Thesis of digital currency finance

1. OK, I'll take care of it for you.

2. The current argument is to close, but some platforms do not admit it. Generally speaking, bitcoin is in an overheated state in our country. In the case of no proof of real value and China's relatively low bitcoin holdings, it is not normal for bitcoin trading volume to be far ahead of other countries. It is better to slow down.

3.

Equivalent is a quantity equivalent to a specific or conventional value; Equivalence is the number of chemical equivalents. Such as equivalent, gram equivalent, equivalent concentration, acid-base salt equivalent, electrochemical equivalent, etc

Chemical equivalent mainly includes element equivalent, compound equivalent, gram equivalent and equivalent concentration. The above concepts are introced in detail and their uses are illustrated with examples

it is very simple to study the weight relationship of chemical reaction with gram equivalent, because any substance can completely react as long as the number of gram equivalent is equal

However, there is no such relationship between the mole number of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The mole number of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is 1
: 1, but the mole number of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid is 2:1 and 3:1, respectively. Therefore, gram equivalent is commonly used to express the weight relationship between reactants in proction and scientific research

extended data

TNT equivalent method and TNO (multi energy) model method are two typical models in the simulation method of vapor cloud explosion. TNT equivalent method is to transform the destructive effect of gas cloud explosion into the destructive effect of TNT explosion, so as to transform the amount of vapor cloud into TNT equivalent. TNT equivalent method is simple and easy to operate, but it has obvious defects:

1. When TNT explodes, the volume of explosion source can be ignored, while the vapor cloud is large, and with the explosion going on, the volume of explosion source is increasing

However, the release rate of energy is limited in the process of vapor cloud explosion

The results show that the shock wave formed in TNT explosion process is strong, but the attenuation speed is fast, while the vapor cloud explosion is mostly deflagration process, the positive pressure action time is short, and the negative pressure action time is long. Therefore, TNT equivalent method is only suitable for very strong vapor cloud explosion, and the deviation is small when it is used to simulate the far field of explosion, while the overpressure caused by vapor cloud explosion is overestimated when it is used to simulate the near field of explosion

The equivalent coefficient of TNT equivalent method is difficult to determine and has great variability (0.02% - 15.9%)

4. Equivalent concentration means = molar weight / N concentration meter

national standard of the people's Republic of China
determination of epoxy equivalent of epoxy compounds (udc678.686: 678.01 GB 4612-84)
epoxy compounds determination of epoxy equivalent
this standard is equivalent to ISO 3001-1978 & laquo; Plastics epoxy compounds determination of epoxy equivalent raquo
1. Scope of application
this standard specifies the method for determining epoxy equivalent. This method is suitable for all epoxy compounds; For epoxy amine,
the method specified in Appendix A (Supplement) should be used
2. Definition
epoxy equivalent: the mass (g) of a substance containing one mole of epoxy group
3. Principle
based on the reaction of primary hydrogen bromide generated by the reaction of 0.1N perchloric acid standard titration solution with tetraethylamine bromide with epoxy group
use crystal violet as indicator or potentiometric titration for dark procts
4. Reagents
in the analysis process, only recognized analytical pure reagents are used
4.1 glacial acetic acid
4.2 acetic anhydride
4.3 chloroform
4.4 potassium hydrogen phthalate
4.5 crystal violet indicator solution: dissolve 100 mg crystal violet in 100 ml glacial acetic acid
4.6 perchloric acid: 0.1N standard titration solution
4.6.1 preparation
add 300 ml glacial acetic acid to 8.5 ml 70% (mass / mass) perchloric acid aqueous solution, add 20 ml acetic anhydride, dilute to 1 l with glacial acetic acid and mix well
4.6.2 calibration
200 mg potassium dihydrogen phthalate was dissolved in 50 ml glacial acetic acid to calibrate perchloric acid solution (potassium dihydrogen phthalate was dried at 120 ℃ for 2 hours before use). 4 ~ 6 drops of crystal violet solution was used as indicator for end point titration to obtain stable green color. Note the temperature ts of the standard titrant
note: ① if the epoxy equivalent is determined by potentiometric titration, the same method should be used to titrate perchloric acid< Safety goggles and safety net are recommended
4.6.3 concentration calculation
the equivalent concentration of perchloric acid n is calculated according to formula (1)

where: m - mass of potassium hydrogen phthalate used, G
V - volume of potassium perchlorate solution consumed in titration, ml
0.20442 g / Mg equivalent of potassium hydrogen phthalate
4.7 tetraethylamine bromide reagent solution:
dissolve 100 g of tetraethylamine bromide in 400 ml glacial acetic acid. Add a few drops of crystal violet indicator solution. If the solution changes color, use potassium perchlorate standard solution to restore it to its original color
note: for epoxy compounds with medium dry and low activity, tetrabutylamine iodide, solid or 10% chloroform solution can be used. In this case, avoid light as much as possible. The trichloromethane solution of tetrabutylamine iodide is unstable and must be reconstituted for each titration
5. Instrument
5.1 balance: sensitivity 0.1mg
5.2 conical beaker: 100 or 200 ml, with ground plug
5.3 burette: a micro burette with a sealed reservoir or a calibrated burette with a capacity of 10 ml
5.4 glassware: there is a ground joint, and the outlet is moistureproof with calcium chloride pipe
5.5 magnetic stirrer: the stirrer should be coated with polytetrafluoroethylene
5.6 thermometer: after correction, the measurement accuracy is high ± 0.1℃
5.7 solution pipette: the volume is 10 ml
6. Step
weigh the epoxy compound sample containing 0.6 ~ 0.9 mg (accurate to 0.2 mg, which is equivalent to 0.6 ~ 0.9 mg) × EE, where EE is the estimated epoxy equivalent, is placed in a flask. Add 10 ml of chloroform and stir to dissolve the sample, heating slightly if necessary. Cool to room temperature, add 20 ml glacial acetic acid, then pipette in 10 ml tetraethylamine bromide reagent solution, and add 4-6 drops of crystal violet indicator solution. Immediately titrate with perchloric acid solution and stir with a magnetic stirrer until a stable green color is obtained. Note the temperature T of perchloric acid solution
at the same time, the blank test without sample was carried out
7. Expression of results
the equivalent ee of epoxy resin expressed in grams per gram molecule is calculated according to formula (2):

where: m - mass of sample, G
V0 - volume of perchloric acid consumed in blank test, ml
V1 - volume of perchloric acid solution consumed in determination, ml
T - temperature of perchloric acid solution in the process of determination, ℃
TS - the temperature of perchloric acid solution in calibration, ℃
n - the equivalent concentration of perchloric acid solution (usually 0.1N)
note: it is necessary to use the correction factor, because the expansion coefficient of perchloric acid solution is large, (1.07 0 × 10-7 ℃ - 1) this is equivalent to a volume change of 0.1% per degree Celsius. This factor can be avoided when operating in a temperature controlled room
the results are sometimes expressed as the epoxy index, expressed in terms of the mole number of epoxy compounds per kilogram of substance. According to formula (3):
epoxy index = 1000 / EE (3)
8. The test report should include the following items:
A. identification of samples
B. epoxy equivalent
C. If tetraethylamine bromide is not used, what kind of reagent should be used
D. any other factors that may affect the results

appendix a
correction method for epoxy amine
(Supplement)
a.1 scope of application
when the method described in the main body of this standard is used to determine nitrogen-containing epoxy resin, the measured value of epoxy equivalent is too low. This is e to the reaction between perchloric acid and amino equivalent, which results in the formation of a salt
this standard can also be used to determine the epoxy equivalent of epoxy amines if the perchloric acid included in the generated salt is taken into account

A.2 principle
titration of amino nitrogen in epoxy amine with 0.1N perchloric acid standard. The second blank value thus obtained is used to correct the epoxy equivalent calculated in a.4<

step A.3
the second blank value is determined according to Chapter 6 of this standard, but not the expression of the result of adding tetraethylamine bromide solution

a.4
the epoxy equivalent ee of epoxy amine is expressed by the number of grams per gram molecule, which is calculated according to the following formula:

M1 - the amount of sample used in the second test, G
V2 - volume of perchloric acid solution consumed in the second blank test, ml
other symbols have the same meaning as the above standards

additional notes:
this standard is proposed by the Ministry of chemical instry of the people's Republic of China and is under the technical jurisdiction of the chemical methods branch of the National Plastic Standardization Technical Committee
this standard is drafted by Shanghai resin factory
the main drafters of this standard are Li Boqing, Bao Limin and Wu Rongdong

added by: administrator
Article source: administrator
times of reading: 255
release date: March 1, 2006

5. [I. chemical equivalent]
Proct Name: equivalent English Name: equivalent
Description:
refers to the value of mass ratio of interaction between elements or compounds. The equivalent of an element is the mass unit (old atomic weight) in which the element combines with 8 mass units of oxygen or 1.008 mass units of hydrogen (or displaces these mass units of oxygen or hydrogen from the compound). For example, 40.08 mass units of calcium and 16 mass units of oxidation are combined to form 56.08 mass units of calcium oxide. In calcium oxide, the equivalent of calcium is 40.08 × 8/16=20.04 According to the different types of substances, their equivalent can be calculated according to the following formula: equivalent of element or simple substance = relative atomic mass of element / valence of element. For example: calcium equivalent = 40.08 / 2 = 20.04. The equivalence of elements is often called combining weight
equivalence of acid = relative molecular weight of acid / number of hydrogen atoms in acid molecule that can be replaced
for example, the equivalent of H2SO4 = 98.08/2 = 49.04
the equivalence of alkali = the relative molecular weight of alkali / the number of hydrogen and oxygen contained in alkali molecule. For example: NaOH equivalent = 40.01 / 1 = 40.01
equivalent of salt = relative molecular weight of salt / number of metal atoms in salt molecule × The valence of metals. For example: aluminum sulfate Al2 (SO4) 3 equivalent = 342.14/2 × 3=342.14/6=57.03
the equivalent of oxidant = the relative molecular weight of oxidant / the number of electrons obtained in the reaction. For example, the equivalence of potassium permanganate in acidic solution (5 electrons) is 158.03/5 = 31.61
the equivalent of recing agent = the relative molecular weight of recing agent / the number of electrons lost in the reaction. For example: the equivalent of sodium sulfite (losing 2 electrons) = 126.05/2 = 63.03
the equivalent of oxidant and rectant is often called redox equivalent. A substance can have different equivalents in different reactions. For example, the equivalent of iron in 2-valent iron compounds is 55.847/2 = 27.93, and that in 3-valent iron compounds is 55.847/3 = 18.62. When potassium chromate K2CrO4 is used as oxidant, the equivalent is 194.20/3 = 64.73; But as salt, the equivalent is 194.20/2 = 97.10. The mass of matter interacting with each other is proportional to their equivalence. Knowing the equivalence of substances, we can calculate their mass ratio in the reaction

[2. Nuclear bomb equivalent]
equivalent is the corresponding value of energy generated ring explosion relative to TNT explosive. For example: a nuclear warhead with 1 million tons of equivalent means that the energy generated by the explosion of this nuclear warhead is equivalent to the heat generated by the explosion of 1 million tons of TNT

[three, space-time equivalent]
if we are faced with a four-dimensional cube whose three space dimensions are all 1 meter, how long should we take to make the four dimensions equal
how long should we take to make the four dimensions equal? Is it a second, an hour, or a month? Is an hour longer or shorter than a foot? At first glance, the question seems meaningless. However, if you think deeply, you will find a reasonable way to compare the length and time interval. You often hear people say that someone's residence "takes only 20 minutes by bus" and "somewhere" takes 5 hours by train ". Here, we express the distance as the time required for a certain vehicle to travel this distance
therefore, if you agree to adopt a certain standard speed, you can use the length unit to represent the time interval, and vice versa. It is clear that the standard speed we choose as the basic transformation factor of time and space must have such a basic and universal essence that it is not affected by human subjective will and objective physical environment, and remains unchanged in all situations. In physics, the only known speed that can meet this requirement is the speed of light in vacuum, that is, the speed of light, or more appropriately, the speed of matter interaction< The first experiment to determine the speed of light was carried out by the famous Italian physicist Galileo in the 17th century. Although Galileo's experiment did not lead to any meaningful results, his other discovery, that is, Jupiter has a satellite, provided the basis for the first experiment to determine the speed of light. In 1675, Danish astronomer Raymer used the eclipse time of Jupiter's moon to measure the speed of light at about 185000 miles per second. After the two pioneers, a series of independent measurements were made by various astronomical and physical methods. At present, the most satisfactory value of the speed of light in vacuum is C = 299776km / s. When measuring astronomical distances, it is convenient to use the extremely high speed of light as the standard. Therefore, astronomers say that a star is five "light years" away from us, just as we say that it takes five hours to go somewhere by train. Because one year is 3155800 seconds, one light year is 94600 million kilometers. Using the word "light year" to express distance, time has actually been regarded as a scale, and time units have been used to measure space
after solving the problem of how to compare the units on the space axis and the time axis, we can now ask: how to understand the distance between two points in the four-dimensional space-time world? Keep in mind that now every point is a combination of space and time, which corresponds to what is commonly referred to as "an event". To make this clear, let's look at the following two events. Hypothesis:
Event 1: at 9:21 a.m. on July 28, 1945, a bank on the first floor at the intersection of Wuma road and 50th Street in Beijing was robbed
Event 2: at 9:36 a.m. on the same day, a military plane crashed into the wall of the 79th floor of Lantian building between the 34th Street and the 5th and 6th streets in Beijing in the fog
the two events are 16 blocks from north to south, half a block from east to west and 78 floors from top to bottom in space; 15 minutes apart in time. Obviously, to express the spatial distance between the two events, we don't have to pay attention to the number of streets and the number of floors, because we can use the well-known Pythagorean theorem to change the square root of the coordinate distance between two spatial points into a direct distance. To do this, we must first convert each data into the same unit, for example, expressed in feet. If the two adjacent streets are 200 feet from north to South and 800 feet from east to west, and the average height of each floor is 12 feet, the three coordinate distances are 3200 feet from north to south, 400 feet from east to west, and 936 feet from top to bottom. With Pythagoras theorem, the direct distance between two accident sites is 3360 feet
if the concept of time as the fourth coordinate has practical significance, we can combine the space distance of 3360 feet with the time distance of 15 minutes to get a number representing the four-dimensional distance of two events
according to Einstein's original idea, the distance of four-dimensional space can be obtained by simply extending Pythagoras theorem. This distance plays a more basic role in the physical relationship of various events than the single space distance and time interval
to combine space and time, of course, all data should be expressed in the same unit,. As we have seen earlier, it is very easy to do this as long as the speed of light is used as the transformation factor. If we make a simple generalization of Pythagoras's theorem, that is, to define that the four-dimensional distance is the square root of the sum of squares of four coordinate distances (three spaces and one time), we will actually cancel all the differences between space and time, and admit that space and time can be converted to each other. According to Einstein, in the mathematical expression of the generalized Pythagorean theorem, the physical difference between space distance and time interval can be emphasized by adding a minus sign before the square of time coordinate. In this way, the four-dimensional distance of two events can be expressed as the sum of squares of three spatial coordinates minus the square of time coordinates, and then square. Of course, first of all, we have to transform time coordinates into space units. Let's talk about the mutual transformation of time and space
although mathematics does not completely eliminate the difference between time and space in the four-dimensional world, it can be seen that the two concepts are very similar indeed. In fact, the space distance and time interval between events should be regarded as the projection of the basic four-dimensional distance between these events on the space axis and time axis. Therefore, by rotating the four-dimensional coordinate system, the distance can be partially transformed into time, or the time can be transformed into distance. But what does the rotation of the four-dimensional space-time coordinate system mean
let's think about a coordinate system with two spatial coordinates. Suppose there are two fixed points with a distance of L, which are projected on the coordinate axis. The two points are a foot apart along the first axis and B foot apart along the second axis. If the coordinate system is rotated by an angle, the projection of the same distance on the two new coordinate axes will be different from that just now. However, according to the Pythagorean theorem, the square root of the sum of squares of two projections is the same in both cases and will not change e to the rotation of the coordinate system
now consider a coordinate system with a distance axis and a time axis. At this time, the two fixed points become two events, and the projections on the two axes represent the space distance and time interval respectively. If these two events are the bank robbery and the plane crash mentioned above, we can draw a picture of this example by using space-time coordinates. Then, how can we rotate the space-time coordinates
if we get into a car on the eventful morning of July 28th, the starting point can be imagined as the zero point of the coordinate. The time-space line (driving route) of the car and the two events are all drawn on it. You will immediately notice that the distance observed from the car is different from that observed from other places, because the car is driving along the road. From the car, the space distance between the two events becomes shorter. The distance recorded from the car can not be measured from the vertical axis (time axis) as in the past, but should be measured from the diagonal line representing the time and space line of the car. Therefore, the latter line acts as a new time axis
to sum up, when viewing an event from a moving object, the time axis of time and space should rotate an angle (the angle depends on the speed of the moving object), while the space axis should remain stationary. However, this view is in direct conflict with the new concept of the four-dimensional space-time world, because since time is the fourth independent coordinate, the time axis should always be perpendicular to the three space axes, whether you are sitting in a car or walking on the sidewalk. If the space axis is rotated, it means that the time interval between two events observed from a moving object is different from that observed on a ground station, just as rotating the time axis physically means that the space distance between two events will have different values when observed from a moving object. If, according to the clock of the municipal building, there is a 15 minute interval between the bank robbery and the plane crash, what the passenger on the bus sees on his watch is not such a number, but because on the objects moving at different speeds, the speed of time itself is different, so it's not the same

6.

The stock equivalent is the stock material of the grass-roots enterprises and institutions that directly consume materials. It is stored to ensure that the materials consumed by enterprises and institutions can be supplied continuously; Inventory of raw materials or finished procts of proction enterprises, inventory of competent proction departments and inventory of competent material departments at all levels. In addition, there are special forms of state reserve materials, which are mainly to ensure the timely and complete supply or sale of materials to the supply and marketing inventory of grass-roots enterprises and institutions

extended data:

the goods in stock can be delivered to the ordering unit according to the conditions specified in the contract, or can be used as procts for external sales, as well as all kinds of goods purchased or entrusted to be processed for acceptance and warehousing for sales

enterprises should set & quot; Inventory goods & quot; Account, accounting inventory changes and balance. When the goods are accepted and put into storage, the & quot; Proction cost & quot; Account transfer in & quot; Inventory goods & quot; subject; When selling the goods in stock, the corresponding accounting treatment should be carried out according to different sales methods; When collecting inventory goods such as construction in progress, they shall be transferred according to their cost

7. Yes, you can go back to the map later

8. Minimum configuration:

CPU: Intel Core i5 4590

graphics card: NVIDIA geforce GTX 750ti

memory: 8GB

hard disk space: 40Gb

peripherals: support keyboard and mouse, Xbox handle and compatibility handle (recommended handle)

brain operating system: win7sp1 or above, win8, win10 (does not support 32-bit system, That is to say, it must be 64 bit system)

recommended resolution: 1600x900

maximum / recommended configuration:

CPU: Intel Core i7 6700

graphics card: NVIDIA geforce GTX 1060 6G

memory: 16GB

hard disk space: 40Gb (recommended solid state disk)

peripherals: support keyboard and mouse, Xbox handle and compatibility handle (recommended handle)

computer operating system: win7sp1 or above, win8, win10 (does not support 32-bit system, that is, it must be 64 bit system)

recommended resolution: 1920x1080
it is recommended to download it from the official website.