Currency management of digital assets
Publish: 2021-04-25 17:49:00
1. Currency: in essence, it is a contract between the owner and the market about the right of exchange, and it is essentially an agreement between the owners. The essence of money contract determines that money can have different forms, such as general equivalent, precious metal money, paper money, electronic money and so on. Its basic function is the measure of value and the means of circulation—— Extracted from the Internet
fiat money: it means that it does not represent real goods or goods, and the issuer has not cashed the currency into physical obligation; A currency that becomes legal currency only by government decrees. The value of fiat money comes from the owner's belief that money will maintain its purchasing power in the future. Money itself has no intrinsic value, that is to say, when the paper money comes into being, legal tender is essentially the negotiable paper money stipulated by law
the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB, and the people's Bank of China is the national authority in charge of the management of RMB, which is responsible for the design, printing and issuance of RMB—— From the Internet
e-money: in fact, it is the electronization of legal money, including our common bank card, online banking, e-cash, etc; There are also third party payments developed in recent years, such as Alipay and WeChat payment. No matter what the form of these electronic money is and through which institutions it circulates, its original source is the legal money issued by the central bank
virtual currency: virtual currency refers to non real currency, and its existing state is intangible. The most important difference between virtual currency and electronic currency in narrow sense is the difference of issuers. Virtual currency is the electronization of illegal currency, and its original issuer is not the central bank. For example, game currency, q-coin, and ticket counting are mainly limited to circulation in a specific virtual environment
digital currency: digital currency which applies the latest digital network technologies such as blockchain, has the characteristics of Distributed Accounting, unique encryption technology, decentralized settlement, etc. Of course, digital tools with these characteristics must be supported by national credit if they want to become sovereign currency or legal tender
therefore, digital currency must be currency; In today's social system, money must also be sovereign money or legal tender. Secondly, digital currency must have the basic attributes and main functions of currency.
fiat money: it means that it does not represent real goods or goods, and the issuer has not cashed the currency into physical obligation; A currency that becomes legal currency only by government decrees. The value of fiat money comes from the owner's belief that money will maintain its purchasing power in the future. Money itself has no intrinsic value, that is to say, when the paper money comes into being, legal tender is essentially the negotiable paper money stipulated by law
the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB, and the people's Bank of China is the national authority in charge of the management of RMB, which is responsible for the design, printing and issuance of RMB—— From the Internet
e-money: in fact, it is the electronization of legal money, including our common bank card, online banking, e-cash, etc; There are also third party payments developed in recent years, such as Alipay and WeChat payment. No matter what the form of these electronic money is and through which institutions it circulates, its original source is the legal money issued by the central bank
virtual currency: virtual currency refers to non real currency, and its existing state is intangible. The most important difference between virtual currency and electronic currency in narrow sense is the difference of issuers. Virtual currency is the electronization of illegal currency, and its original issuer is not the central bank. For example, game currency, q-coin, and ticket counting are mainly limited to circulation in a specific virtual environment
digital currency: digital currency which applies the latest digital network technologies such as blockchain, has the characteristics of Distributed Accounting, unique encryption technology, decentralized settlement, etc. Of course, digital tools with these characteristics must be supported by national credit if they want to become sovereign currency or legal tender
therefore, digital currency must be currency; In today's social system, money must also be sovereign money or legal tender. Secondly, digital currency must have the basic attributes and main functions of currency.
2. Decentralized digital wallet, generally speaking, is a wallet that has no central server, does not need to interact with the central server, and manages (stores, transfers, and accounts receivable) digital currency with private key. The zebra wallet I use is very good. It can be downloaded from the official website. The others are not clear
3.
Digital assets and digital currency are not the same thing
Digital assets refer to the non monetary assets owned or controlled by enterprises or indivials in the form of electronic data and held in daily activities for sale or in the process of proction. The emergence of digital assets benefits from office automation, digital assets rely on the development of electronic payment system, its prospects are predictable2. Digital currency
digital currency refers to the digitization of currency. Digitization doesn't mean scanning. This is just like digital signature. Digital signature does not mean scanning your signature into a digital image, or using the touchpad to obtain the signature, let alone your signature
digital currency is often mistaken for virtual currency. But virtual currency refers to non real currency. For example, when you play "Three Kingdoms" (game) or "grand Voyage", you have money, and that money is virtual. Of course, the virtual money will also have its real value
for example, if you buy her / his account from another player, you can get all the virtual assets of that player, and then it will be much easier for you to continue playing. Virtual money is not necessarily digital. For example, children play games with pebbles as virtual currency
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characteristics of digital assets:
1. High price. Because these application software with special purpose is specially developed for a specific work, its cost is relatively high, and its price is not lower than the price of fixed assets of factory buildings
(2) strong attachment. Application software must be supported by computer hardware and system software in order to play its role3. Strong interaction. Even the simplest application software also has some interactive functions, such as the error prompt to the operator, which is the most basic advantage of IT instry procts
The quantity is infinite. Digital assets as assets are scarce (because not all enterprises or indivials can create digital assets), but its supply can be unlimited. However, tangible assets are always limited e to the limitation of property and storage space Cost decreasing. The proction cost of tangible assets is positively proportional to the proction quantity References:
Network: digital assets
Network: digital currency
4. As a digital asset security payment system based on blockchain technology, currency payment is the only comprehensive solution for digital asset security payment. The enterprise version of currency payment provides enterprises with more reliable, safe and unified digital asset payment services. It is an open asset payment platform that provides exclusive blockchain asset scenario services, multi chain and cross chain management, asset batch processing and public-private key mixed signature management; The personal version of currency payment is the application of personal digital asset comprehensive wallet, which solves the inconvenience of multi currency management, complicated low-frequency exchange transaction process, security and other problems, and provides a strong infrastructure for the field of digital currency; Currency payment pbaas platform is positioned to solve the basic construction service of blockchain digital asset payment, accurately dock with application developers, simplify the construction and operation and maintenance of blockchain payment system, rece the development cost of combination of digital asset and application, and provide efficient, open, safe and convenient payment platform facilities
currency payment comprehensively solves the problems of digital asset holding, transaction and security management of enterprises, indivials and developers, and further promotes the application and development of digital assets, so as to promote the healthy development of blockchain.
currency payment comprehensively solves the problems of digital asset holding, transaction and security management of enterprises, indivials and developers, and further promotes the application and development of digital assets, so as to promote the healthy development of blockchain.
5. Blockchain applications include mathematical currency, payment and clearing, digital bills, proof of rights and interests, bank credit
the specific explanation of each application is as follows:
1. Digital currency
at present, the most extensive and successful application of blockchain technology is digital currency represented by bitcoin. In recent years, digital currency has developed rapidly. Due to the characteristics of decentralized credit and frequent transactions, it has high transaction value and can maintain a relatively stable price by developing hedging financial derivatives as quasi super sovereign currency. Digital currency establishes the digital currency transaction credit under the endorsement of sovereign currency. The larger the transaction volume is, the more frequent the transaction is, and the stronger the credit foundation of digital currency transaction is. Once the global blockchain credit system is realized, digital currency will become a gold like universal payment credit
2. Payment and clearing
at present, the clearing and payment of commercial trade transactions all rely on banks, and this traditional way of trading through intermediaries has to go through the opening bank, the counterpart bank, the central bank and overseas banks. In this process, each institution has its own accounting system, and they need to establish agency relationship and credit line; Each transaction needs to be recorded in the bank, and also needs to be cleared and reconciled with the counterparties, resulting in slow transaction speed and high cost. Compared with the traditional payment system, blockchain payment is carried out directly by both sides of the transaction, and does not involve intermediate institutions. Even if part of the network is paralyzed, the operation of the whole system will not be affected. If we build a set of general distributed inter-bank financial transaction protocol based on blockchain technology to provide users with cross-border, any currency real-time payment and clearing services, cross-border payment will become convenient and low-cost
taking cross-border exchange as an example, if I open an account in a small bank in my own country and remit money to another small bank abroad, the transfer process under the traditional swift system needs the following steps: first, I submit an application to my own small bank; Second, small banks submit applications to large banks in the same country with exchange terms; Third, large banks wire overseas cooperative banks; Fourth, cooperative banks remit money to small overseas banks. At present, depending on the host country, the process can take from 10 minutes to two days. If the settlement technology based on blockchain is used, when the RMB is remitted, the bill is registered at the market maker, and a trading bank in the world receives the bill, the two sides shake hands to complete the exchange, and the average speed of payment confirmation is within a few seconds
3. Digital bill
Digital bill is a new form of bill presentation developed by combining blockchain technology with Bill attributes, regulations and market, which is completely different from the existing technical architecture of electronic bill system. The core advantages of digital bill are as follows: first, to realize the disintermediation of bill value transmission. In the traditional bill transaction, the bill intermediary often uses the information gap to match. After the point-to-point transaction with the help of blockchain, the bill intermediary will lose its intermediary function and re position its identity. The second is to effectively prevent the risk of bill market. Due to the characteristics of tamperable time stamp and network wide publicity, once a transaction is made, there will be no default phenomenon in blockchain, thus avoiding the problems of "one vote for more sales" of paper tickets and asynchronous endorsement of e-tickets. Third, the construction of the system and data storage do not need the central server, which saves the development cost of the central application and access system, reces the maintenance and optimization cost of the system under the traditional mode, and reces the risk brought by the system centralization. Fourth, standardize the market order and rece the cost of supervision. The non tamperable time stamp formed by the front and back connection of blockchain data greatly reces the access cost of supervision. The completely transparent data management system provides a trusted traceability way, and can establish a common constraint code for the supervision rules in the chain by programming, so as to realize the full coverage and hard control of supervision policies
4. Proof of equity
each node participating in the maintenance of the blockchain can obtain a complete data record, which can confirm the ownership of the equity by using the characteristics of reliable and collective maintenance of the blockchain. For the demand of storing permanent records, blockchain is an ideal solution, which is suitable for land ownership, equity trading and other scenarios. The equity certificate is the most widely used field at present. The equity owner can prove the ownership of the equity by virtue of the private key. When the equity is transferred to the next family through the blockchain system, the property right is clear and the record is clear. The whole process does not require the participation of a third party
in the keynote speech of the 2015 European news award for trade technology and finance excellence in London, NASDAQ CEO Bob Greifeld announced that the exchange intends to use blockchain technology to manage proxy voting system. Proxy voting is originally an important and time-consuming operation used by a listed exchange. The application of blockchain technology enables shareholders to participate in voting without attending the company's annual general meeting. People can vote with their own mobile phones and keep voting records forever. Blockchain technology is regarded as an advanced technology in the field of equity trading, which can ensure transparent trading in a shorter time
5. Bank credit investigation
at present, the most basic consideration in the development of commercial bank credit business, whether for enterprises or indivials, is the financial credit possessed by the borrowers themselves. Each bank uploads the repayment status of each borrower to the credit reference center of the central bank, and then downloads the reference from the credit reference center of the central bank on the premise of customer authorization. There are some problems such as incomplete information, inaccurate data, low efficiency and high cost. In this field, the advantage of blockchain lies in relying on program algorithm to automatically record massive information and store it on every computer in the blockchain network, with transparent information, high tampering difficulty and low use cost. All commercial banks store and share customers' credit status in their own institutions in the form of encryption. When customers apply for loans, they do not have to go to the central bank to apply for credit investigation, that is, decentralization. Lending institutions can complete all credit investigation work by retrieving the corresponding information data of the blockchain
in a word, blockchain has become one of the hot spots of financial innovation, but as a new technology, blockchain also has considerable risks. At present, the settlement system based on blockchain technology is very sensitive to regulatory risks. If participants worry about the uncertainty of regulatory policies, the payment system may collapse e to instability. In addition, because the operation right is controlled by the developer, the obvious technical disadvantage is that if the operator itself controls more than 51% of the computing power of the whole network, it can achieve double payment, leading to the collapse of trust. This is also an important issue to be solved in the application of blockchain technology.
the specific explanation of each application is as follows:
1. Digital currency
at present, the most extensive and successful application of blockchain technology is digital currency represented by bitcoin. In recent years, digital currency has developed rapidly. Due to the characteristics of decentralized credit and frequent transactions, it has high transaction value and can maintain a relatively stable price by developing hedging financial derivatives as quasi super sovereign currency. Digital currency establishes the digital currency transaction credit under the endorsement of sovereign currency. The larger the transaction volume is, the more frequent the transaction is, and the stronger the credit foundation of digital currency transaction is. Once the global blockchain credit system is realized, digital currency will become a gold like universal payment credit
2. Payment and clearing
at present, the clearing and payment of commercial trade transactions all rely on banks, and this traditional way of trading through intermediaries has to go through the opening bank, the counterpart bank, the central bank and overseas banks. In this process, each institution has its own accounting system, and they need to establish agency relationship and credit line; Each transaction needs to be recorded in the bank, and also needs to be cleared and reconciled with the counterparties, resulting in slow transaction speed and high cost. Compared with the traditional payment system, blockchain payment is carried out directly by both sides of the transaction, and does not involve intermediate institutions. Even if part of the network is paralyzed, the operation of the whole system will not be affected. If we build a set of general distributed inter-bank financial transaction protocol based on blockchain technology to provide users with cross-border, any currency real-time payment and clearing services, cross-border payment will become convenient and low-cost
taking cross-border exchange as an example, if I open an account in a small bank in my own country and remit money to another small bank abroad, the transfer process under the traditional swift system needs the following steps: first, I submit an application to my own small bank; Second, small banks submit applications to large banks in the same country with exchange terms; Third, large banks wire overseas cooperative banks; Fourth, cooperative banks remit money to small overseas banks. At present, depending on the host country, the process can take from 10 minutes to two days. If the settlement technology based on blockchain is used, when the RMB is remitted, the bill is registered at the market maker, and a trading bank in the world receives the bill, the two sides shake hands to complete the exchange, and the average speed of payment confirmation is within a few seconds
3. Digital bill
Digital bill is a new form of bill presentation developed by combining blockchain technology with Bill attributes, regulations and market, which is completely different from the existing technical architecture of electronic bill system. The core advantages of digital bill are as follows: first, to realize the disintermediation of bill value transmission. In the traditional bill transaction, the bill intermediary often uses the information gap to match. After the point-to-point transaction with the help of blockchain, the bill intermediary will lose its intermediary function and re position its identity. The second is to effectively prevent the risk of bill market. Due to the characteristics of tamperable time stamp and network wide publicity, once a transaction is made, there will be no default phenomenon in blockchain, thus avoiding the problems of "one vote for more sales" of paper tickets and asynchronous endorsement of e-tickets. Third, the construction of the system and data storage do not need the central server, which saves the development cost of the central application and access system, reces the maintenance and optimization cost of the system under the traditional mode, and reces the risk brought by the system centralization. Fourth, standardize the market order and rece the cost of supervision. The non tamperable time stamp formed by the front and back connection of blockchain data greatly reces the access cost of supervision. The completely transparent data management system provides a trusted traceability way, and can establish a common constraint code for the supervision rules in the chain by programming, so as to realize the full coverage and hard control of supervision policies
4. Proof of equity
each node participating in the maintenance of the blockchain can obtain a complete data record, which can confirm the ownership of the equity by using the characteristics of reliable and collective maintenance of the blockchain. For the demand of storing permanent records, blockchain is an ideal solution, which is suitable for land ownership, equity trading and other scenarios. The equity certificate is the most widely used field at present. The equity owner can prove the ownership of the equity by virtue of the private key. When the equity is transferred to the next family through the blockchain system, the property right is clear and the record is clear. The whole process does not require the participation of a third party
in the keynote speech of the 2015 European news award for trade technology and finance excellence in London, NASDAQ CEO Bob Greifeld announced that the exchange intends to use blockchain technology to manage proxy voting system. Proxy voting is originally an important and time-consuming operation used by a listed exchange. The application of blockchain technology enables shareholders to participate in voting without attending the company's annual general meeting. People can vote with their own mobile phones and keep voting records forever. Blockchain technology is regarded as an advanced technology in the field of equity trading, which can ensure transparent trading in a shorter time
5. Bank credit investigation
at present, the most basic consideration in the development of commercial bank credit business, whether for enterprises or indivials, is the financial credit possessed by the borrowers themselves. Each bank uploads the repayment status of each borrower to the credit reference center of the central bank, and then downloads the reference from the credit reference center of the central bank on the premise of customer authorization. There are some problems such as incomplete information, inaccurate data, low efficiency and high cost. In this field, the advantage of blockchain lies in relying on program algorithm to automatically record massive information and store it on every computer in the blockchain network, with transparent information, high tampering difficulty and low use cost. All commercial banks store and share customers' credit status in their own institutions in the form of encryption. When customers apply for loans, they do not have to go to the central bank to apply for credit investigation, that is, decentralization. Lending institutions can complete all credit investigation work by retrieving the corresponding information data of the blockchain
in a word, blockchain has become one of the hot spots of financial innovation, but as a new technology, blockchain also has considerable risks. At present, the settlement system based on blockchain technology is very sensitive to regulatory risks. If participants worry about the uncertainty of regulatory policies, the payment system may collapse e to instability. In addition, because the operation right is controlled by the developer, the obvious technical disadvantage is that if the operator itself controls more than 51% of the computing power of the whole network, it can achieve double payment, leading to the collapse of trust. This is also an important issue to be solved in the application of blockchain technology.
6. Zhilian asset is a fishing platform
7. If you want to see it first and then receive it, you can't do it. You can only assist in the investigation
a survey letter will be issued by the intended receiving unit to explain the contents of the survey and apply for assistance in the talent market. For reference
a survey letter will be issued by the intended receiving unit to explain the contents of the survey and apply for assistance in the talent market. For reference
8.
As long as there is a certificate of acceptance, formal proceres, files are allowed to take away
whether Party member files are handed over by indivials or sent to personnel files uniformly varies from school to school. Since your school has handed over your party member files to the talent exchange center, a letter of introction to Party organization relations should be issued to the Party committee of the talent center. Or to the Party member's place to open a letter of introction to the organization, to your place to receive it. In principle, the Party member file can not be separated from the personnel file, but it will be very troublesome
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institutions providing archive keeping services, including local talent markets, district and County Talent Markets and sub district offices. According to China's Archives Law, regulations on the work of cadre archives, Interim Provisions on the management of Floating Personnel Archives and other regulations, graates' personnel archives belong to the public information that is legally, compulsorily implemented and managed by the state, and can not be intercepted or destroyed by indivials
In other words, the holder needs to go back to primary school, junior high school, senior high school, University and the original work unit to fill in the relevant supporting materials, because the failure to file the files will affect his joining the party and entering a higher school, his evaluation of professional title, political examination for postgraate entrance examination, labor insurance and the handling of retirement proceres in the future, as well as his study abroad. If there is an intention to test civil servants, the files must be kept well9. You don't have to care about him. If you react too much, others will really like her. If you don't react, others will be bored at most. I used to be like this
10. traditional Chinese character Pinyin Five elements stroke Explanation of nominalism
ZHAO zh à o fire fourteen Ji)
Si s ī gold nine He is talented and rational, instrious and thrifty, has a strong family reputation, earns both fame and wealth, and works hard in his old age Ji)
Jie ji é wood twelve Wisdom and courage, elegance and honor, middle age auspicious, old age Longchang, two son auspicious (Ji)
ZHAO zh à o fire fourteen Ji)
Si s ī gold nine He is talented and rational, instrious and thrifty, has a strong family reputation, earns both fame and wealth, and works hard in his old age Ji)
Jie ji é wood twelve Wisdom and courage, elegance and honor, middle age auspicious, old age Longchang, two son auspicious (Ji)
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