Why does HTC have the concept of digital currency
Publish: 2021-04-21 10:50:50
1. The mainstream news media of such a grand meeting are all reporting. Basically, they can't access any information of the meeting on the Internet. The information of the meeting seems to be confidential. I haven't heard of this meeting in the coin circle
this kind of conference is often a pyramid marketing conference or a direct marketing conference, and the participants are basically the same kind of people. The scale of the conference is often relatively grand. At present, it is a kind of illusion to the participants, which makes people think that the organizers are powerful
it is suggested not to attend these so-called international virtual currency summit. The people who attend the summit are basically no real talents, they are just liars. There are only some real talents in the meetings held in the coin circle, such as the Ruitai coin conference designed by teacher Shaqian, and the meetings held by Huo coin.com and OK are attended by the big men in the coin circle. Of course, the momentum of the recent digital currency like the gold card is still good.
this kind of conference is often a pyramid marketing conference or a direct marketing conference, and the participants are basically the same kind of people. The scale of the conference is often relatively grand. At present, it is a kind of illusion to the participants, which makes people think that the organizers are powerful
it is suggested not to attend these so-called international virtual currency summit. The people who attend the summit are basically no real talents, they are just liars. There are only some real talents in the meetings held in the coin circle, such as the Ruitai coin conference designed by teacher Shaqian, and the meetings held by Huo coin.com and OK are attended by the big men in the coin circle. Of course, the momentum of the recent digital currency like the gold card is still good.
2. Blue chips refer to long-term stable growth, large-scale, traditional instrial stocks and financial stocks. The characteristics of such listed companies are excellent performance, stable income, large scale of share capital, generous dividend, stable stock price trend and good market image
in the overseas stock market, investors refer to the stocks of large companies that occupy an important dominant position in their instries, have excellent performance, have active transactions, and have good dividends as blue chips& quot; Blue chip & quot; The word comes from Western casinos. In Western casinos, there are two kinds of chips, blue chip is the most valuable, red chip is the second, and white chip is the worst. Investors apply the jargon to stocks. General motors, Exxon oil and DuPont chemical all belong to & quot; Blue chips & quot
blue chips are not static. With the change of the company's operation and economic status, the ranking of blue chips will also change. According to the statistics of Forbes magazine, only 43 of the 100 largest companies in 1917 are still among the blue chips; The bluest Railway stock, the most prosperous stock in the instry, has now completely lost the qualification and strength to be selected as blue chip stock
in the Hong Kong stock market, the most famous blue chip stock is & quot; one of the world's largest commercial banks; HSBC Holdings & quot;. With Chinese background & quot; Changjiang Instry & quot; And Chinese background & quot; CITIC Pacific & quot; They are also among the blue chips. Although the stock market in Chinese mainland is short in history, it has developed very rapidly.
as the name suggests, theme stocks are stocks with speculation themes. These themes can be used by speculators (so-called makers) to make use of the topic, which can cause the market to follow suit. For example, when energy is tight, some alternative factories procing alcohol and solar cells become the theme of speculation, which is called new energy concept stocks. When foreign capital enters the stock market, foreign capital purchases concept stocks, In short, all the topics that can arouse market interest are the subject of speculation, and the stocks involved become the subject stocks.
blue chips, subject stocks: what is behind the rise
driven by the continuous strength of large blue chip stocks such as petrochemicals, steel, coal and non-ferrous metals, Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets rose on a large scale on Thursday. However, by the end of the day, the indexes of media, components, household appliances and other instries were lagging behind, and the small market index surpassed the large market index again, showing the rich stock price elasticity of the material sector. From the current situation, the low level activity of blue chips shows that some value-oriented institutional investors have begun to increase their low position building efforts below 1400 points; And the active subject stocks further show that the market sentiment is booming again. In the short term, although the current rebound market may still be repeated many times, but from the perspective of the hot spot evolution trend of the future market, the two main lines leading the intermediate rebound have become increasingly clear in the current plate rotation
blue chips: rebound from & quot; Soft landing expectation & quot
with the graal entry of macro-control into & quot; Effect observation period;, Early encounter sell-off market blue chips have begun to significantly stop falling; However, the investors' response to the medium and long-term operation trend of macro-economy is & quot; Soft landing expectations;, Then some institutional investors with long-term strategic vision began to buy blue chips at bargain hunting. Recently, the market is more worried about the market-oriented intervention from the central bank, that is, the total amount control based & quot; The policy of raising interest rate & quot;. However, the recent statements of the National Bureau of statistics and the national development and Reform Commission have appeared obvious & quot; No interest rate increase tendency & quot;; On Thursday, the Federal Reserve announced that it would only raise the federal funds rate by 25 basis points, which greatly eased the pressure of China to follow suit. Therefore, in the early stage of the market generally concerned about & quot; Expectation of interest rate increase & quot; In the case of recession, the expectation of a soft landing of the macro economy has graally gained the upper hand in the market. In the short run, recing the pressure of interest rate increase itself is enough to rally market sentiment and become the fuse to guide the rebound of blue chips
in terms of the rebound order of blue chips in the last two trading days, petrochemical stocks, coal, non-ferrous metals, electric power and steel became the leading blue chips in turn. Among them, Qilu Petrochemical and Yangzi Petrochemical finished the adjustment as early as the end of May, while Shanghai Petrochemical and Sinopec started at the end of June. From the perspective of instry fundamentals, because the petrochemical instry is not within the focus of this macro-control, and most of the petrochemical procts are consumption driven, the instry has a long business cycle. When the market is in a downturn, petrochemical stocks take the lead in rebounding, which is easy to be recognized by the market. Secondly, as coal, non-ferrous metals and other instries are resource-based instries, many investors believe that resource-based instries have long-term investment value. Therefore, when the market enters the historical bottom area, the low absorption of resource-based stocks in the bottom area has become a reasonable choice for some prudent investors. For iron and steel stocks, because the iron and steel instry is the most seriously injured in this macro-control, only when the market turns warm, the oversold factors and low P / E ratio characteristics will prompt some active investors to intervene and win the rebound spread<
subject stocks: behind the & quot; High growth story & quot
in the theme stocks, the theme of speculation around high growth always emerges in endlessly. Although the SME sector has locked up a number of small and medium investors after the high opening, we find that & quot; The power of speculation & quot; It still makes the funds inside and outside the market continue to move forward in small cap stocks. In the capital driven market, we find that the main driving force of the rise is the oversold of low price. Judging from the recent three trading days, almost all the stocks with the highest increase are low price stocks, including Hunan torch, Xinjiang Tunhe and other Laozhuang stocks. It can be seen that the theme of restructuring and high growth has almost the same attraction as the performance of real gold and silver
from the distribution of recently active theme stocks, we can find that media, components, home appliances, software services and other sectors have become hot spots for short-term catch-up. In fact, the recovery of electronic components instry and the speculation of digital TV instry started at the beginning of the year, and the operation characteristics of stock funds in such plates are obvious. On the contrary, the home appliance instry has shown a relatively independent trend in the near future, including the blue chip stocks such as Gree Electric, Midea and TCL; There are also Hisense Electric appliances, Sichuan Changhong and other theme stocks, and it is estimated that their sustainability may be relatively longer. In addition, for the speculation of theme stocks, investors may as well pay close attention to the small and medium-sized enterprise plate falling continuously in the near future. At present, when most of the stocks in the SME sector are graally approaching a relatively reasonable valuation range, the speculation about high growth is likely to continue to be reflected in the SME sector<
the top rising hot instries in recent three trading days
name increase% amplitude% turnover% turnover volume (hand) transaction amount (10000 yuan)
Petrochemical 6.52 7.5 5.21 2175753 154738.64
Coal 5.73 7.93 3.5 574135 56868.4
non ferrous 4.65 6 3.93 1295626 106124.15
electric power 4.53 5.26 2.23 2349507 186094.87
steel 4.45.25 4.42 4954881 291042.4 1
transportation 4.01 4.83 2.12 3052681 190356.94
Finance 3.98 5.63 1.95 1694895 116928.67
electrical equipment 3.88 6.07 2.17 472448 34586.89
food 3.71 5.3 2.95 1776292 111600.67
communication 3.63 5.21 3 2623172 136905.8
the author of this edition states that: within the knowledge of this institution and myself, this institution I and the interested parties in the property have no interest in the evaluated securities
This version of the article is purely personal views, for reference only, the responsibility is on your own. Readers enter the market on this basis at their own risk
References: http://stock.hexun.com/1271_ 720989A.shtml
in the overseas stock market, investors refer to the stocks of large companies that occupy an important dominant position in their instries, have excellent performance, have active transactions, and have good dividends as blue chips& quot; Blue chip & quot; The word comes from Western casinos. In Western casinos, there are two kinds of chips, blue chip is the most valuable, red chip is the second, and white chip is the worst. Investors apply the jargon to stocks. General motors, Exxon oil and DuPont chemical all belong to & quot; Blue chips & quot
blue chips are not static. With the change of the company's operation and economic status, the ranking of blue chips will also change. According to the statistics of Forbes magazine, only 43 of the 100 largest companies in 1917 are still among the blue chips; The bluest Railway stock, the most prosperous stock in the instry, has now completely lost the qualification and strength to be selected as blue chip stock
in the Hong Kong stock market, the most famous blue chip stock is & quot; one of the world's largest commercial banks; HSBC Holdings & quot;. With Chinese background & quot; Changjiang Instry & quot; And Chinese background & quot; CITIC Pacific & quot; They are also among the blue chips. Although the stock market in Chinese mainland is short in history, it has developed very rapidly.
as the name suggests, theme stocks are stocks with speculation themes. These themes can be used by speculators (so-called makers) to make use of the topic, which can cause the market to follow suit. For example, when energy is tight, some alternative factories procing alcohol and solar cells become the theme of speculation, which is called new energy concept stocks. When foreign capital enters the stock market, foreign capital purchases concept stocks, In short, all the topics that can arouse market interest are the subject of speculation, and the stocks involved become the subject stocks.
blue chips, subject stocks: what is behind the rise
driven by the continuous strength of large blue chip stocks such as petrochemicals, steel, coal and non-ferrous metals, Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets rose on a large scale on Thursday. However, by the end of the day, the indexes of media, components, household appliances and other instries were lagging behind, and the small market index surpassed the large market index again, showing the rich stock price elasticity of the material sector. From the current situation, the low level activity of blue chips shows that some value-oriented institutional investors have begun to increase their low position building efforts below 1400 points; And the active subject stocks further show that the market sentiment is booming again. In the short term, although the current rebound market may still be repeated many times, but from the perspective of the hot spot evolution trend of the future market, the two main lines leading the intermediate rebound have become increasingly clear in the current plate rotation
blue chips: rebound from & quot; Soft landing expectation & quot
with the graal entry of macro-control into & quot; Effect observation period;, Early encounter sell-off market blue chips have begun to significantly stop falling; However, the investors' response to the medium and long-term operation trend of macro-economy is & quot; Soft landing expectations;, Then some institutional investors with long-term strategic vision began to buy blue chips at bargain hunting. Recently, the market is more worried about the market-oriented intervention from the central bank, that is, the total amount control based & quot; The policy of raising interest rate & quot;. However, the recent statements of the National Bureau of statistics and the national development and Reform Commission have appeared obvious & quot; No interest rate increase tendency & quot;; On Thursday, the Federal Reserve announced that it would only raise the federal funds rate by 25 basis points, which greatly eased the pressure of China to follow suit. Therefore, in the early stage of the market generally concerned about & quot; Expectation of interest rate increase & quot; In the case of recession, the expectation of a soft landing of the macro economy has graally gained the upper hand in the market. In the short run, recing the pressure of interest rate increase itself is enough to rally market sentiment and become the fuse to guide the rebound of blue chips
in terms of the rebound order of blue chips in the last two trading days, petrochemical stocks, coal, non-ferrous metals, electric power and steel became the leading blue chips in turn. Among them, Qilu Petrochemical and Yangzi Petrochemical finished the adjustment as early as the end of May, while Shanghai Petrochemical and Sinopec started at the end of June. From the perspective of instry fundamentals, because the petrochemical instry is not within the focus of this macro-control, and most of the petrochemical procts are consumption driven, the instry has a long business cycle. When the market is in a downturn, petrochemical stocks take the lead in rebounding, which is easy to be recognized by the market. Secondly, as coal, non-ferrous metals and other instries are resource-based instries, many investors believe that resource-based instries have long-term investment value. Therefore, when the market enters the historical bottom area, the low absorption of resource-based stocks in the bottom area has become a reasonable choice for some prudent investors. For iron and steel stocks, because the iron and steel instry is the most seriously injured in this macro-control, only when the market turns warm, the oversold factors and low P / E ratio characteristics will prompt some active investors to intervene and win the rebound spread<
subject stocks: behind the & quot; High growth story & quot
in the theme stocks, the theme of speculation around high growth always emerges in endlessly. Although the SME sector has locked up a number of small and medium investors after the high opening, we find that & quot; The power of speculation & quot; It still makes the funds inside and outside the market continue to move forward in small cap stocks. In the capital driven market, we find that the main driving force of the rise is the oversold of low price. Judging from the recent three trading days, almost all the stocks with the highest increase are low price stocks, including Hunan torch, Xinjiang Tunhe and other Laozhuang stocks. It can be seen that the theme of restructuring and high growth has almost the same attraction as the performance of real gold and silver
from the distribution of recently active theme stocks, we can find that media, components, home appliances, software services and other sectors have become hot spots for short-term catch-up. In fact, the recovery of electronic components instry and the speculation of digital TV instry started at the beginning of the year, and the operation characteristics of stock funds in such plates are obvious. On the contrary, the home appliance instry has shown a relatively independent trend in the near future, including the blue chip stocks such as Gree Electric, Midea and TCL; There are also Hisense Electric appliances, Sichuan Changhong and other theme stocks, and it is estimated that their sustainability may be relatively longer. In addition, for the speculation of theme stocks, investors may as well pay close attention to the small and medium-sized enterprise plate falling continuously in the near future. At present, when most of the stocks in the SME sector are graally approaching a relatively reasonable valuation range, the speculation about high growth is likely to continue to be reflected in the SME sector<
the top rising hot instries in recent three trading days
name increase% amplitude% turnover% turnover volume (hand) transaction amount (10000 yuan)
Petrochemical 6.52 7.5 5.21 2175753 154738.64
Coal 5.73 7.93 3.5 574135 56868.4
non ferrous 4.65 6 3.93 1295626 106124.15
electric power 4.53 5.26 2.23 2349507 186094.87
steel 4.45.25 4.42 4954881 291042.4 1
transportation 4.01 4.83 2.12 3052681 190356.94
Finance 3.98 5.63 1.95 1694895 116928.67
electrical equipment 3.88 6.07 2.17 472448 34586.89
food 3.71 5.3 2.95 1776292 111600.67
communication 3.63 5.21 3 2623172 136905.8
the author of this edition states that: within the knowledge of this institution and myself, this institution I and the interested parties in the property have no interest in the evaluated securities
This version of the article is purely personal views, for reference only, the responsibility is on your own. Readers enter the market on this basis at their own risk
References: http://stock.hexun.com/1271_ 720989A.shtml
3. Investment experience sharing
four types of enterprises can enter the field of vision
A. because of mastering the key technology, a small enterprise has become a leader in the instry, and has been growing rapidly for several years or even decades
B. through asset restructuring, from sunset instry to sunrise instry, from weak enterprise to advantage enterprise
C. unexpected events lead to a sharp drop in the stock market in the short term. As the fundamentals of listed companies have not changed in the short term, it is undoubtedly an overall "undervaluation" of the value
D. after a long-term bear market, the value of stocks is generally undervalued, especially the one with larger market value
in China's listed companies, investment should focus on class B and class D listed companies. The value change of class B listed companies is leaping. Because this kind of stock used to be junk stock, the rise of stock price will be greater. Many people are used to comparing with the past stock price of the company. After the sharp rise, the oversupply is more obvious in the short term, and the stock price adjustment is deeper. Because the company has been reborn, the value of the company is undoubtedly undervalued. In the long-term bear market of class D, investors are frustrated, transactions are light, stock supply exceeds demand, and the value of listed companies is often undervalued, especially the large blue chips are more likely to be undervalued<
the specific operation of undervalued stocks
after selecting undervalued stocks, the key is to choose the time to buy. Although the selected stock price may be in the safe zone, in order to maximize profits and rece the losses caused by misjudgment and systemic risk of market fluctuation, we should buy at the bottom of stock price fluctuation for a period of time. For the operation of value investment, the fluctuation of the market only provides a stage. The decision to buy a stock is based on the judgment of its value, which has little to do with the technical form of the stock. However, when we intervene, we should effectively filter out the risks brought by the fluctuation of the market with the help of technical analysis. In fact, value investment only focuses on value in the way of stock selection. In operation, we should make full use of various technical analysis tools
prices are just appearances
Soros said that the market is always wrong. Price is only appearance, value is essence
through the analysis of macro-economy, instry status, enterprise financial status, and even some scattered information, such as the number of advertisements, keen investors can evaluate the investment value of the stock, but not every investor can make accurate judgment on its business status, The responsibility of professional investment consulting institutions is to provide investors with accurate analysis reports on the future operation of enterprises, which should be a quantitative report including the composition of enterprise profits. If every operation is well-known and the risk is controlled to a lower level by careful operation, the success will be closer and closer to us.
four types of enterprises can enter the field of vision
A. because of mastering the key technology, a small enterprise has become a leader in the instry, and has been growing rapidly for several years or even decades
B. through asset restructuring, from sunset instry to sunrise instry, from weak enterprise to advantage enterprise
C. unexpected events lead to a sharp drop in the stock market in the short term. As the fundamentals of listed companies have not changed in the short term, it is undoubtedly an overall "undervaluation" of the value
D. after a long-term bear market, the value of stocks is generally undervalued, especially the one with larger market value
in China's listed companies, investment should focus on class B and class D listed companies. The value change of class B listed companies is leaping. Because this kind of stock used to be junk stock, the rise of stock price will be greater. Many people are used to comparing with the past stock price of the company. After the sharp rise, the oversupply is more obvious in the short term, and the stock price adjustment is deeper. Because the company has been reborn, the value of the company is undoubtedly undervalued. In the long-term bear market of class D, investors are frustrated, transactions are light, stock supply exceeds demand, and the value of listed companies is often undervalued, especially the large blue chips are more likely to be undervalued<
the specific operation of undervalued stocks
after selecting undervalued stocks, the key is to choose the time to buy. Although the selected stock price may be in the safe zone, in order to maximize profits and rece the losses caused by misjudgment and systemic risk of market fluctuation, we should buy at the bottom of stock price fluctuation for a period of time. For the operation of value investment, the fluctuation of the market only provides a stage. The decision to buy a stock is based on the judgment of its value, which has little to do with the technical form of the stock. However, when we intervene, we should effectively filter out the risks brought by the fluctuation of the market with the help of technical analysis. In fact, value investment only focuses on value in the way of stock selection. In operation, we should make full use of various technical analysis tools
prices are just appearances
Soros said that the market is always wrong. Price is only appearance, value is essence
through the analysis of macro-economy, instry status, enterprise financial status, and even some scattered information, such as the number of advertisements, keen investors can evaluate the investment value of the stock, but not every investor can make accurate judgment on its business status, The responsibility of professional investment consulting institutions is to provide investors with accurate analysis reports on the future operation of enterprises, which should be a quantitative report including the composition of enterprise profits. If every operation is well-known and the risk is controlled to a lower level by careful operation, the success will be closer and closer to us.
4. Hongda's concept theme section: non ferrous metal concept, small metal concept, Cheng Chongqing special zone concept, scarce resources concept, margin trading concept.
5.
No one can invest in "funds". This should be "funds". The essential difference between investing in stocks and investing in funds is not big. They are both "investments". Since they are "investments", of course, there are risks, but the risks are large and small. Relatively speaking, the risk of funds is less than that of stocks. This conclusion is based on the premise that "funds" are regular funds and "investing in stocks" are retail investors. If you invest in informal funds, then the situation of losing all your money also happens from time to time, which is not lower than the risk of indivial investors investing in stocks
However, whether it's investing in stocks or funds, it will bring great risks. To prevent and control the risks, we should at least be prepared to know that "there are risks, we need to be cautious", because once the investment fails, it is very likely that we will lose all our money, lose all our assets, and finally step into the desperate situation of "jumping"6. In the second half of 2008, the basic accounting examination paper of Guangdong accounting qualification examination in the second half of 2008, the basic accounting examination paper of Guangdong accounting qualification examination in the second half of 2008, I. fill in the blanks (fill in the correct answers in the blanks of each question, 1 point for each blank, a total of 10 points). 1. The basic premise of accounting includes the accounting entity, the accounting entity, the accounting entity, the accounting entity, the accounting entity and the accounting entity Accounting period and________________ Four. 2. Profit equals_________________ And_________________ The difference between them. 3. A creditor's right is the right of an enterprise to collect money, Debt refers to the debt that the enterprise needs to pay with assets or services e to past transactions and events. 4. The account is based on____________________ Set, with a certain, It is used to reflect the changes of accounting elements and their results. 5. Only after__________________ Only the original voucher of can be used as the basis for preparing bookkeeping voucher and registering account book. 6. Liabilities and owner's equity items in the balance sheet are generally classified according to the__________________________ In order. 2、 Single choice question (fill in the brackets with English capital letters for the only correct answer in line with the meaning of the question below. 1 point for each question, 10 points in total. 1, () refers to the resources formed by past transactions and events and owned or controlled by the enterprise, which are expected to bring economic benefits to the enterprise. A. assets B. liabilities C. owner's equity D. income 2. The total assets of an enterprise are 3 million yuan, and the liabilities are 1 million yuan. After paying off the liabilities of 500000 yuan with bank deposits, and purchasing fixed assets of 1 million yuan with bank deposits, the current total assets are (). A: 2.5 million yuan B: 1.5 million yuan C: 2 million yuan D: 3 million yuan 3. The following items belong to liability category are (). A prepayment B prepayment C prepaid expenses D accumulated depreciation 4. Under debit credit bookkeeping, the left side of t-account is (). A. add column B. decrease column C. debit D. credit 5. The accounting entry of an economic business is: Debit: capital reserve 50 000 credit: paid in capital 50 000. The entry represents (). A. one asset item decreases by 50 000 yuan, one owner's equity item increases by 50 000 yuan; B. one owner's equity item increases by 50 000 yuan, another owner's equity item decreases by 50 000 yuan; C. one asset item increases by 50 000 yuan, one owner's equity item increases by 50 000 yuan; D. one owner's equity item increases by 50 000 yuan, Another owner's equity item also increased by 50 000 yuan. A primary voucher B cumulative voucher c original voucher summary D double voucher 7, () are account books that are fixed and bound with several account pages with sequence number before being used. A general ledger B Sub Ledger C bookkeeping ledger D loose leaf ledger 8. Under the summary bookkeeping voucher accounting processing program, the setting of bookkeeping voucher and account book is basically the same as that of bookkeeping voucher accounting processing program, but it needs to be set separately. A. original voucher summary B. bookkeeping voucher summary C. Journal General Ledger D. summary bookkeeping voucher 9. After the enterprise property is checked, the original voucher used to fill in the bookkeeping voucher of inventory gain and inventory loss of the property to be processed is (). A. material stock in order B. material stock out order C. disk stock in order D. comparison of actual stock in account 10. The following items are incorrectly stated in (). A. semi annual, quarterly and monthly financial and accounting reports usually refer to accounting statements. B. quarterly and monthly financial and accounting statements should at least include balance sheet and income statement. C. accounting statements include balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and related scheles. D. enterprise financial and accounting reports are divided into annual, semi annual, quarterly and monthly financial and accounting reports Multiple choice questions (each question has two or more correct answers. Please fill in the brackets with the selected answers in English capital letters. 1.5 points for each question, a total of 12 points. 1. The basic functions of accounting are as follows. A. accounting supervision B. accounting C. accounting decision D. accounting forecast 2. The specific content of accounting includes (). A. the receipt and payment of money and securities B. the receipt and payment, increase, decrease and use of property C. The occurrence and settlement of creditor's rights and debts D. the increase or decrease of capital 3. A. decrease of assets B. increase of liabilities C. increase of income D. increase of expenses 4. A one time voucher B cumulative voucher c original voucher summary table (or summary original voucher) d collection voucher 5. When correcting errors with the crossed correction method (). A should be crossed in red and all the wrong numbers should be written off. B should write the correct number above the wrong number with a blue pen. C should write the correct number above the wrong number with a red pen. D should be sealed by the correction personnel at the correction place to show responsibility. 6. A reces the workload of registering the general ledger; B is convenient for understanding the corresponding relationship between accounts; C is not concive to the daily division of accounting; D is mainly suitable for large-scale and economic business units; 7. The following is an error in the description of property inventory types. A. the objects of a comprehensive inventory are mainly the properties with high liquidity and the valuable properties and materials that are easy to cause shortage and loss. B. the irregular inventory is usually a partial inventory. C. The comprehensive inventory has the characteristics of wide scope, many contents, long time, many participants and heavy workload. D. the comprehensive inventory is usually carried out at the end of the month, the end of the quarter and the end of the year The destruction list of accounting archives is the record and approval document of the destruction of accounting archives, which should generally include (). A name, volume number, volume number of accounting files B starting and ending years and file number C storage period d storage period 4. Judgment questions (correct ones are marked with "" in brackets, wrong ones are marked with "" 1 point for each sub question, 10 points in total). 1. All economic activities that a specific unit can express in currency are the contents of accounting and supervision, that is, accounting objects 2. When an electronic computer is used for accounting, its software and its generated accounting documents, accounting books, financial accounting reports and other accounting materials must also comply with the provisions of the unified national accounting system 3. The principle of relevance should be followed in the setting of accounting subjects, which means that the accounting subjects should conform to the characteristics of the unit and meet the actual needs of the unit 4. Any record that is only registered in debit or credit without corresponding credit or debit record, or the amount of credit and debit is not equal, is a wrong accounting record 5. For each business, the period of entry into the general ledger account and the subsidiary account should be the same 6. Using cumulative original vouchers can rece the number of vouchers and bookkeeping times 7. The account books must be written in blue and black ink, and not in ballpoint pen or pencil 8. The registration of various sub ledgers is based on the original voucher, summary original voucher and bookkeeping voucher 9. Cash and bank deposits are both monetary funds, so the checking methods are the same 10. The destruction of accounting archives by each unit shall be completed by the archives department itself 5、 Brief answer questions (4 points for the first sub question, 6 points for the second sub question, 10 points in total) 1. Briefly describe the connection and difference between accounts and accounting subjects. 2. What are the requirements for filling in original documents? Answers and scoring criteria: 1. Fill in the blanks (1 point for each blank, 10 points in total) 1. Going concern, monetary measurement; 2. Income and expenses; 3. Rights and present obligations; 4. Accounting subjects, format and structure; 5. The audit is correct; 6. The priority of claim. 2、 Single choice questions (1 point for each sub question, 10 points in total) 1, a; 2、A 3、B 4、C 5、B 6、C 7、C 8、D 9、D 10. A 3. Multiple choice questions (1.5 points for each sub question, 12 points in total) 1. Ab; 2、ABCD 3、ABC 4、ABC 5、ABD 6、ABCD 7、AD 8. Judgment questions (1 point for each sub question, 10 points in total) 1; 2、√ 3、 × 4、√ 5、√ 6、√ 7、√ 8、√ 9、 × 10、 × 5、 Short answer question (4 points in question 1, 6 points in question 2, 10 points in total) 1. Answer: there are both connections and differences between accounting subjects and accounts. First of all, the two are closely linked. Accounting subjects and accounts are the scientific classification of the specific contents of accounting objects. They have the same caliber and nature 1) the account is the name of the account and the basis for setting up the account; Account is the specific use of accounting subjects. If there is no accounting subject, the account will lose the basis of setting; At the same time, the account is the specific use of accounting subjects, and it is a special method to achieve the accounting objectives of accounting subjects. Without the account, the role of accounting subjects can not be played Secondly, there are some differences between the two. Accounting subject and account are two different concepts. Accounting subject is only the name of an account, which is used to indicate the economic content of the account. There is no structure; The account has a certain record format and structure, which can record the occurrence of economic business completely and continuously 1) e to the close relationship between accounting subjects and accounts, in practical work, for the sake of convenience, sometimes the two are not strictly distinguished, but are common to each other 1) 2. Answer: the filling of the original voucher must meet the following requirements: (1) the record must be true. The economic and business contents and figures listed in the original documents must be true, reliable and in line with the actual situation 5 points) (2) the content should be complete. The items required to be filled in in the original voucher must be complete item by item and shall not be omitted or omitted 5 points) (3) complete proceres. The original voucher obtained must meet the requirements of complete proceres, so as to clarify the economic responsibility and ensure the legitimacy and authenticity of the voucher (4) the writing should be clear and standard. The original documents shall be filled in according to the regulations, the characters shall be brief, the handwriting shall be clear and easy to identify, and simplified Chinese characters not published by the State Council shall not be used (5) the number should be continuous. All kinds of vouchers should be numbered continuously for reference. If the number of the voucher has been printed in advance, such as the invoice, check and other important vouchers, the "invalid" stamp shall be stamped when the writing is bad and invalid, and the voucher shall be kept properly and shall not be torn up (6) it is not allowed to alter, scratch or mend at will. If there is any error in the original voucher, it shall be reopened or corrected by the issuing unit, and the seal of the issuing unit shall be stamped at the correction place. If there is an error in the amount of the original voucher, it shall be reopened by the issuing unit and shall not be corrected on the original voucher 1 point) (7) fill in timely. All kinds of original documents must be filled in in time, and sent to the accounting organization and accounting personnel for examination and approval according to the prescribed proceres 1 point)
7. Since October 2001, there have been reports of Enron's false financial statements, WorldCom's concealment of losses, AOL life Warner's misrepresentation of revenues and Johnson's alleged concealment of proct errors in the United States. Even the world-famous strange company (G.E.) and American International Group (AIG), Cisco, JPMorgan Chase Bank and international business machines (IBM) have also made investors suspicious because of their suspicious accounting practices. The stock market has plummeted because of the scandal, which has caused the biggest crisis of investment confidence in the United States since the economic panic in the 1930s< In view of this, the famous Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (also known as the "enterprise reform act") proposed by US Senator Paul sarbane includes: strengthening the supervision of competent authorities, corporate governance, accounting independence, etc., and establishing the public company accounting oversight board; and; PCAOB Especially on the issues of CPA independence and internal control, it is explicitly stipulated that accountants shall not provide audit and non audit services for the same client at the same time, and strengthen the monitoring of the company's internal audit
the original function of audit and certification of Accountants is to give accountants the position of protecting the investing public to audit the financial statements of listed companies. However, a series of corporate scandals have cast doubt on the credibility of accountants, thus affecting the reliability of financial reports, financial reporting standards, accounting and auditing standards and regulations of public companies
the Asian financial crisis at the end of 1997 highlights that Asian enterprises are still dominated by family and group businesses. The "old three cases" in mainland China (Shenzhen Yuanye, Hainan Zhongshui and Great Wall electromechanical) led to the dissolution of the accounting firms involved, and the relevant certified public accountants were subject to severe administrative penalties“ The new three cases (qiongminyuan, Hongguang instry and Dongfang Boiler) are "the death of the people who have been cracked", and the certified public accountants who have checked Yin Guangxia and Dongfang Electronics are even in jail and are punished. In 2004, Taiwan's top executives of listed companies such as Boda, Huangtong, HTC, Xundi and Shengji misappropriated the company's funds for stock price protection and profit transfer, which triggered a local financial storm. It not only caused heavy losses to ordinary investors, but also worsened the asset quality of the financial system, and greatly damaged investors' confidence, It also made the accountants of these companies severely criticized by public opinion and law
in order to prevent financial fraud of listed companies, it is very important to establish a set of corporate governance system to detect fraud. Corporate governance can be divided into "internal control" and "external governance". The former seeks to establish a set of perfect supervision mechanism within the company, so that the shareholders' meeting and the supervision authority can fulfill their supervision obligations to avoid the moral hazard of the company's operators; The latter hopes that the trading counterpart, creditors, market, competent authorities, securities dealers, accountants, and the public will play a joint role in supervising the company's operators to pursue the company's interests. The corporate governance structure proposed by the world bank in 1999 is shown in Figure 1:
therefore, this paper analyzes the causes and characteristics of false financial statements, and explores how to implement the audit and certification of Accountants on both sides of the Taiwan Strait in the corporate governance system from the perspective of the operating environment on both sides of the Strait and the responsibility and independence of accountants< The so-called "false financial report" refers to the fact that the financial accounting information disclosed in the financial report is seriously untrue or the disclosure of the financial report is significantly omitted. Different enterprises have different motives for providing false financial reports, among which the most important ones are as follows:
1. Stock price consideration
if the top management is a major shareholder or has the pressure of performance budget, in order to make the company have a higher stock price and increase the value of its own stock market, there is a strong incentive for him to start with the financial statements, From the beginning of operating income, whether it is gross profit rate, operating expenses, operating interests, non business income, etc., there are financial statements that can be used to "window decoration". This is closely related to the fact that investors and analysts have long attached great importance to the growth of the company's operating revenue, changes in gross profit margin, earnings growth and earnings per share
2. Consideration of raising funds
for companies with pressure to raise funds, how to raise better capital conditions from the market and the operating profit status of enterprises are key factors, which is another important reason for senior management to cheat financial statements. In order to successfully raise the required funds from the capital market, enterprises with poor conditions will manipulate profits and losses and issue false financial statements if they want to allocate shares or issue new shares
3. There is a joint relationship between management compensation and corporate performance.
the salary structure of management has changed since the 1990s. The bonus paid to reward management performance has changed from the cash bonus system to the stock option system in most companies. According to statistics, the proportion of stock options issued by enterprises has tripled in the past decade, and its corresponding value is even more amazing. In 1997, the market value of stock options issued by the top 2000 enterprises in the United States was about US $5 billion. By 2000, its market value had increased to us $16.2 billion, and its value had more than tripled in just three years. The senior management of cross-strait listed companies usually do not want to step down because of their poor performance, but when the business environment is difficult, accounting fraud becomes one of the options for the management to maintain good profit performance. The stock option inces the management to create business performance to push up the company's stock price. The common ways in Taiwan include recognizing unrealized income in advance, hiding liabilities, and using other novel accounting methods to improve the company's earnings in the current year. At present, mainland enterprises are still dominated by state-owned enterprises. Most of the listed companies are also restructured from the original state-owned enterprises. In terms of management system, they also have some original characteristics. Some managers hope that the company's profits will rise substantially in the year when they take office, so as to show their management ability and performance. In order to achieve this expectation, some managers will start to whitewash their financial reports
4. The needs in the process of assets reorganization or merger
the assets reorganization and merger of enterprises often involve the interests of many people. In order to meet the different needs of interests, enterprises usually make false financial reports by means of restructuring and merger. For example, some listed companies confuse investors in the name of merger in order to maintain their image in the stock market
with the development of cross-strait securities markets, the state's supervision of the market is becoming more and more severe, and the risks that listed companies need to bear in issuing false financial reports are also graally increasing. Usually, there must be great incentives to promote the listing to take risks< Second, the causes and theoretical analysis of false financial reports. Because of the information asymmetry between the information provider and the information user, the party with more information can make use of the information for their own benefit. The purpose of audit is to rece the information asymmetry. With its transparent information disclosure, strict accounting regulations and efficient law enforcement agencies, the SEC has always built the most efficient market regulatory framework. In August 2000, the "Regulation Fair Disclosure" (regulation FD) was enacted to prohibit enterprises and securities analysts from transmitting material unpublished information within the enterprise in private contact. However, the implementation of regulation FD still can not completely solve the problem of information asymmetry. In the case of Anlong and WorldCom, securities analysts not only learned the major unpublished information within the enterprise, but also concealed or released improper research reports to mislead investors. As a result, investors doubt whether the Securities Regulatory Commission has really done its ty of supervision by the competent authority
there are two main reasons for procing false financial reports: first, "the balance of interests and risks" determines why enterprises make false financial reports; second, "the balance of interests and risks" determines why enterprises make false financial reports; Second, "information asymmetry" determines why enterprises can make false financial reports
since the 1990s, the world's five largest accounting firms have been providing management consulting services for their customers, that is, providing audit and non audit services for their audit customers at the same time. As the public revenue of management consulting service is much higher than that of audit business, the potential market of management consulting service makes the five major accounting firms choose default accounting method to deal with audit customers' preference in addition to price cutting competition. As a result, the independence of Accountants is graally eroded
once an enterprise is found out to have issued false financial reports, the consequences will be quite serious, which may cause damage to the company's economic interests and social image, and become the focus of the inspection in the future, and the economic losses and legal liabilities of the counterfeiters will be investigated. Nevertheless, there are still some enterprises who are desperate to pursue it. Due to the current weak internal and external supervision of enterprises, the rate of false financial reports issued by enterprises being audited is quite low, and the punishment for fraud cases is not strong< Third, the main methods of financial report fraud on both sides of the Taiwan Strait
some mainland scholars have studied the management fraud cases of their listed companies, and this study is compared with the recent fraud methods in Taiwan. Theoretically speaking, fraud should be expressed through financial reports. Table 1 shows the fraud methods of the financial fraud cases of the listed companies on both sides of the Taiwan Straits
all the fraud methods listed in the table are window dressing financial reports. In order to meet different purposes, accountants will flexibly adopt different methods to make financial reports meet the expectations of management. In the practice of financial accounting, the commonly used ways of financial report fraud are as follows:
1. Falsely increasing sales revenue
this is the most commonly used method in the management fraud of listed companies. For example, Hongguang instry, liming shares, Yinguangxia, etc. -- in order to increase the net income and achieve other purposes such as share allotment or dividend, the management overestimates its sales income by creating some virtual sales business
among the landmine stocks that broke out in 2004 in Taiwan, a number of listed companies first set up headmen or shell companies, and then the landmine companies trade with these headmen companies to purchase and sell goods. In this way, they can "create" the beautiful revenue figures required by the management class out of thin air. Take the recent upgrading to full delivery stocks as an example, according to the data of the stock exchange, In the first half of 2004, Shengji purchased 5.5 billion yuan from top rise and other three suppliers, accounting for 70% of the total purchase amount. During the same period, Shengji sold 6.1 billion yuan to sunfine and other four companies, accounting for 71% of the total sales amount, of which more than 4.1 billion yuan had no actual customs clearance documents. In addition, the above-mentioned seven purchasing and selling companies were registered in Hong Kong with the same address, Obviously, it is to set up a shell company to make false irrigation revenue. As a result, Shengji's revenue of 14.8 billion yuan, net profit after tax of nearly 1.5 billion yuan and after tax earnings per share of 2.41 yuan in the first three quarters of 2004 were mostly fabricated< br />2.
the original function of audit and certification of Accountants is to give accountants the position of protecting the investing public to audit the financial statements of listed companies. However, a series of corporate scandals have cast doubt on the credibility of accountants, thus affecting the reliability of financial reports, financial reporting standards, accounting and auditing standards and regulations of public companies
the Asian financial crisis at the end of 1997 highlights that Asian enterprises are still dominated by family and group businesses. The "old three cases" in mainland China (Shenzhen Yuanye, Hainan Zhongshui and Great Wall electromechanical) led to the dissolution of the accounting firms involved, and the relevant certified public accountants were subject to severe administrative penalties“ The new three cases (qiongminyuan, Hongguang instry and Dongfang Boiler) are "the death of the people who have been cracked", and the certified public accountants who have checked Yin Guangxia and Dongfang Electronics are even in jail and are punished. In 2004, Taiwan's top executives of listed companies such as Boda, Huangtong, HTC, Xundi and Shengji misappropriated the company's funds for stock price protection and profit transfer, which triggered a local financial storm. It not only caused heavy losses to ordinary investors, but also worsened the asset quality of the financial system, and greatly damaged investors' confidence, It also made the accountants of these companies severely criticized by public opinion and law
in order to prevent financial fraud of listed companies, it is very important to establish a set of corporate governance system to detect fraud. Corporate governance can be divided into "internal control" and "external governance". The former seeks to establish a set of perfect supervision mechanism within the company, so that the shareholders' meeting and the supervision authority can fulfill their supervision obligations to avoid the moral hazard of the company's operators; The latter hopes that the trading counterpart, creditors, market, competent authorities, securities dealers, accountants, and the public will play a joint role in supervising the company's operators to pursue the company's interests. The corporate governance structure proposed by the world bank in 1999 is shown in Figure 1:
therefore, this paper analyzes the causes and characteristics of false financial statements, and explores how to implement the audit and certification of Accountants on both sides of the Taiwan Strait in the corporate governance system from the perspective of the operating environment on both sides of the Strait and the responsibility and independence of accountants< The so-called "false financial report" refers to the fact that the financial accounting information disclosed in the financial report is seriously untrue or the disclosure of the financial report is significantly omitted. Different enterprises have different motives for providing false financial reports, among which the most important ones are as follows:
1. Stock price consideration
if the top management is a major shareholder or has the pressure of performance budget, in order to make the company have a higher stock price and increase the value of its own stock market, there is a strong incentive for him to start with the financial statements, From the beginning of operating income, whether it is gross profit rate, operating expenses, operating interests, non business income, etc., there are financial statements that can be used to "window decoration". This is closely related to the fact that investors and analysts have long attached great importance to the growth of the company's operating revenue, changes in gross profit margin, earnings growth and earnings per share
2. Consideration of raising funds
for companies with pressure to raise funds, how to raise better capital conditions from the market and the operating profit status of enterprises are key factors, which is another important reason for senior management to cheat financial statements. In order to successfully raise the required funds from the capital market, enterprises with poor conditions will manipulate profits and losses and issue false financial statements if they want to allocate shares or issue new shares
3. There is a joint relationship between management compensation and corporate performance.
the salary structure of management has changed since the 1990s. The bonus paid to reward management performance has changed from the cash bonus system to the stock option system in most companies. According to statistics, the proportion of stock options issued by enterprises has tripled in the past decade, and its corresponding value is even more amazing. In 1997, the market value of stock options issued by the top 2000 enterprises in the United States was about US $5 billion. By 2000, its market value had increased to us $16.2 billion, and its value had more than tripled in just three years. The senior management of cross-strait listed companies usually do not want to step down because of their poor performance, but when the business environment is difficult, accounting fraud becomes one of the options for the management to maintain good profit performance. The stock option inces the management to create business performance to push up the company's stock price. The common ways in Taiwan include recognizing unrealized income in advance, hiding liabilities, and using other novel accounting methods to improve the company's earnings in the current year. At present, mainland enterprises are still dominated by state-owned enterprises. Most of the listed companies are also restructured from the original state-owned enterprises. In terms of management system, they also have some original characteristics. Some managers hope that the company's profits will rise substantially in the year when they take office, so as to show their management ability and performance. In order to achieve this expectation, some managers will start to whitewash their financial reports
4. The needs in the process of assets reorganization or merger
the assets reorganization and merger of enterprises often involve the interests of many people. In order to meet the different needs of interests, enterprises usually make false financial reports by means of restructuring and merger. For example, some listed companies confuse investors in the name of merger in order to maintain their image in the stock market
with the development of cross-strait securities markets, the state's supervision of the market is becoming more and more severe, and the risks that listed companies need to bear in issuing false financial reports are also graally increasing. Usually, there must be great incentives to promote the listing to take risks< Second, the causes and theoretical analysis of false financial reports. Because of the information asymmetry between the information provider and the information user, the party with more information can make use of the information for their own benefit. The purpose of audit is to rece the information asymmetry. With its transparent information disclosure, strict accounting regulations and efficient law enforcement agencies, the SEC has always built the most efficient market regulatory framework. In August 2000, the "Regulation Fair Disclosure" (regulation FD) was enacted to prohibit enterprises and securities analysts from transmitting material unpublished information within the enterprise in private contact. However, the implementation of regulation FD still can not completely solve the problem of information asymmetry. In the case of Anlong and WorldCom, securities analysts not only learned the major unpublished information within the enterprise, but also concealed or released improper research reports to mislead investors. As a result, investors doubt whether the Securities Regulatory Commission has really done its ty of supervision by the competent authority
there are two main reasons for procing false financial reports: first, "the balance of interests and risks" determines why enterprises make false financial reports; second, "the balance of interests and risks" determines why enterprises make false financial reports; Second, "information asymmetry" determines why enterprises can make false financial reports
since the 1990s, the world's five largest accounting firms have been providing management consulting services for their customers, that is, providing audit and non audit services for their audit customers at the same time. As the public revenue of management consulting service is much higher than that of audit business, the potential market of management consulting service makes the five major accounting firms choose default accounting method to deal with audit customers' preference in addition to price cutting competition. As a result, the independence of Accountants is graally eroded
once an enterprise is found out to have issued false financial reports, the consequences will be quite serious, which may cause damage to the company's economic interests and social image, and become the focus of the inspection in the future, and the economic losses and legal liabilities of the counterfeiters will be investigated. Nevertheless, there are still some enterprises who are desperate to pursue it. Due to the current weak internal and external supervision of enterprises, the rate of false financial reports issued by enterprises being audited is quite low, and the punishment for fraud cases is not strong< Third, the main methods of financial report fraud on both sides of the Taiwan Strait
some mainland scholars have studied the management fraud cases of their listed companies, and this study is compared with the recent fraud methods in Taiwan. Theoretically speaking, fraud should be expressed through financial reports. Table 1 shows the fraud methods of the financial fraud cases of the listed companies on both sides of the Taiwan Straits
all the fraud methods listed in the table are window dressing financial reports. In order to meet different purposes, accountants will flexibly adopt different methods to make financial reports meet the expectations of management. In the practice of financial accounting, the commonly used ways of financial report fraud are as follows:
1. Falsely increasing sales revenue
this is the most commonly used method in the management fraud of listed companies. For example, Hongguang instry, liming shares, Yinguangxia, etc. -- in order to increase the net income and achieve other purposes such as share allotment or dividend, the management overestimates its sales income by creating some virtual sales business
among the landmine stocks that broke out in 2004 in Taiwan, a number of listed companies first set up headmen or shell companies, and then the landmine companies trade with these headmen companies to purchase and sell goods. In this way, they can "create" the beautiful revenue figures required by the management class out of thin air. Take the recent upgrading to full delivery stocks as an example, according to the data of the stock exchange, In the first half of 2004, Shengji purchased 5.5 billion yuan from top rise and other three suppliers, accounting for 70% of the total purchase amount. During the same period, Shengji sold 6.1 billion yuan to sunfine and other four companies, accounting for 71% of the total sales amount, of which more than 4.1 billion yuan had no actual customs clearance documents. In addition, the above-mentioned seven purchasing and selling companies were registered in Hong Kong with the same address, Obviously, it is to set up a shell company to make false irrigation revenue. As a result, Shengji's revenue of 14.8 billion yuan, net profit after tax of nearly 1.5 billion yuan and after tax earnings per share of 2.41 yuan in the first three quarters of 2004 were mostly fabricated< br />2.
8. <& lt; Based on the people & gt& gt; Tsinghua University Press, very easy to understand, targeted
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