main color of the ticket is red, 155 mm long and 77 mm wide. The main scene of the front of the ticket is the head portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, On the left is the bank name of "people's Bank of China", Arabic denomination number "100" and RMB denomination in words "one hundred yuan". The bottom lining adopts the oval flower pattern of plum blossom, a famous Chinese flower. In the blank space on the left side of the front, you can see the watermark of Mao Zedong's head, which is the same as the main scene and has a strong three-dimensional sense. There are some specially arranged circles above the watermark to prevent the notes from being copied or printed. There is an oval pattern on the top right of the front. When the banknote is placed close to the eye and rotated 45 degrees or 90 degrees to the light source, the invisible denomination number "100" can be seen. In the oval pattern on the top of the front, there are many offset micro words printed. Under the magnifying glass, the words "RMB" and "RMB 100" can be seen. On the right side of the front main scene pattern, there is a light variable hollowed out window safety line. The upper left corner is the national emblem of the people's Republic of China, the lower right corner is Braille denomination mark, and the front of the ticket is printed with horizontal and vertical double numbers.
the fifth set of RMB 100 yuan notes. The main color of the ticket is red, 155 mm long and 77 mm wide. The main scene of the front of the ticket is the head portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, On the left is the bank name of "people's Bank of China", Arabic denomination number "100" and RMB denomination in words "one hundred yuan". The bottom lining adopts the oval flower pattern of plum blossom, a famous Chinese flower. In the blank space on the left side of the front, you can see the watermark of Mao Zedong's head, which is the same as the main scene and has a strong three-dimensional sense. There are some specially arranged circles above the watermark to prevent the notes from being copied or printed. There is an oval pattern on the top right of the front. When the banknote is placed close to the eye and rotated 45 degrees or 90 degrees to the light source, the invisible denomination number "100" can be seen. In the oval pattern on the top of the front, there are many offset micro words printed. Under the magnifying glass, the words "RMB" and "RMB 100" can be seen. On the right side of the front main scene pattern, there is a light variable hollowed out window safety line. The upper left corner is the national emblem of the people's Republic of China, the lower right corner is Braille denomination mark, and the front of the ticket is printed with horizontal and vertical double numbers.
7. The fifth set of RMB 100 notes. The main color of the ticket is red, 155 mm long and 77 mm wide. The main scene of the front of the ticket is the head portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, On the left is the bank name of "people's Bank of China", Arabic denomination number "100" and RMB denomination in words "one hundred yuan". The bottom lining adopts the oval flower pattern of plum blossom, a famous Chinese flower. In the blank space on the left side of the front, you can see the watermark of Mao Zedong's head, which is the same as the main scene and has a strong three-dimensional sense. There are some specially arranged circles above the watermark to prevent the notes from being copied or printed. There is an oval pattern on the top right of the front. When the banknote is placed close to the eye and rotated 45 degrees or 90 degrees to the light source, the invisible denomination number "100" can be seen. In the oval pattern on the top of the front, there are many offset micro words printed. Under the magnifying glass, the words "RMB" and "RMB 100" can be seen. On the right side of the front main scene pattern, there is a light variable hollowed out window safety line. The upper left corner is the national emblem of the people's Republic of China, the lower right corner is Braille denomination mark, and the front of the ticket is printed with horizontal and vertical double numbers.
8. The fifth set of RMB 50 banknotes: at the end of 2005, the people's Bank of China issued the fifth set of RMB in 2005. The main pattern is consistent with 1999, but the position of dimming number and denomination watermark is adjusted, and the denomination number on the back is suffixed with "Yuan"
features: 1. The fixed watermark of the fifth set of RMB banknotes is located in the blank space on the left side of the front face of each banknote. The watermark with strong three-dimensional sense can be seen from the perspective of light. The fixed watermark of the 50 yuan note is the image of Mao Zedong
2. In the offset printing patterns on the front of each coupon of the fifth set of RMB notes, the words "50" and "RMB50" are printed in many places. Whether there is concave convex feeling in portrait, Braille spot, bank name of people's Bank of China, etc. The fifth set of RMB banknotes is featured with Mao Zedong's head on the front of each coupon. It is hand carved and gravure printed, which is vivid, vivid, concave convex and easy to identify. The paper money is moderate in thickness and good in straightness. The paper of RMB has the characteristics of straightness, folding resistance and not easy to tear. If you shake the banknote, flick your fingers or pull your hands symmetrically, you can hear a clear and loud voice
3. The fifth set of RMB notes has a safety line on the left side of the middle of the front face of each coupon. The safety line of 50 yuan note can see the tiny words of "RMB50" in the perspective of light, and the instrument has magnetism
the denomination of the fifth set of RMB 50 coupon will change from gold to light green
4. Whether the face pattern of 50 yuan real banknote is clear, whether the color is bright, and whether the docking pattern can be docking
5. The complementary pattern of yin and Yang of the fifth set of RMB banknotes should be used in 50 yuan tickets. These three kinds of coupons are printed with a circular local pattern on the lower left side of the front and the lower right side of the back. From the perspective of the light, the two patterns are combined to form a complete pattern of ancient coins. You can take out the 50 yuan coin in your hand and dock it
the fifth set of RMB coins improves the comprehensive quality and security of paper. Enhance the stereo sense of fixed watermark. The magnetic micro text safety line, color fiber and colorless fluorescent fiber are used in paper. The fifth set of RMB not only inherits the traditional experience of China's printing technology, but also draws on the advanced technology of foreign banknote design
the fifth set of RMB anti-counterfeiting features are as follows
1. Red and blue colored fibers: on the face of the bill, you can see that red and blue fibers are irregularly distributed in the paper
2. Fixed portrait watermark: it is located in the blank space on the left side of the front, and can be seen from the perspective facing the light. It is the same as the main scene portrait and has a strong three-dimensional sense
3. Hand carved head: the head of Mao Zedong, the main scene on the front, is hand carved and gravure printed, which is vivid, vivid, concave convex and easy to identify
4. Invisible denomination number: there is a decorative pattern on the upper right side of the front. Place the banknote close to the eye and make a plane rotation of 45 degrees or 90 degrees facing the light source to see the face value "50"
5. Magnetic microfilm safety line: the safety line in banknote paper. When viewed facing the light, the "RMB50" microfilm can be seen, and the instrument has magnetism
6. Light variable ink denomination number: the word "50" on the lower left side of the front face turns to gold when viewed perpendicular to the face, and turns to green when tilted at a certain angle
7. Complementary pattern of yin and Yang: there are local circular patterns on the lower left side of the front and on the lower right side of the back. When viewed from the light, the front and back patterns are combined to form a complete ancient coin pattern
8. Offset micro text: in the pattern on the top of the front, offset micro text is printed in many places, and the words "50" and "RMB50" can be seen under the magnifying glass
9. Horizontal and vertical double numbers: horizontal and vertical double numbers on the front. The horizontal number is black, and the vertical number is red
10. Engraving gravure printing: the front main scene is the portrait of Mao Zedong, the bank name of the people's Bank of China, Braille, and the background main scene "Potala Palace" are all engraved gravure printing, with obvious concave and convex feeling when touching with fingers.
features: 1. The fixed watermark of the fifth set of RMB banknotes is located in the blank space on the left side of the front face of each banknote. The watermark with strong three-dimensional sense can be seen from the perspective of light. The fixed watermark of the 50 yuan note is the image of Mao Zedong
2. In the offset printing patterns on the front of each coupon of the fifth set of RMB notes, the words "50" and "RMB50" are printed in many places. Whether there is concave convex feeling in portrait, Braille spot, bank name of people's Bank of China, etc. The fifth set of RMB banknotes is featured with Mao Zedong's head on the front of each coupon. It is hand carved and gravure printed, which is vivid, vivid, concave convex and easy to identify. The paper money is moderate in thickness and good in straightness. The paper of RMB has the characteristics of straightness, folding resistance and not easy to tear. If you shake the banknote, flick your fingers or pull your hands symmetrically, you can hear a clear and loud voice
3. The fifth set of RMB notes has a safety line on the left side of the middle of the front face of each coupon. The safety line of 50 yuan note can see the tiny words of "RMB50" in the perspective of light, and the instrument has magnetism
the denomination of the fifth set of RMB 50 coupon will change from gold to light green
4. Whether the face pattern of 50 yuan real banknote is clear, whether the color is bright, and whether the docking pattern can be docking
5. The complementary pattern of yin and Yang of the fifth set of RMB banknotes should be used in 50 yuan tickets. These three kinds of coupons are printed with a circular local pattern on the lower left side of the front and the lower right side of the back. From the perspective of the light, the two patterns are combined to form a complete pattern of ancient coins. You can take out the 50 yuan coin in your hand and dock it
the fifth set of RMB coins improves the comprehensive quality and security of paper. Enhance the stereo sense of fixed watermark. The magnetic micro text safety line, color fiber and colorless fluorescent fiber are used in paper. The fifth set of RMB not only inherits the traditional experience of China's printing technology, but also draws on the advanced technology of foreign banknote design
the fifth set of RMB anti-counterfeiting features are as follows
1. Red and blue colored fibers: on the face of the bill, you can see that red and blue fibers are irregularly distributed in the paper
2. Fixed portrait watermark: it is located in the blank space on the left side of the front, and can be seen from the perspective facing the light. It is the same as the main scene portrait and has a strong three-dimensional sense
3. Hand carved head: the head of Mao Zedong, the main scene on the front, is hand carved and gravure printed, which is vivid, vivid, concave convex and easy to identify
4. Invisible denomination number: there is a decorative pattern on the upper right side of the front. Place the banknote close to the eye and make a plane rotation of 45 degrees or 90 degrees facing the light source to see the face value "50"
5. Magnetic microfilm safety line: the safety line in banknote paper. When viewed facing the light, the "RMB50" microfilm can be seen, and the instrument has magnetism
6. Light variable ink denomination number: the word "50" on the lower left side of the front face turns to gold when viewed perpendicular to the face, and turns to green when tilted at a certain angle
7. Complementary pattern of yin and Yang: there are local circular patterns on the lower left side of the front and on the lower right side of the back. When viewed from the light, the front and back patterns are combined to form a complete ancient coin pattern
8. Offset micro text: in the pattern on the top of the front, offset micro text is printed in many places, and the words "50" and "RMB50" can be seen under the magnifying glass
9. Horizontal and vertical double numbers: horizontal and vertical double numbers on the front. The horizontal number is black, and the vertical number is red
10. Engraving gravure printing: the front main scene is the portrait of Mao Zedong, the bank name of the people's Bank of China, Braille, and the background main scene "Potala Palace" are all engraved gravure printing, with obvious concave and convex feeling when touching with fingers.
9.
We all know that kangaroos only live in Australia and parts of Papua New Guinea, especially Australia, which is the main distribution area of most kangaroos, but do you know? Kangaroo in most of the population does not refer to an animal. In the broad sense, kangaroo refers to all the marsupials under the order kangaroo. In the narrow sense, kangaroo refers to the species in the genus kangaroo
Red necked kangaroo
kangaroo is "left-handed", which sounds very interesting, but many people think that this knowledge does not have much effect. For ordinary people's daily life, knowing the problem of kangaroo's chirality does not have much effect, it can only be used as a conversation after dinner, But for biology and even the whole academic community, it is of great significance, which shows that our understanding of the animals in this world is a step closer, and it also plays a certain role in animal protection and other work
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