Huaihua Chinese digital currency
Publish: 2021-04-26 02:18:23
1.
On July 25, 2020, the U.S. federal court said for the first time that bitcoin and other virtual currencies are a kind of "currency" covered by the country's laws, which means that bitcoin is not only a commodity transaction category, but also money with monetary attributes. However, the U.S. federal government does not regard it as legal tender, so there is no need to over read it. The U.S. dollar is still far from collapse, As far as the current world monetary pattern is concerned, it is difficult for us dollar to replace its position for the time being. Even if the United States recognizes bitcoin as a currency, it is difficult to compare it with the US dollar. It is only for various reasons
there is no doubt that blockchain technology will lead the market reform, optimize the current financial payment system, and form a more secure, fast and stable monetary system. There are many kinds of air currencies in the market, but they will not become the leading role. The last big corner is still in the central banks, The cryptocurrency launched by the central bank itself is the real mainstream in the future
I'm roseview finance. Please pay attention to more questions. Welcome to exchange and discuss with us. I hope it can help you
2. The military general system in the late Northern Song Dynasty is similar to the Ministry of national defense, which is the General Commander in charge of everything (guard of arms, guard of honor, halogen book, military examination, militia, Xiang army, Tu army,
fan army, the succession of the official titles of the four barbarians, the administration of horses and weapons, and the map of the land in the world) Sir, Secretary of the Ministry of arms. Deputy Minister of the Ministry of war. The third rank of the 115th official in the annals is the Privy Council, which is equivalent to the current general headquarters. Its main function is to control the military and national maintenance, military defense, border preparation and military orders. It is divided into 12
rooms, similar to the departments under the Ministry of defense. It includes beimianfang (Northern theater command), hexifang (Western Theater command), chaifang (commander in chief of assigned Army), Zaijing Fang (Central Police Bureau), Jiaoyue Fang (training base), Guangxi
Fang (Southern theater command), military registration Fang (official and military archives bureau), militia Fang (reserve and armed police), Li Fang (Personnel Bureau), Zhizafang (General Office of the headquarters), machang (full-time training of armored forces: cavalry), xiaolifang (management of sergeants
), the chief is the Privy envoy, often the prime minister. This department should not be confused with the Ministry of war. Both of them are not subordinate to each other
both of them are authorized to handle military and political affairs on behalf of the emperor, and they can appoint civil ministers<
the military equipment monitor is equivalent to the logistics equipment department. Responsible for the procurement of various weapons and equipment<
the rank of military general in the army directly under the Central Committee
there is one commander, one deputy commander and one Duyu Hou in front of the palace. The cavalry officers of the capital garrison commander and Deputy
department in front of the palace include commander in front of the palace, commander in the inner palace, scattered officers, scattered commanders, scattered commander, scattered commander, scattered commander, scattered commander, golden spear class, East
West class, scattered commander, Jun Rong
infantry officers include yulong, guozi, bow and arrow straight, crossbow straight
the officials of the Department in front of the palace are yuhou, commander, deputy commander, Du head The four branches of the troops under the Deputy capital head, the ten generals and the general Yu Hou are called the four commanders. Every commanding officer has commanding envoys and Deputy commanding envoys, and every commanding officer has military envoys, deputy soldiers and horses envoys, ten generals, General Yu Hou, Chengju and detaining officials
the central government has set up another elite force to take charge of security work
there are one commander, one deputy commander and one Duyu waiting for the bodyguard Pro army, one commander, one deputy commander and one Duyu waiting for the bodyguard Pro army, one commander, one deputy commander and one Duyu waiting for the bodyguard Pro army<
the honorary official position held by the royal family of the environmental sanitation officer
General zuowuwei, general Zhonglang, general Zhonglang, general zuowuwei, general Xiaowei, general Zhonglang, general zuowuwei, general youwuwei, general zuowuwei, general youtunwei, general zuowuwei, general youtunwei The right leader, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the guard, the general on guard, the guard, the general on guard, the general on guard and on guard Secretary, manager Literary assistant in the army
it is not often to set up important posts in the border area that are useless for making military envoys
the imperial envoy of Xuanyu envoys conveying Shangyi
the imperial envoy of Xuanfu envoys conveying Shangyi related to the army
the Deputy post is Xuanfu Deputy envoys (once had Xuanfu envoys concurrently serving as deputy envoys) Xuanfu magistrate
the commander in chief is the official in charge of military money and grain transportation
the left behind Deputy left behind central school Special commissioners to important cities
the officials in charge of civil affairs in each way under the command of the Ministry of economic and political pacification
the officials in charge of garrison administration in each way under the command of the Ministry of economic and political pacification to convey military information to the central government. People are indignant because they often lie about military information
the officials responsible for sending local specialties to the central government
the officials responsible for sending local money and grain to the central government
the officials responsible for suppressing thieves
the officials responsible for recruiting thieves
the officials responsible for investigating people's situation
the officials responsible for "giving both kindness and prestige" to thieves
the four officials mentioned above It became more and more important after the changes in Jingkang City
some military officers of each route
the officers of the Lu Fen Du Jian's own route in charge of garrison training
the armed police officers of the patrol inspection department in charge of fighting with thieves
the archers in charge of statistics of the local archers
the officers of the Baojia department in charge of training the militia
the chief executives of the prefectures and prefectures in charge of military and political integration
the chief executive of the prefectures and prefectures In Yue Fei's biography, the training officer in charge of the state is very popular, However, in the Northern Song Dynasty, there was nothing special
there was a general rank of Song Dynasty generals
the general of pumila went from the first auxiliary general to the second Zhenguo general
the champion general went from the third Huaihua general to the third Yunhui general from the third
the general of guide went from the third Zhongwu general to the fourth Zhuang general
the general of Xuanwei went from the fourth to the fourth Mingwei general General sidingyuan is on the fifth, general Ningyuan is on the fifth, general Youqi is on the fifth, general Zhaowu is on the sixth, deputy Zhaowu is on the sixth, deputy Zhenwei is on the sixth, deputy Zhenwei is on the seventh, deputy Guozheng is on the seventh, deputy Yihui is on the seventh, deputy xuanjie is on the eighth, deputy xuanjie is on the eighth, deputy Yuwu is on the eighth In addition, Song Dynasty coins are the most ancient coins in the world, which are characterized by large quantity, various categories and complicated editions, In the market, the price of most coins in the Northern Song Dynasty is within 1-3 yuan, while the price of copper coins in the Southern Song Dynasty is a little less, but the transaction price is also about a few yuan. At the same time, there are treasures in the Song Dynasty
in Song Dynasty, the chronological names were changed frequently, and almost every kind of chronological name was different from Tongbao, Yuanbao and chongbao. For example, Huizong was in power for 25 years, and there were as many as six chronological names and 11 kinds of coins. Some chronological names were very short, and there was less money for them. After thousands of years of selection, they were rare and the price remained high. For example, Jianguo Yuanbao had only one white copper coin handed down; For example, Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty used nine years, 11 kinds of coins, Emperor LiZong of the Southern Song Dynasty changed the Yuan Dynasty eight times, 16 kinds of coins, and so on, leaving a lot of rare procts, such as Chonghe Tongbao, jingkangyuan (Tongbao), Chunxi Yuanbao and so on. In particular, the Jingkang coins made by Emperor qinzong of the Song Dynasty have always been approved by the spring circles
there are many kinds of Qian calligraphy in Song Dynasty, including Zhen, Cao, Li, Zhuan and Xing. For example, Chongning, Daguan, Xuanhe and other Qian in Huizong's Shoujin script are well-known in the history of Chinese calligraphy and coinage. There are also some rare and unusual calligraphy coins, such as jiudiezhuanhuang song Tongbao, Shaosheng, Yuanfu, Shengsong, Shenghe bronze, Youtiao song, Yuanfu, etc Chunhua and Chongning are rare treasures, and their prices are far higher than those of their peers
in addition, some of the inscriptions of Song Dynasty coins are only limited to casting iron coins, while some of them are cast in small quantities. These copper coins are not precious iron mother iron model copper, which are valuable treasures without market, such as Xining Tongbao, Yuanfeng, Yuanfu chongbao, Shengsong Tongbao, Xuanhe Yuanbao, etc. There are also some special shapes of ancient coins, such as guangchuantiemu, copper and lead plates of Lin'an Prefecture, and rare precious lead procts such as song Tongbao, Chongning, Zhihe, Shixiang and Xianping
there are also some special reciters in Song Dynasty, such as reciting the auspicious symbols of stars and moon, reciting & quot; Ten & quot; Chongning heavy treasure, back & quot; When five & quot; Huang song, back & quot; Forever & quot; Qingyuan, back & quot; Guo & quot& quot; Fang & quot; In the Yuan Dynasty, Taiping, the superstar on the back, was worth a hundred times as much. In the Song Dynasty, coins were usually made every time the year was changed. The quantity and variety of coins were rare in all dynasties. During the 300 years of the Song Dynasty, Xiaoping and Chenger coins were the main currency, and big coins were also used between them. Since the seventh year of Chunxi reign of the Southern Song Dynasty, Qian's back has been based on digital chronology, and the style of Qian's calligraphy has graally been based on song style. Generally speaking, the coinage of the two Song Dynasties is exquisite, especially in the Huizong period. The original style of thin gold is found in Qian Wen, and Xiuxian's calligraphy is matched with exquisite foundry. Counterfeits are often dwarfed. Another characteristic of song and Qian dynasties is that there are hundreds of editions, such as Xuanhe, Zhenghe. Jiading iron coins in the Southern Song Dynasty are different in size. They are both red and special, including Tongbao, Yuanbao, chongbao, Xinbao, Yongbao, Zhenbao, Zhenbao, Zhengbao, Zhibao and Wanbao. The inscriptions on the inscriptions are different in terms of place, year and value. They have been creative since the Dynasties. No one forges ordinary song coins, but Kangding, Zhihe, chongbaobeifang, Guo, shengsongtongbao, Jingkang and other varieties of counterfeit coins are more. We must be careful when we encounter this kind of coins. We should carefully observe whether there are traces of forgery and whether they are consistent with a large number of ordinary song coins. There are three styles of Lin'an house coins in the Southern Song Dynasty; One is up and down fillet; The other is the upper and lower corners; The third is under the upper circle. In the Qing Dynasty, the counterfeiters used their money to turn over the sand, and the counterfeits were almost genuine, only the rust color and color paste were inferior, and some characters were out of shape
in the Song Dynasty, the purchasing power of ancient gold, silver, copper and other currencies has always been an interesting topic. This gossip water margin also transforms the currency of the Song Dynasty into today's RMB in line with the modern context. Master Wuzhai is not an expert in the study of currency in Song Dynasty. It is impossible to make a complete and accurate conversion. Only a rough estimate can be given here, so that readers can have a basic concept
generally speaking, gold, silver and copper coins (in fact, copper based alloys) were the main currencies in ancient China. The silver standard system in Song Dynasty is different from that in Ming and Qing Dynasty. It is copper standard system. Copper money is the main currency, and gold and silver are not used as currency. The basic unit of copper coin is "Wen" and "Guan (Luo)", which is consistent with 1000 Wen. In Song Dynasty, there were 800 Wen and 850 Wen when finance was tight. In addition, there are also discount two money, when three money, when ten money and other disguised inflation. For example, in the day when Yang Zhi killed Niu Er, Niu Er used to make Yang Zhi test his sword with three coins. As the name suggests, one coin is regarded as three coins. When Cai Jing was Prime Minister, he even offered ten coins. In order to simplify our calculation method, the owner of Wuzhai ignores these factors.
fan army, the succession of the official titles of the four barbarians, the administration of horses and weapons, and the map of the land in the world) Sir, Secretary of the Ministry of arms. Deputy Minister of the Ministry of war. The third rank of the 115th official in the annals is the Privy Council, which is equivalent to the current general headquarters. Its main function is to control the military and national maintenance, military defense, border preparation and military orders. It is divided into 12
rooms, similar to the departments under the Ministry of defense. It includes beimianfang (Northern theater command), hexifang (Western Theater command), chaifang (commander in chief of assigned Army), Zaijing Fang (Central Police Bureau), Jiaoyue Fang (training base), Guangxi
Fang (Southern theater command), military registration Fang (official and military archives bureau), militia Fang (reserve and armed police), Li Fang (Personnel Bureau), Zhizafang (General Office of the headquarters), machang (full-time training of armored forces: cavalry), xiaolifang (management of sergeants
), the chief is the Privy envoy, often the prime minister. This department should not be confused with the Ministry of war. Both of them are not subordinate to each other
both of them are authorized to handle military and political affairs on behalf of the emperor, and they can appoint civil ministers<
the military equipment monitor is equivalent to the logistics equipment department. Responsible for the procurement of various weapons and equipment<
the rank of military general in the army directly under the Central Committee
there is one commander, one deputy commander and one Duyu Hou in front of the palace. The cavalry officers of the capital garrison commander and Deputy
department in front of the palace include commander in front of the palace, commander in the inner palace, scattered officers, scattered commanders, scattered commander, scattered commander, scattered commander, scattered commander, golden spear class, East
West class, scattered commander, Jun Rong
infantry officers include yulong, guozi, bow and arrow straight, crossbow straight
the officials of the Department in front of the palace are yuhou, commander, deputy commander, Du head The four branches of the troops under the Deputy capital head, the ten generals and the general Yu Hou are called the four commanders. Every commanding officer has commanding envoys and Deputy commanding envoys, and every commanding officer has military envoys, deputy soldiers and horses envoys, ten generals, General Yu Hou, Chengju and detaining officials
the central government has set up another elite force to take charge of security work
there are one commander, one deputy commander and one Duyu waiting for the bodyguard Pro army, one commander, one deputy commander and one Duyu waiting for the bodyguard Pro army, one commander, one deputy commander and one Duyu waiting for the bodyguard Pro army<
the honorary official position held by the royal family of the environmental sanitation officer
General zuowuwei, general Zhonglang, general Zhonglang, general zuowuwei, general Xiaowei, general Zhonglang, general zuowuwei, general youwuwei, general zuowuwei, general youtunwei, general zuowuwei, general youtunwei The right leader, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the general on guard, the guard, the general on guard, the guard, the general on guard, the general on guard and on guard Secretary, manager Literary assistant in the army
it is not often to set up important posts in the border area that are useless for making military envoys
the imperial envoy of Xuanyu envoys conveying Shangyi
the imperial envoy of Xuanfu envoys conveying Shangyi related to the army
the Deputy post is Xuanfu Deputy envoys (once had Xuanfu envoys concurrently serving as deputy envoys) Xuanfu magistrate
the commander in chief is the official in charge of military money and grain transportation
the left behind Deputy left behind central school Special commissioners to important cities
the officials in charge of civil affairs in each way under the command of the Ministry of economic and political pacification
the officials in charge of garrison administration in each way under the command of the Ministry of economic and political pacification to convey military information to the central government. People are indignant because they often lie about military information
the officials responsible for sending local specialties to the central government
the officials responsible for sending local money and grain to the central government
the officials responsible for suppressing thieves
the officials responsible for recruiting thieves
the officials responsible for investigating people's situation
the officials responsible for "giving both kindness and prestige" to thieves
the four officials mentioned above It became more and more important after the changes in Jingkang City
some military officers of each route
the officers of the Lu Fen Du Jian's own route in charge of garrison training
the armed police officers of the patrol inspection department in charge of fighting with thieves
the archers in charge of statistics of the local archers
the officers of the Baojia department in charge of training the militia
the chief executives of the prefectures and prefectures in charge of military and political integration
the chief executive of the prefectures and prefectures In Yue Fei's biography, the training officer in charge of the state is very popular, However, in the Northern Song Dynasty, there was nothing special
there was a general rank of Song Dynasty generals
the general of pumila went from the first auxiliary general to the second Zhenguo general
the champion general went from the third Huaihua general to the third Yunhui general from the third
the general of guide went from the third Zhongwu general to the fourth Zhuang general
the general of Xuanwei went from the fourth to the fourth Mingwei general General sidingyuan is on the fifth, general Ningyuan is on the fifth, general Youqi is on the fifth, general Zhaowu is on the sixth, deputy Zhaowu is on the sixth, deputy Zhenwei is on the sixth, deputy Zhenwei is on the seventh, deputy Guozheng is on the seventh, deputy Yihui is on the seventh, deputy xuanjie is on the eighth, deputy xuanjie is on the eighth, deputy Yuwu is on the eighth In addition, Song Dynasty coins are the most ancient coins in the world, which are characterized by large quantity, various categories and complicated editions, In the market, the price of most coins in the Northern Song Dynasty is within 1-3 yuan, while the price of copper coins in the Southern Song Dynasty is a little less, but the transaction price is also about a few yuan. At the same time, there are treasures in the Song Dynasty
in Song Dynasty, the chronological names were changed frequently, and almost every kind of chronological name was different from Tongbao, Yuanbao and chongbao. For example, Huizong was in power for 25 years, and there were as many as six chronological names and 11 kinds of coins. Some chronological names were very short, and there was less money for them. After thousands of years of selection, they were rare and the price remained high. For example, Jianguo Yuanbao had only one white copper coin handed down; For example, Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty used nine years, 11 kinds of coins, Emperor LiZong of the Southern Song Dynasty changed the Yuan Dynasty eight times, 16 kinds of coins, and so on, leaving a lot of rare procts, such as Chonghe Tongbao, jingkangyuan (Tongbao), Chunxi Yuanbao and so on. In particular, the Jingkang coins made by Emperor qinzong of the Song Dynasty have always been approved by the spring circles
there are many kinds of Qian calligraphy in Song Dynasty, including Zhen, Cao, Li, Zhuan and Xing. For example, Chongning, Daguan, Xuanhe and other Qian in Huizong's Shoujin script are well-known in the history of Chinese calligraphy and coinage. There are also some rare and unusual calligraphy coins, such as jiudiezhuanhuang song Tongbao, Shaosheng, Yuanfu, Shengsong, Shenghe bronze, Youtiao song, Yuanfu, etc Chunhua and Chongning are rare treasures, and their prices are far higher than those of their peers
in addition, some of the inscriptions of Song Dynasty coins are only limited to casting iron coins, while some of them are cast in small quantities. These copper coins are not precious iron mother iron model copper, which are valuable treasures without market, such as Xining Tongbao, Yuanfeng, Yuanfu chongbao, Shengsong Tongbao, Xuanhe Yuanbao, etc. There are also some special shapes of ancient coins, such as guangchuantiemu, copper and lead plates of Lin'an Prefecture, and rare precious lead procts such as song Tongbao, Chongning, Zhihe, Shixiang and Xianping
there are also some special reciters in Song Dynasty, such as reciting the auspicious symbols of stars and moon, reciting & quot; Ten & quot; Chongning heavy treasure, back & quot; When five & quot; Huang song, back & quot; Forever & quot; Qingyuan, back & quot; Guo & quot& quot; Fang & quot; In the Yuan Dynasty, Taiping, the superstar on the back, was worth a hundred times as much. In the Song Dynasty, coins were usually made every time the year was changed. The quantity and variety of coins were rare in all dynasties. During the 300 years of the Song Dynasty, Xiaoping and Chenger coins were the main currency, and big coins were also used between them. Since the seventh year of Chunxi reign of the Southern Song Dynasty, Qian's back has been based on digital chronology, and the style of Qian's calligraphy has graally been based on song style. Generally speaking, the coinage of the two Song Dynasties is exquisite, especially in the Huizong period. The original style of thin gold is found in Qian Wen, and Xiuxian's calligraphy is matched with exquisite foundry. Counterfeits are often dwarfed. Another characteristic of song and Qian dynasties is that there are hundreds of editions, such as Xuanhe, Zhenghe. Jiading iron coins in the Southern Song Dynasty are different in size. They are both red and special, including Tongbao, Yuanbao, chongbao, Xinbao, Yongbao, Zhenbao, Zhenbao, Zhengbao, Zhibao and Wanbao. The inscriptions on the inscriptions are different in terms of place, year and value. They have been creative since the Dynasties. No one forges ordinary song coins, but Kangding, Zhihe, chongbaobeifang, Guo, shengsongtongbao, Jingkang and other varieties of counterfeit coins are more. We must be careful when we encounter this kind of coins. We should carefully observe whether there are traces of forgery and whether they are consistent with a large number of ordinary song coins. There are three styles of Lin'an house coins in the Southern Song Dynasty; One is up and down fillet; The other is the upper and lower corners; The third is under the upper circle. In the Qing Dynasty, the counterfeiters used their money to turn over the sand, and the counterfeits were almost genuine, only the rust color and color paste were inferior, and some characters were out of shape
in the Song Dynasty, the purchasing power of ancient gold, silver, copper and other currencies has always been an interesting topic. This gossip water margin also transforms the currency of the Song Dynasty into today's RMB in line with the modern context. Master Wuzhai is not an expert in the study of currency in Song Dynasty. It is impossible to make a complete and accurate conversion. Only a rough estimate can be given here, so that readers can have a basic concept
generally speaking, gold, silver and copper coins (in fact, copper based alloys) were the main currencies in ancient China. The silver standard system in Song Dynasty is different from that in Ming and Qing Dynasty. It is copper standard system. Copper money is the main currency, and gold and silver are not used as currency. The basic unit of copper coin is "Wen" and "Guan (Luo)", which is consistent with 1000 Wen. In Song Dynasty, there were 800 Wen and 850 Wen when finance was tight. In addition, there are also discount two money, when three money, when ten money and other disguised inflation. For example, in the day when Yang Zhi killed Niu Er, Niu Er used to make Yang Zhi test his sword with three coins. As the name suggests, one coin is regarded as three coins. When Cai Jing was Prime Minister, he even offered ten coins. In order to simplify our calculation method, the owner of Wuzhai ignores these factors.
Hot content