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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) or Britain (UK) is a sovereign state in Western Europe with overseas territory, Britain is one of the seven largest countries in the world. It is located in the northwest of the European continent. It is composed of Great Britain, the northeast part of Ireland and a series of smaller islands. The only land border between Britain and another country is located in Northern Ireland, adjacent to the Republic of Ireland. Britain is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea in the East, the English Channel in the south, and the Celtic Sea in the south southwest, facing Ireland across the Irish sea. With a total area of 94060 square miles (243600 square kilometers), the country is the 80th largest sovereign country in the world and the 11th largest sovereign country in Europe, with a population of 65.1 million, ranking 21st in the world and 3rd in Europe
National Flag:
the relationship between the constituent countries of Britain has experienced a series of development in history. The kingdom of England incorporated Wales into its territory by the United acts of 1535 and 1542. The Treaty of 1707 made England and Scotland united as the kingdom of Great Britain, while in 1801 the latter further united with the kingdom of Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, five sixths of Ireland seceded from the union, which led to the present-day United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland also has 14 overseas territories [20], a legacy of the former empire. The British Empire reached its peak in 1921, with 22% of the world's territory. It is the largest empire in history. Britain retained a certain influence on its former colonies in terms of language, culture and legal system, thus attracting many immigrants from the former British Commonwealth to live here
as a developed country, Britain is the fifth largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP and the ninth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. Britain is also the first instrialized country in the world. It was the first powerful country in the world from 1815 to 1914. Now it is still one of the powerful countries. It has a significant influence in the global economy, culture, military, science and technology and politics. Britain is internationally recognized as a nuclear power, and its military expenditure ranks fifth in the world. Since 1946, Britain has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. Since 1973, it has been a member of the European Union (EU) and its predecessor, the European Economic Community (EEC). It has also been a member of the Commonwealth, the European Commission, the G7 finance ministers summit, the G7, the G20, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the United Kingdom Member countries of the organization for economic cooperation and development and the world trade organization. In the referenm on brexit in 2016, the British people decided to leave the EU, but because of the indirect impact on the global economy, they did not get the support of most countries. The British monarch signed the European Union (withdraw) act 2018 on June 26, 2018, according to which the UK will withdraw from the EU at 23:00 on March 29, 2019
Fuchs, a brand conquering the world, is famous for its innovation in lubrication technology and the development of special lubricants for the instrial instry. As a global group, we always remember the birthplace of FOSS: headquarters Mannheim
as early as 1931, Rudolf Fuchs established a company to import and sell high-quality refined procts. Twenty years later, he sold his procts to overseas customers for the first time. In the early history of Flowserve, international trade relations became one of the most important parts. In the 1960s, the company began to vigorously develop its business in the international market. The two main stages of development are the 1970s and 1980s, with specialization and global expansion respectively. Flowserve's proct line began to expand graally, and began to develop special lubricants according to the special needs of partners. Today's investment income, acquisition and new business in the world are all e to the successful strategic decision of FOSS. In the early 1990s, Flowserve graally focused all its business on its core business: lubricants. And in Western Europe, North America, Asia Pacific and other markets have achieved great success. Today, Fuchs petrolub AG was established in Mannheim, and then listed in Frankfurt, Stuart and Zurich respectively
in 1931 Rudolf Fuchs founded Flowserve in Mannheim. Import and sell high quality refined procts in Pennsylvania and conct regional engine oil business
in 1936, the company started its own proction and established its first external proction enterprise in Munich< The war broke out in 1939. Cut off oil imports from Pennsylvania
the company moved to Mannheim instrial port and opened a sales office in Austria< The war ended in 1945. Starting to get out of the sales slump< In 1946, the operation center was rebuilt in Mannheim, and the first chemical engineering expert was employed. FOSS shifted its focus to the supply of instrial oil, and for the first time exceeded the sales of vehicle oil
in 1948, Fuchs sponsored the rally in Germany< In 1949, Rudolf Fuchs and the German truck instry jointly developed HD oil procts for diesel engine oil
in 1952, the number of employees increased to 200. It is the first time to sell oil procts to the Middle East
Rudolf Fuchs, the founder of the company, died in 1959, and the company continued as a family business
in 1960, we set up offices in Europe, and established laboratories in Mannheim and Hanover. Manfred Fuchs joined the board
1966 accelerated the export of special instrial procts and established overseas offices in many European countries< In 1968, the company set up subsidiaries in France and Spain, which was the first step of global development
improve the specialization of proct line. In Mannheim, there are 33 R & D and quality control personnel. In 1972, Flowserve developed into a group company and defined the period from 1972 to 1991 as a period of rapid development. Every year, it invested in M & A
Fuchs beteiligungsgesellschaft AG was established in Mannheim in 1975. It is the first time to carry out the cooperation of Limited shares of investors, with private land provided by investors
in 1976, Fuchs International GmbH was newly established in Mannheim to unify local businesses
the 50th anniversary of the company in 1981. Fuchs petrolub AG was officially established in Switzerland. New business and profitability in Germany and other countries. The first company to start in Germany has become a global company
in 1984, Fuchs beteiligungsgelschaft kg of Mannheim was transferred to Fuchs petrolub Ag OEL + Chemie, and all German subsidiaries were under its unified management
in 1985, the preferred shares of Fuchs petrolub Ag OEL + Chemie were issued on the Frankfurt and Stuart stock exchanges. Planto series of biodegradable environmental protection procts have been rapidly developed to enter the market. We have developed synthetic procts based on natural raw materials in the late 1970s
the new organization management mechanism established in Mannheim in 1988 is the cornerstone of the group's development
in 1991, the profits in Britain and France proved that FOSS had begun to expand and formally started to unify the major markets, which continued until the mid-1990s. Shift focus to core lubricant business
in 1997, the holding companies in Germany and Switzerland were unified under the management of Fuchs petrolub AG of Mannheim. In 1999, with the establishment of Flowserve Europe, it merged all the subsidiaries in Western Europe except Germany, which accelerated the integration process of Western European companies. Stefan Fuchs was named deputy executive director
2000fuchs petrolub AG has become the largest independent lubricant company in the world. Annual sales of 900 million euros, with more than 4000 employees. In order to make the staff comfortable and relaxed at work, an extra office has been set up in Mannheim, the headquarters of the company< In 2001, Fuchs DEA lubricating materials Co., Ltd. and Fuchs DEA Schmierstoffe GmbH & amp; Co. kg. In view of the merger of shell and DEA in refining and marketing business, Flowserve terminated its joint venture with DEA
2002 since January 1, 2002, the partnership with DEA mineraloel AG has ended, and the company was subsequently renamed Fuchs Europe schmierstore, enabling the group company to fully incorporate this largest subsidiary into the management activities of Western Europe
in 2004, after leading Flowserve for 41 years, which made Flowserve the world's leading lubricant manufacturer, Dr. Manfred Fuchs retired from the position of chairman of the executive board and was replaced by his son Stefan Fuchs
in 2006, the company celebrated its 75th anniversary by paying dividends and dividends. More than 4000 employees from 60 subsidiaries all over the world contribute to Flowserve. The group's annual sales amount to 1.2 billion euro
lippert-unipol Group operates in the field of surface technology to enable the group companies to focus on the lubricant business
since May 10, 2007, share repurchase has been started
2008 was promoted to mdax index company on June 23, 2008. 50 German medium-sized companies related to market capitalization and stock market turnover were included in the mdax index
(1). Wuting bridge is located in the Slender West Lake of Yangzhou. The bridge foundation is made of 12 bluestone piers of different sizes; The body of the bridge is arched and rolled, which is combined by three different rolling holes, with a total of 15 holes. The holes are connected, and the corridors between pavilions are connected
(2) the cross bridge is located in Jinci, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. The bridge is a cross. The whole bridge is supported by 34 iron green octagonal stones. The top of the column is connected with the longitudinal and transverse beams, and the cross deck is paved
(3) the Tiesuo bridge (Luding Bridge) is located on the Da River in Luding County, Sichuan Province. It is 136 meters in length and 3 meters in width. It is tied to the cliffs on both sides by 13 iron chains. Among them, nine iron chains are laid side by side with wooden boards, which is the bridge deck, and the other two chains are on both sides of the bridge deck, which is the handrail. Each chain weighs about 2000 kg< (4) Wuyin bridge is located on the Shinto of emperor Shun's Xiaoling in Dongling, Hebei Province. There are 126 pieces of calcite fence on both sides of the bridge deck, which can make a wonderful sound when knocking< The Yudai bridge is located in the summer palace in Beijing. Built of white stone, the arch ring is egg pointed, and the bridge surface is bidirectional reverse bending. The body of the bridge is carved with white marble, with exquisite white railings and watchposts on both sides. It is known as "fairyland on the sea"< 2. Poems about bridges:
(1) Lu You's Ode to plum blossoms, a broken bridge outside the post house, and a lonely horse beside it; (3) there are many beautiful scenes in the world, and the mirror in front of Lingsi bridge is Yuan Zhen's Ji Le Tian. (4) Liushu bridge is full of water, and the road is full of water. (5) Lingsi bridge is sentimental, and it is clear that the lake school goes back to the pond; Spring into the boat, lips green, people back to the ferry sunset red
(2); The sound of books on both sides of the Strait is followed by songs
(3) "one school is prosperous, two surnames are in the same village, three generations are famous, the world is famous, and the five finger peaks are Zhong peiguo."
"six Jinghua, seven line house, all sides celebrate together, nine as longevity, very high price, strong Bridge Creek!"
(4) the beautiful scenery, the beautiful scenery, the beautiful scenery, the beautiful scenery, the beautiful scenery, the beautiful scenery, the beautiful scenery, the beautiful scenery and the beautiful scenery
(5) the rainstorm caused the Pearl to float on the water; Changhong hangs a gold belt around its waist
as the saying goes:
(1). Running horses on the bridge head --- desperate
(2). The bridge is the bridge, the road is the road --- clear
(3). Carrying pole in the bridge hole --- can't bear
(4). When the boat reaches the bridge head, it will be straight...
(5). You walk on your single wooden bridge, I walk my Yangguan road.
(6) I walk more bridges than you do.
(7) one more friend, one more road, one more enemy, one more bridge<
riddle:
(1) Yu CanXue, a broken bridge in front of the door, writes a word -- - Lin
(2) father-in-law, hunchback, with boundless strength, what do you like to carry? There is a lot of traffic The answer: Bridge)
(3). Rainbow Bridge underground
from the perspective of instrial chain, nuclear power construction includes fuel suppliers, equipment suppliers, power auxiliary instry groups, power generation enterprises, nuclear power transmission and distribution enterprises, which are mainly divided into: first, proction of nuclear fuel and raw materials; Second, nuclear power core equipment manufacturing and nuclear power auxiliary equipment manufacturing; Third, nuclear power plant construction and operation and maintenance. At the same time, in the field of other auxiliary equipment, as nuclear power procts are high-end procts, the gross profit rate is generally high. In general, the nuclear power equipment manufacturing instry has benefited the most from nuclear power construction, such as Shanghai Electric (601727) which is engaged in nuclear island and conventional island manufacturing (601727) and Dongfang Electric (600875) which is engaged in nuclear island and conventional island manufacturing (000777), Next are Shenneng shares (join in self selected shares and participate in simulated stock speculation) (600642) and Wanneng power (join in self selected shares and participate in simulated stock speculation) (000543), which are engaged in nuclear power plant operation. Fangda carbon (join in self selected shares and participate in simulated stock speculation) (600516) and Jiabao group (join in self selected shares and participate in simulated stock speculation) (600622), which provide raw materials for nuclear power construction, will also benefit from nuclear power construction< Zirconium: it has a wide range of applications. As a rare titanium group element, zirconium is also an indispensable material for the development of atomic energy instry. Zirconium is widely used in large nuclear power plants in China. Zirconium oxychloride is widely used as coating material in nuclear reactor. Generally speaking, a nuclear power unit with 1 million kilowatts consumes 35 tons of zirconium alloy every year. According to the total installed capacity of 8.7 million kilowatts of nuclear power of 4 nuclear power stations and 11 nuclear power units in China, it consumes about 304 tons of zirconium alloy every year. According to the plan of the national development and Reform Commission, China will build another 28 nuclear power plants by 2020, with an additional 30 million kilowatts of nuclear power. In this regard, there is a huge demand for zirconium alloys<
[1], Shenghua Baike (join the optional stock, participate in the simulated stock speculation) (600226): subsidiary "sublimation zirconium Valley", China's largest zirconium series proct manufacturing and sales enterprise, has 90% of the customers in the Japanese zirconium proct market and 50% of the customers in the U.S. zirconium proct market. In 2003, the company acquired zirconium Valley technology, which accounts for 30% of the world's Zirconium output, and became the largest zirconium proction enterprise in China, with the title of "zirconium metal overlord"! Zirconium Valley technology's sales revenue quadrupled in 2004, and the sales growth rate reached 55% in 2005. At present, zirconium Valley technology accounts for 20% of the main business revenue of the listed companies, and its net profit contribution has reached 24%. Zirconium Valley technology has become one of the pillar procts of Shenghua Baike
[2], Dongfang zirconium instry (join self selected stocks, participate in simulated stock speculation) (002167): it is one of the professional manufacturers of zirconium procts with the most complete varieties in the world. Guangdong Dongfang zirconium Technology Co., Ltd. has successfully developed and proced a series of zirconium chemicals such as high-purity zirconia by introcing a major scientific and technological achievement of Guangdong University of technology - "a new method for preparing electronic grade zirconia from zircon sand". Subsequently, the company invested more than 60 million yuan to set up an annual output of 1000 tons of high purity zirconia development project. Thus, the history that the demand of electronic grade zirconia in China's electronics and new materials instry was solved by import was ended. In view of the special requirements of some customers in the electronic instry on the particle size of procts, the high-purity ultra-fine zirconia was developed and put into instrial proction in 1997
[3], BaoTi Co., Ltd. (join in self selected shares, participate in simulated stock speculation) (600456): Jianguo nuclear BaoTi zirconium Co., Ltd., jointly funded by BaoTi group, the controlling shareholder of nuclear grade zirconium materials, and National Nuclear Power Technology Corporation. Nuclear grade zirconium is mainly used as nuclear fuel cladding tube, which is an indispensable important metal material for nuclear power plant. The cooperation between the two sides aims to integrate the existing domestic zirconium proction resources, transfer the full set of nuclear grade zirconium proction and processing technology of Westinghouse, realize the localization and self-management of nuclear grade zirconium, and finally realize the independent supply of nuclear grade zirconium in China< (000601): Lechang zirconium procts factory, which was originally wholly owned by zirconia chloride company, has an annual proction capacity of 20000 tons of zirconia chloride. It is one of the largest zirconia chloride proction enterprises in mainland China and a research and Development Center for zirconium series procts. In the first half of 2008, the company reorganized Lechang zirconium procts factory and established a subsidiary Lechang Zhaoying new materials Co., Ltd. the company invested 73.85 million yuan in monetary capital and some physical assets of the original zirconium procts factory, accounting for 92.31% of the company's shares. At present, the company is still engaged in the proction and sales of zirconium series procts. It can be predicted that with the accelerated construction of China's nuclear power projects, Lechang Zhaoying new materials Co., Ltd. will usher in a huge market demand< (2) zirconium alloy:
pure zirconium can not meet the requirements of nuclear fuel cladding and pressure tube in terms of strength and corrosion resistance. In the late 1940s, in order to explore the application of zirconium in water-cooled reactor, the United States began to study zirconium based alloys. By the mid-1950s, Zr-2 alloy (zirca-loy-2) with excellent comprehensive properties was developed and used as the nuclear fuel cladding material for the world's first nuclear submarine "Guayu". Later, Zr-4, Zr-1Nb and zr-2.5nb alloys were made. In the past 20 years, many other zirconium alloys have been studied in many countries, but their comprehensive properties are not as good as those of the above alloys, so they are rarely used<
[1], Jiabao group (600622): shares in Shanghai Gaotai rare and precious metals, procing zirconium alloy tubes for nuclear fuel, titanium, niobium and other rare and precious metals and alloys. Gaotai company, a subsidiary of the company, mainly develops and proces zirconium alloy tubes for nuclear fuel, titanium, niobium and other rare and precious metals and alloys. The company has an annual output of 650000 meters of zirconium tubes for nuclear power, and consumes 200000 to 250000 tons of zirconium metal per million kilowatts of power generation capacity a year, which makes the market prospect of zirconium alloy procts very broad
[2], Western materials (join optional stock, participate in simulated stock speculation) (002149): business scope: rare metal materials tantalum and tantalum alloy, niobium and niobium alloy, titanium and titanium alloy, zirconium and zirconium alloy plate, strip and deep processing procts; Zirconium and zirconium alloy pipe fittings and welded pipes, titanium and titanium alloy pipe fittings and welded pipes, nickel and nickel alloy pipe fittings and welded pipes, titanium and titanium alloy seamless pipes; The third kind of low and medium pressure vessels. The company has completed the acquisition of 97.78% equity of the Western Titanium Instry Co., Ltd. since May 2009, the Western titanium instry has become the holding subsidiary of the company< (3) nuclear grade sodium:
the necessary coolant for future reactors. Fast neutron reactor is the development direction of nuclear reactor. Fast reactor can increase the utilization rate of nuclear fuel in thermal reactor from 1% to 70%. Therefore, the "three-step" development strategy of thermal reactor, fast reactor and controlled fusion reactor is formulated in the "medium and long term development plan of nuclear power (2005-2020)". Speeding up the commercialization of fast reactor nuclear power plants is related to the large-scale and sustainable development of nuclear energy and energy security in China. Nuclear grade sodium is an essential coolant for fast neutron reactors. Nuclear grade sodium has higher specific heat than most metals and good thermal conctivity, which can adapt to the special conditions of the reactor. At the same time, its price is low, so it is an ideal coolant; At present, the fast reactors that have been built and operated in the world, such as the Phoenix reactor in France, the ultra Phoenix fast reactor and the bh-600 fast reactor in Russia, all use nuclear grade sodium as the coolant; Nuclear grade sodium is also used as coolant in our experimental fast reactor
[1], Lantai instry (join in self selected shares, participate in simulated stock speculation) (600328): Lantai instry is the only nuclear grade sodium proction enterprise in China, the company has monopoly resources, and the operating performance of salt procts has been growing steadily. The company has Jilantai Salt Lake with mineral reserves of 140 million tons. According to the company's finished salt proction capacity of 1.5 million tons / year, the company's salt lake resources can be exploited for at least 70 years; The company's salt business is monopolized by the state; Sodium chlorate procts can rece the paper instry pollution to 1 / 10 of the original, its application market is growing. Therefore, the company's salt procts business performance maintained a stable growth trend. The company is the world's largest procer of sodium metal, with a proction capacity of 45000 tons. The proction capacity of sodium metal ranks the third in the world and the first in Asia. This is because the company has the following advantages: 1; 2. Advantages of power resources; 3. Technical advantages< (4) nuclear graphite carbon rod and graphite safety layer:
high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) is an advanced reactor type with good safety and high utilization rate of nuclear fuel. It is likely to become one of the main reactor types for nuclear energy utilization. Nuclear graphite is the key material of HTGR, which is used as its moderating, reflecting and structural material, The instrialization of high temperature gas cooled reactor will create a huge nuclear graphite market. At present, the latest fourth generation nuclear power technology is being developed in various countries, and its high temperature gas cooled reactor needs a large amount of nuclear graphite. China is in the forefront of the world in this field. The state plans to build the world's first commercial molar high temperature gas cooled reactor nuclear power plant in Weihai, which is of great benefit to nuclear graphite enterprises. It is understood that a medium-sized mole needs nuclear graphite in thousands of tons, and the unit price is hundreds of thousands of yuan / ton, so the nuclear graphite required by a mole is worth more than 100 million yuan
[1], Fangda carbon (600516): the nuclear graphite for nuclear reactor proced by graphite company is an indispensable material for nuclear reactor, and is widely used in nuclear power plant and military instry, among which the integral carbon felt proced by the company is an important base material for manufacturing the throat liner of Dongfeng series launch vehicle in China. The company has a long history of special graphite proction, is the national nuclear instry and aerospace instry special graphite key test and proction enterprises. In 1967, the first generation of nuclear graphite for reactors in China was developed and proced, and a complete set of nuclear graphite procts were provided for 821 and 816 reactors of the former No.2 machinery department. In 1978, the research project won the Gansu Provincial Science and technology achievement award. Since the mid-1980s, we have successively developed and proced high-tech procts urgently needed by the national defense instry, such as delayed graphite casing, 205 graphite rudder blank, pyrolytic graphite segment for nozzle, etc., which have passed the provincial and ministerial level appraisal respectively. In 1985, the research results of delayed graphite casing won the second prize of national science and technology progress award. In the late 1990s, the boron containing carbon brick developed and proced for the national "863" key project of the 10MW high gas cooled experimental reactor of the Nuclear Energy Institute of Tsinghua University passed the project acceptance at one time, and the proct indicators were better than the contract provisions<
[2], Sinosteel Jitan (000928): the graphite company has been engaged in the research and proction of carbon / graphite materials for many years, has a national carbon technology center, reserves a large number of professional and technical personnel, has a solid theoretical foundation and rich practical experience in the research and proction of graphite materials. The company has become the largest manufacturer of graphite procts in China, and successfully developed 700mm large-scale ultra-high power graphite electrode, breaking the foreign monopoly on large-scale ultra-high power market. Sinosteel has signed a strategic agreement with China National Nuclear Energy Construction Corporation to build a high-speed gas cooled reactor, and Sinosteel Jilin Carbon Co., Ltd. will provide nuclear graphite materials. At present, Jilin Carbon has set up a project to develop graphite material for core support of high gas cooled nuclear reactor, and is working on the feasibility study report of the project< (5) nuclear power equipment: < B
British capital London official language: English (English is widely used in England), Scots, Welsh and Irish, Scottishgaelic
National Flag: meter flag
currency: pound sterling (with shillings and pence as secondary currency) symbol: ￡
major cities: London, Edinburgh, Scotland, Belfast, Northern Ireland, Cardiff, the capital of Welsh
other important cities are Manchester, the instrial center of England, Bermingham, Bermingham, Glasgow, the important city of the north, Liverpool and Plymouth (Polymouth)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom or Britain for short
national flag
the British national flag is a horizontal rectangle with a length to width ratio of 2:1. It is a flag with the character of "rice", which is composed of dark blue background, red and white characters of "rice". The Red Cross with a white edge in the flag represents the guardian Saint George of England, the white cross represents the guardian Saint Andrew of Scotland, and the red cross represents the guardian Saint Patrick of Ireland. Proced in 1801, the flag is made up of the former England's Red Cross flag, Scotland's Blue Cross flag and Ireland's Red Cross flag
National Emblem
the British national emblem is the emblem of the British king. The central design is a shield emblem, with three Golden Lions on the red ground in the upper left and lower right corners, symbolizing England; In the upper right corner is the red lion standing on the golden ground, symbolizing Scotland; The lower left corner is the golden harp on the blue ground, symbolizing Northern Ireland. Each side of the emblem is supported by a crowned lion representing England and a unicorn representing Scotland. There is a maxim written in French around the emblem, which means "evil is rewarded"; At the bottom is the Garter medal, and on the ribbon is "God, I have rights.". At the top of the emblem are gold and silver helmets inlaid with jewels, imperial crowns and crowned lions<
Maxim
Dieu et mon droit (French: God, I have rights)
National Anthem
God save the queen (& quot; God Save the Queen" If a male monarch is in power, the National Anthem should be changed to & quot; God Save the King" God save the queen is the national anthem and royal Anthem of the Commonwealth countries
capital
London. The largest city and largest port in the UK, one of the largest metropolitan areas in Europe and one of the three largest financial centers in the world. It has a population of 7.5124 million and an area of 1577.3 square kilometers<
official language
English (non statutory)
language
in addition to English, Welsh, Irish, Ulster Scots, Scots, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are the official languages in all parts of the UK
area
244820 square kilometers (79th in the world). The water area accounted for 1.34%
population
60.5873 million (in June 2006, the 22nd place in the world). The population density is 246 people / square kilometer (48th in the world)
race
85.67% of the British population is white, 6.47% is white from other regions, 4.00% is South Asian, 2.00% is black, 1.20% is mixed race, and 0.80% is East Asian and other races (2001)
political system
parliamentary democracy, constitutional monarchy
statesman
head of state HM Queen Elizabeth II. He ascended the throne on February 6, 1952 and was crowned on June 2, 1953; Prime Minister Gordon Brown (British Labor Party). He took office on June 27, 2007< On May 1, 1707, England and Scotland merged< On January 1, 1801, it merged with Ireland< On April 12, 1922, the Treaty of Great Britain and Ireland came into force, and southern Ireland broke away from its rule and established an independent state
joined the European Community on January 1, 1973
administrative divisions
Britain is divided into four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. England is divided into 43 counties, Scotland has 29 districts and 3 special jurisdictions, Northern Ireland has 26 districts and Wales has 22 districts. The Scottish and Welsh parliaments and their executive bodies are fully responsible for local affairs, while foreign affairs, defense, overall economic and monetary policy, employment policy and social security are still controlled by the central government. In addition, the UK has 12 overseas territories<
gross domestic proct (purchasing power parity)
2.270 trillion US dollars (in 2007, the sixth place in the world). The per capita GDP is 37328 US dollars (13th in the world)<
gross domestic proct (nominal)
2.772 trillion US dollars (in 2007, the fifth place in the world). The per capita GDP is 45845 US dollars (the 9th in the world)<
Gini coefficient
34 (2005)
human development index
0.946 (high, ranked 16th in the world in 2005)
currency
pound sterling (& pound;). Currency code GBP
time
Greenwich mean time (GMT). UTC+0
daylight saving time is British summer time (BST). UTC+1<
national flower
rose
national bird
Red breasted pigeon
National Stone
diamond
first, geography
geography
Britain is composed of the island of Great Britain (including England, Scotland and Wales), Northern Ireland in the northeast of Ireland and some small islands (Overseas Territories). Britain is located in the British Isles northwest of the European continent, surrounded by the North Sea, the English channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. 243600 square kilometers (including inland waters), 130400 square kilometers in England, 78800 square kilometers in Scotland, 20800 square kilometers in Wales and 13600 square kilometers in Northern Ireland. An island country in Western Europe. It is composed of Great Britain (including England, Scotland and Wales), northeast Ireland and some small islands. It faces the European continent across the North Sea, the Dover channel and the English Channel. Its land boundary borders on the Republic of Ireland. The total length of the coastline is 11450 km. The whole territory is divided into four parts: the plains in the southeast of England, the mountains in the Midwest, the mountains in Scotland, the highlands and mountains in Northern Ireland
hydrology
Severn River (354 km) and Thames River (346 km). Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland, with an area of 396 square kilometers, ranks first in the country
climate
belongs to marine temperate broad-leaved forest climate, which is mild and humid all year round. Generally, the maximum temperature is not more than 32 ℃, the minimum temperature is not less than - 10 ℃, and the average temperature is 4-7 ℃ in January and 13-17 ℃ in July. There is much rain and fog, especially in autumn and winter. The annual average precipitation is about 1000 mm. The annual precipitation in the northern and western mountainous areas is more than 2000 mm, while that in the central and eastern areas is less than 800 mm. It is the driest from February to March and the wettest from October to January. The climate type in China is temperate marine climate
resources
the main mineral resources in the UK are coal, iron, oil and natural gas. The total reserves of hard coal are 170 billion tons. Iron reserves are about 3.8 billion tons. There are tin mines in Cornwall Peninsula in the southwest. There is a lot of halite in Cheshire and Durham. Staffordshire has good clay. Cornwall Peninsula proces white clay. Dolomite can be mined on the east slope of the penning mountains. There are quartz deposits in the south-west of Lancashire near the hildrey hills. In the United Kingdom, the North Sea continental shelf has about 1-4 billion tons of oil reserves. Natural gas reserves are about 860-2585 billion cubic meters< Second, the environment
historic sites
numerous castles and country houses are the historical witness that the land and real estate of England have been owned by noble families for a long time. A large number of precious ancient buildings have been well preserved, including Blenheim Palace of the Duke of Marlborough, Chatsworth palace of the Duke of Devon, and Longleat house of marquis bath, which are still used by people today. These princes and nobles lived in the George Dynasty, Tudor Dynasty, and other dynasties The private manors and mansions built in the Elizabethan Dynasty and other historical periods are typical examples of British historical buildings. Many private manors and mansions scattered in towns and villages, as well as ancient city walls, towers, unique buildings and other monumental buildings have been actively protected as British historical heritage. The protected historical buildings include ancient mining tower, mill houses and factories ring the instrial revolution The iron bridge and other bridges built by Thomas Telford, the force bridge, a masterpiece of steel architecture, and the clevetown suspension bridge with beautiful shape, etc
gardens
the UK National Trust and the Scottish National Trust take care of about 240 gardens in the UK and develop them for the public. The British heritage protection organization is also the guardian of some of the most important scenic spots in the UK. Its gardens include Charles Darwin garden in downhouse, Kent, the 18th century landscape garden designed by the versatile brown in Audrey manor, Essex, and wormwell castle in Kent, Queen Elizabeth's Queen Mother's garden designed by pennilop Hobhouse, etc. In addition, there are also the South Moat garden designed by Isabel von gronenegan for Eltham palace in South London, the flower and fruit garden with walls designed by Rupert galby in Osborne manor and the family garden of Queen Victoria in Isle of Wight
transportation
the prosperity and development of the three British Islands since the 14th century increasingly depend on their people's ability to fight abroad, explore and develop, vigorously develop colonies and expand trade. To a great extent, the hegemony of the three British Islands at sea endows their people with the above-mentioned ability. Britain's large-scale and systematic shipbuilding instry began in the reign of King John, who set up the Royal Navy shipyard in Portsmouth Port in the early 13th century. After that, the East India Company was founded in 1600, followed by expeditions and expeditions to the Far East, Southeast Asia, America and Australia. However, compared with the shipbuilding capacity, the invention of navigation technology and navigation instruments, including the sextant used to determine longitude and latitude, which was successfully invented in the second half of the 19th century at the magnificent Clyde shipyard in Belfast, Tyne River and weir shipyards, contributed more to Britain's maritime hegemony
the invention of the steam engine led to a revolution in the British transport instry, and started the era of Railways and steam ships. In 1825, the world's first steam locomotive service opened between Stockton and Darlington. Because a large number of land surfaces are not suitable for the operation of steam locomotives, the achievements of steam locomotives on land are limited. However, on the sea, steam engine ships have achieved great success. In the early and middle of the 19th century, British engineer Isambard kindem Brunel designed three cross era steamships, which changed the design of steamships and made ocean voyage possible. In the history of road construction, McAdam was the first engineer to introce wear-resistant hard surface road. He used compacted gravel; Thomas Telford and Brunel participated in the construction of many classic bridges in England, including the grand iron bridge in Shropshire and the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol. They also participated in the construction of culverts and tunnels with high engineering technology. So far, the mode of transportation was born to meet the needs of the instrial revolution
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