Nobel digital cryptocurrency
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Robert Schiller, a well-known economist and Nobel Laureate in economics, recently accepted an interview with CNBC's trading nation column and expressed his views on BTC. He believes that bitcoin may be a bubble, but that does not mean that it will burst or disappear forever. p>
recently, Tim Draper, a well-known investor in Silicon Valley, predicted that the price of bitcoin could reach US $250000 by 2022
According to Steve strongin, global head of investment research at Goldman Sachs Group Inc., the market value of cryptocurrency has evaporated nearly $500 billion in the past month, and the situation is likely to get worse
In a report dated February 5, strongin wrote that most digital currencies are unlikely to exist in their current form and investors should be prepared to lose all their value because they are replaced by a small number of future competitorsalthough he did not give a time frame for the situation, he said that the recent price fluctuations indicate bubbles, and the trend of different currencies to be consistent is unreasonable. p>
on February 6, bitcoin fell below US $6000, reaching the lowest of US $5920, the lowest since mid November
strongin pointed out that the introction of regulated bitcoin futures did not solve these concerns. In addition, he ignored the so-called first generation advantage, saying that few people survived the Internet bubble in the late 90s. p>
he said: "is today's cryptocurrency Amazon or Google, or will it be like many search engines that no longer exist today?" Strongin predicts that most cryptocurrencies may never return to their previous peak levels
strongin is more optimistic about the blockchain technology of digital currency, saying that it can help improve financial books
but even so, he warned that the current technology does not provide the speed needed for market transactions
Robert Shiller, Nobel Laureate in economics, warned on January 23 that bitcoin "may completely collapse and be forgotten. I think that is a very possible result."
According to Schiller, that reminds him of "tulip mania in the Netherlands in the 1640's" and "bitcoin is worthless unless people can reach some consensus on its value."the institutions restricted by this constitution are:
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2. Four prize awarding institutions: the Royal Swedish Academy of natural sciences, the Royal Caroline Medical College, the Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Parliament
3. Five Nobel committees are responsible for each prize (including the Committee of the Norwegian Parliament mentioned above, which is itself a prize awarding body)
4. Four Nobel societies are responsible for each prize awarding institution
each of the five Nobel committees has three to five members, designated by their respective institutions. Each committee may call experts to participate in the appraisal and recommendation. In some cases, they may elect additional provisional members, who have the right to participate in the decision-making. The committee members and experts can be selected from the scope beyond the bonus awarding agency itself, regardless of nationality. The function of the committee is to act as the corresponding bonus awarding institution, to make preparations and provide advice; However, the functions of the Norwegian commission are exceptional because it is itself a bonus awarding body
the Nobel society is established by each prize awarding institution to conct necessary investigation on the implementation process of the prize, and to carry out the purpose of the foundation in various ways. The latter is now more important. These associations and their founding years in brackets are as follows:
the Nobel society of the Academy of Natural Sciences (1905), with the Department of Physics (1937) and the Department of Chemistry (1944)
the Nobel society of Caroline medical college consists of the Department of Biochemistry (1937), the Department of physiology and Neurology (1945) and the Department of cell research and genetics (1945)
the Nobel society of the Swedish Academy of Sciences has the Nobel Modern Literature Library (1901)
the Nobel society of Norway has a collection of books on peace and international relations (1902)<
organization, management and finance
the person in charge and staff of the Nobel Academy are discussed and selected by the prize awarding institution. These appointments are made regardless of nationality
the directors of the Nobel Foundation are selected by the prize awarding institutions. There are 15 directors in total, and each prize awarding institution chooses three. The board members of the foundation are elected by the directors, but the chairman and vice chairman are not included. They are appointed by the Swedish government. The other main tasks of the board of directors are to review the annual reports of the board of directors and the financial reports of the auditors, and to examine and approve the work of the board of directors in the current year
the board of directors of the foundation consists of five directors and three deputy directors. They elect an executive director from among the members of the board of directors. The main task of the board of directors is to manage the fund and other properties of the foundation
the executive director is the executive director of the foundation. He is responsible for drafting the basic direction of the foundation's investment policy, making suggestions to the board of directors on investment and personnel issues, and managing various properties of the foundation. He was also responsible for the arrangements for the grand award ceremony in Stockholm. Among the five executive directors, the most outstanding one is Laguna Salman, who is Alfred Nobel's former friend and collaborator, and one of the executors of his will. From the beginning of the foundation to his death in 1948, Mr. Salman held different positions in the foundation. It should be said that he always carried out the spirit of Alfred Nobel in his work. The existence of the foundation is largely e to his serious enthusiasm and dedication in the execution of the will. With his death, the last person to connect the foundation with this donor is gone
since 1926, the foundation has established its own office building in Stockholm, the Nobel building at 14 Stuart street
the total amount of money received from Alfred Nobel's legacy is more than 31 million SEK. According to the articles of association, most of the money will be used as "main fund" (i.e. bonus fund, about 28 million kroner), and the remaining small part will be used to set up "building fund" (rent of administrative building and hall used for annual award ceremony) and "organization fund". Each of the five bonus departments has a "organization fund", To pay for the organization of their respective Nobel societies
the growth of the main fund is achieved by taking one tenth of its net income in the current year as additional funds, through the interest of the undistributed bonus, and by paying all or part of the undistributed bonus (no less than one third) to the main fund as capital. Each year, the net income of the main funds will be dected by one tenth as mentioned above, and then divided into five parts on average, and handed over to the bonus issuing agencies for use. Each prize awarding institution will keep one fourth of its share as expenses related to prize awarding, and the rest will be handed over to its respective Nobel Institute. Three quarters of each share will constitute the sum of the prize
in addition to the organizational funds, the departments that award various bonuses also have "special funds" and savings funds "at their disposal as expenses for certain special purposes within the prescribed scope
all funds and other properties are owned and managed by the Nobel Foundation
in a word, the income of the main fund is divided into five equal parts, that is, the amount of the Nobel Prize awarded each year, after subtracting 32.5% (that is, 10% of the additional capital, plus 25% of the remaining 90% as the funds of the bonus departments). The first prize was awarded in 1901 in the amount of 150800 kronor each. The present bonus is about 70% higher in face value, but it is much lower in real value. Since 1946, the property of the foundation and the income derived therefrom have been exempted from tax except for the local real estate tax. Before that, the total amount of tax paid was 13.5 million SEK. It is understood that the country where the winner of the bonus is located, either in law or in fact, is also exempt from income tax< In 1981, the amount of each prize was SEK 1 million, equivalent to 6.63 times that of 1901 Naturally, the investment policy of the foundation is to maintain and increase its fund, so as to increase the amount of bonus. The will itself instructed the executor to invest the remaining property in "safe securities", thus forming the Nobel fund. In the investment rules initially formulated for the board of directors in 1901, the term "safe securities" was interpreted as referring to gilt edged securities or loans secured by such securities or real estate, which were mainly issued or existed in Sweden and Norway. Because of the changes caused by the two world wars and their economic and financial consequences, the term "safe securities" needs to be reinterpreted in the light of existing economic conditions and trends. Therefore, at the request of the board of directors of the fund, the original restrictions on investment have been graally relaxed. According to this situation, since 1958, foundations have been free to invest not only in Securities and secured loans, but also in real estate or stocks< However, some restrictions on foreign stock investment still exist. The purpose of these changes is to protect capital and income as much as possible. So that the bonus can not be reced e to the devaluation of the currency, and can withstand the rection of interest rates in the loan market without recing the capital. The foundation mainly invests its fund capital in Sweden and Norway. To some extent, they also invest in other countries.
the Nobel Prize was founded with a part of the legacy (SEK 31 million) of Alfred Bernhard Nobel, a famous Swedish chemist and inventor of nitroglycerin. The Nobel Prize is divided into five categories: Physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. The annual interest or investment income of the fund is awarded to those who made great contributions to mankind in these fields the year before. It was first awarded in 1901. The Nobel prize includes gold medal, certificate and prize. In 1968, on the occasion of its 300th anniversary, the National Bank of Sweden donated a large sum of money to the Nobel fund and added the "National Bank of Sweden commemorating the Nobel Prize for economic science", which was first awarded in 1969. People used to call this extra prize the Nobel Prize for economics.
Nobel's father was devoted to chemical research, especially explosives. Influenced by his father, Nobel showed a strong and brave character from childhood. He often went with his father to experiment with explosives, and almost spent his childhood in the roar of explosions
Nobel didn't go to school until he was 8 years old, but he read only one year, which was the only formal school ecation he had received< In order to make him learn more, his father asked him to study abroad in 1850. In two years, he has been to Germany, France, Italy and the United States. Because he is good at observing and studying, his knowledge accumulates rapidly. He soon became a multilingual scholar and a scientist with scientific training. After returning home, in the practical training of the factory, he inspected many proction processes, not only added a lot of practical technology, but also became familiar with the proction and management of the factory
in this way, after going through rough and tribulations, Nobel, who has no formal ecation, has graally grown into a scientist and inventor through hard work and sustained self-study
Nobel has made a lot of inventions in his life, and has obtained 255 kinds of patents, including 129 kinds of explosives alone. His interest in invention is not limited to explosives. As an inventor and scientist, he has rich imagination and perseverance. He has studied synthetic rubber and rayon, made experiments to improve the components of records, telephones, batteries and electric lights, and tried to synthesize gemstones. Although compared with the research of explosives, the results of these studies are not very great, but his spirit of bold exploration has left a deep impression on future generations
Nobel devoted his whole life to the cause of science. He lived a single life and spent most of his time in the laboratory. He is modest and prudent, kind and loyal to others. He refused to be flattered and his photos and portraits would not be published in the newspapers. His long-term and intense work made him sick and tired. However, when he was dying, he still kept on studying new explosives. On December 10, 1896, the great scientist, inventor and experimenter died of a sudden heart attack.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel, Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, manufacturer of military equipment and inventor of explosives, was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 and died on December 10, 1896
Nobel has 355 patented inventions in his life, and has set up about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries on five continents, such as Europe and the United States
In 1895, Nobel ordered that most of his legacy (about 9.2 million US dollars) should be used as a fund, and the annual interest should be divided into five prizes. The Nobel Prize is divided into five kinds: physics prize, chemistry prize, physiology or medicine prize, literature prize and Peace Prize (the Swedish bank added Economics Prize in 1969), and awarded to the people who have made great contributions to mankind in these fields all over the world. To commemorate Nobel's contribution, the artificial element "Nobel" is named after Nobel In 1841, Nobel entered the local yeotai primary school, which is the only school in his life to receive formal ecation. Nobel's attendance rate is the lowest e to his illness. But in school, he studies hard, so his grades are often at the top In 1842, the Nobel family moved to Petersburg, Russia. Nobel, 9, can't go to a local school because he doesn't know Russian and is in poor health. His father hired a tutor to help his brothers learn culture. The teacher often carries on the result appraisal, reports the study situation to the father, the progress is very fast In 1850, at the age of 17, Nobel traveled to the United States in the name of an engineer and practiced in the workshop of a famous engineer named Allison. After his internship, he went to Europe and the United States for another four years before returning home. During the inspection, whenever he went, he immediately began to work and had an in-depth understanding of the instrial development of various countries1. The Nobel Prize in physics is awarded to those who have made the most important discoveries or inventions in physics
The Nobel Prize in chemistry is awarded to those who have made the most significant discovery or improvement in chemistry The Nobel Prize in medicine is awarded to those who have made the most important discoveries in medicine and physiology The Nobel Prize for literature is awarded to those who have created the best works with ideal tendency in the literary world The last prize of the Nobel Peace Prize is given to those who have done their best to promote national unity and friendship, to abolish or rece the standing army, and to organize and publicize the peace conferencethe Nobel Prize is based on the foundation established by a-b-nobel's will (from five to six since 1969), and is awarded by four institutions (three in Sweden and one in Norway) every year
It was first awarded on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death. According to Nobel's legacy, the prize should be awarded annually to "the person who made the greatest contribution to mankind in the previous year" in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. The Swedish bank added an economic science prize in 1968 and awarded it for the first time in 1969
selection method:
the work of selecting the winners starts in the early autumn of the previous year, and the awarding units first send out invitation cards to those institutions that have the ability to propose candidates according to the Nobel Prize regulations. The basis of selection is professional ability and international reputation; The nominees are not eligible. The nomination of a candidate must be notified to the relevant committee in writing before February 1 of the year in which the award is decided
since February 1 of each year, six Nobel prize evaluation committees, each responsible for one award, will start the selection work according to the nomination. If necessary, the committee may invite relevant experts from any country to participate in the selection. During the period from September to early October, the committee will submit the recommendation to the relevant awarding institutions; It is only in rare cases that the issue is put on hold. The awarding units must make a final decision before November 15. The committee's recommendations are usually followed. But it's not static
the appraisal and voting of each stage are concted in secret. Awards are given to indivials only, with the exception of peace awards, which can also be given to institutions. Candidates can only be nominated in their lifetime, but formal awards can be awarded after death, such as d-hammarskj? LD's 1961 Peace Prize and e-a-calvert's 1931 literature prize. Once the award has been assessed, it can not be overturned because of any objection. The official support for a candidate, whether diplomatic or political, has nothing to do with the award, because the awarding institution has nothing to do with the country
if you can understand this law, it will be easy to win the Nobel Prize