Athena digital currency
Publish: 2021-04-26 09:13:16
1. I know that. I've learned about it before. bitcoinwin is invested by chain bank group. Headquartered in Toronto, Canada, bitcoinwin has more than 100 employees, mainly in development, marketing and operation teams, with employees in Southeast Asia, North America, South America and Eastern Europe. Bitcoin win exchange is based on the mature cryptocurrency exchange system. It develops new trading functional procts independently for the second time. It does not issue flat NT dollars, air currency, robot interface, and is a pure trading and financing platform.
2. This is called liar paradox: the most common example of liar paradox is the sentence "I'm lying.". For if what I say is true ("I am lying"), then I am not lying; But if what I say is false ("I'm not lying"), then I'm lying. So whether the sentence is true or not, the situation is impossible
so prisoners have to say & quot; I lied & quot; Can be released
the liar paradox is the oldest semantic paradox, which was put forward by aubred of the Mecca school in the 4th century BC. The content of the paradox is: if someone says that he is lying, is what he says true or false
this paradox is often restated as: "what I'm saying is a lie". Can it be true? If this sentence is true, according to its semantics, it can be false; If we assume that this sentence is false and its meaning is exactly what it is, we can get that it is true. In this way, the contradiction equivalence can be constructed“ What I'm saying now is a "liar's statement"
the philosopher Russell once seriously thought about this paradox and tried to find a solution. In the seventh chapter of the development of my philosophy, principles of mathematics, he said: "since Aristotle, logicians of any school seem to be able to dece some contradictions from their recognized premises. This shows that something is wrong, but it can't point out the way to correct it
he said: the liar paradox most simply outlines the contradiction he found: "the liar said: 'whatever I say is false'. In fact, this is what he said, but it refers to the whole of what he said. It is only when this sentence is included in that totality that a paradox arises
Russell tried to solve the problem with the method of proposition stratification: "the first level proposition is those propositions that do not involve the whole proposition; The second level proposition refers to those propositions concerning the whole of the first level proposition; The rest imitate this, even to infinity. " But this method has not been effective“ During the whole period of 1903 and 1904, I was almost completely committed to this, but it was not successful. "
principles of mathematics tries to dece the whole pure mathematics on the premise of pure logic, and uses logical terms to explain concepts, avoiding the ambiguity of natural language. But in his preface, he said it was "publishing a book that contains so many unresolved arguments." It can be seen that it is not easy to completely solve this paradox from the logic of mathematical basis. Next, he pointed out that in all logical paradoxes, there is a kind of "reflexive self reference", that is, "it contains something about the totality, and this kind of thing is a part of the totality." This view is easy to understand. If the paradox is said by someone other than clitt, it will be automatically eliminated. But in set theory, the problem is not so simple
in fact, it is meaningless for us to discuss this paradox and ask "is this sentence correct?". At best we can ask: & quot; Does this model satisfy human logic& quot;
obviously, this sentence is a description of itself, so it is a model. The establishment of this model needs the following logic:
& quot; If a, then not a&# 39;
but this kind of logic is not allowed by human logic. In other words, this model can't be built in human logic (or it doesn't coordinate with human logic). In other words, this sentence doesn't exist in human model in essence. Therefore, it's meaningless to discuss "whether it's correct".
so prisoners have to say & quot; I lied & quot; Can be released
the liar paradox is the oldest semantic paradox, which was put forward by aubred of the Mecca school in the 4th century BC. The content of the paradox is: if someone says that he is lying, is what he says true or false
this paradox is often restated as: "what I'm saying is a lie". Can it be true? If this sentence is true, according to its semantics, it can be false; If we assume that this sentence is false and its meaning is exactly what it is, we can get that it is true. In this way, the contradiction equivalence can be constructed“ What I'm saying now is a "liar's statement"
the philosopher Russell once seriously thought about this paradox and tried to find a solution. In the seventh chapter of the development of my philosophy, principles of mathematics, he said: "since Aristotle, logicians of any school seem to be able to dece some contradictions from their recognized premises. This shows that something is wrong, but it can't point out the way to correct it
he said: the liar paradox most simply outlines the contradiction he found: "the liar said: 'whatever I say is false'. In fact, this is what he said, but it refers to the whole of what he said. It is only when this sentence is included in that totality that a paradox arises
Russell tried to solve the problem with the method of proposition stratification: "the first level proposition is those propositions that do not involve the whole proposition; The second level proposition refers to those propositions concerning the whole of the first level proposition; The rest imitate this, even to infinity. " But this method has not been effective“ During the whole period of 1903 and 1904, I was almost completely committed to this, but it was not successful. "
principles of mathematics tries to dece the whole pure mathematics on the premise of pure logic, and uses logical terms to explain concepts, avoiding the ambiguity of natural language. But in his preface, he said it was "publishing a book that contains so many unresolved arguments." It can be seen that it is not easy to completely solve this paradox from the logic of mathematical basis. Next, he pointed out that in all logical paradoxes, there is a kind of "reflexive self reference", that is, "it contains something about the totality, and this kind of thing is a part of the totality." This view is easy to understand. If the paradox is said by someone other than clitt, it will be automatically eliminated. But in set theory, the problem is not so simple
in fact, it is meaningless for us to discuss this paradox and ask "is this sentence correct?". At best we can ask: & quot; Does this model satisfy human logic& quot;
obviously, this sentence is a description of itself, so it is a model. The establishment of this model needs the following logic:
& quot; If a, then not a&# 39;
but this kind of logic is not allowed by human logic. In other words, this model can't be built in human logic (or it doesn't coordinate with human logic). In other words, this sentence doesn't exist in human model in essence. Therefore, it's meaningless to discuss "whether it's correct".
3. This question is raised by me, but I think there are still four days to go before the deadline. I want to wait. But I don't know why some enthusiastic netizens can adopt their own answers as the best answer after saying a word. Please ask the administrator to solve the problem. The specific address is http://..com/question/307291349.html
4. Athens is the capital of Greece and the largest city and instrial center of Greece. Located in the Attica plain southeast of the Greek peninsula. The northwest and south face the Gulf of Corinth and the Gulf of Saronic. It is surrounded by mountains on three sides in the west of northeast, and the foothills are close to the edge of the city
Athens, with a history of more than 5000 years, is rich in historical sites. Ancient Athens is the source of western culture. Athenians made outstanding contributions to art, philosophy, law and science. It is said that Athens was named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom in the legendary historical story. The northeast part of the whole urban area is the political and cultural area, and the southwest and port area is the instrial and commercial area. Athens is located in the shipping and aviation center of the eastern Mediterranean countries. Piraeus, a seagoing vessel in the outer port, has been converging, and almost all foreign trade is going in and out here. The city's drinking water is supplied by the marathon reservoir far from the northeast, where there is a marble dam rarely seen in the world. Athens is the ancient cultural center of Greece. Many ancient cultural sites are still preserved, and its museums are well-known in the world. Athens is one of the oldest cities in Europe and even the whole world. Its history can be traced back to more than 3000 years ago. In 1000 BC, Athens became the core city of ancient Greece. From the late 9th century B.C. to the early 8th century B.C., Athens had luxury tombs of nobles, and the proction of iron and bronze also developed rapidly, reaching the level of establishing a city-state, an early slave state. Solon was the first consul of the city-state of Athens, and Pisistratus was his successor. During the period of their control, the instry and Commerce in Athens developed significantly. It became the cradle of western culture in the 5th century BC< In 492 BC, the war between Greece and Poland broke out, and Persia was defeated in several major battles. It was not until 449 BC when the two sides concluded a peace treaty that the war ended. In June 431 BC, the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta broke out, which lasted more than 20 years and ended in Athens' failure<
Athens began to decline in the middle ages and recovered ring the Byzantine Empire. During the Jihad, Athens prospered because of its trade with Italy. During the reign of the Ottoman Empire, Athens declined again. In the 19th century, Athens became the capital of independent Greece. In 1920s, e to the outbreak of the war, a large number of refugees from Anatolia, Turkey, poured into Athens, which also expanded the population of Athens. Today about half of the Greek population lives in Athens.
Athens, with a history of more than 5000 years, is rich in historical sites. Ancient Athens is the source of western culture. Athenians made outstanding contributions to art, philosophy, law and science. It is said that Athens was named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom in the legendary historical story. The northeast part of the whole urban area is the political and cultural area, and the southwest and port area is the instrial and commercial area. Athens is located in the shipping and aviation center of the eastern Mediterranean countries. Piraeus, a seagoing vessel in the outer port, has been converging, and almost all foreign trade is going in and out here. The city's drinking water is supplied by the marathon reservoir far from the northeast, where there is a marble dam rarely seen in the world. Athens is the ancient cultural center of Greece. Many ancient cultural sites are still preserved, and its museums are well-known in the world. Athens is one of the oldest cities in Europe and even the whole world. Its history can be traced back to more than 3000 years ago. In 1000 BC, Athens became the core city of ancient Greece. From the late 9th century B.C. to the early 8th century B.C., Athens had luxury tombs of nobles, and the proction of iron and bronze also developed rapidly, reaching the level of establishing a city-state, an early slave state. Solon was the first consul of the city-state of Athens, and Pisistratus was his successor. During the period of their control, the instry and Commerce in Athens developed significantly. It became the cradle of western culture in the 5th century BC< In 492 BC, the war between Greece and Poland broke out, and Persia was defeated in several major battles. It was not until 449 BC when the two sides concluded a peace treaty that the war ended. In June 431 BC, the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta broke out, which lasted more than 20 years and ended in Athens' failure<
Athens began to decline in the middle ages and recovered ring the Byzantine Empire. During the Jihad, Athens prospered because of its trade with Italy. During the reign of the Ottoman Empire, Athens declined again. In the 19th century, Athens became the capital of independent Greece. In 1920s, e to the outbreak of the war, a large number of refugees from Anatolia, Turkey, poured into Athens, which also expanded the population of Athens. Today about half of the Greek population lives in Athens.
5. Fairy peak and stone camel in kapadokia stone forest. The stone forest is located in a triangle between the three towns of awanos, julaimei and jurgup, about 280 km southeast of Ankara, covering an area of hundreds of square kilometers. In ancient times, five volcanoes erupted lava to form a volcanic plateau. The terrain is unique. The area is covered with countless grotesque stalagmites, fault rocks and caves cut by volcanic rocks
Turkey, with its long history, important archaeological sites in the world, beautiful natural landscape and environment, as well as eclectic multi culture, has long been a place for tourists all over the world. Turkey is rich in tourism resources, with two of the seven wonders of the world: the temple of Artemis and mauserus mausoleum. In addition, the architectural relics left by the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire are treasures of world architectural art. Yaluowa hot spring and Kush lake are world famous tourist attractions
fairy peak and stone camel in kapadoccia stone forest. The stone forest is located in a triangle between the three towns of awanos, julaimei and jurgup, about 280 km southeast of Ankara, covering an area of hundreds of square kilometers. In ancient times, five volcanoes erupted lava to form a volcanic plateau. The terrain is unique, and the area is covered with countless grotesque stalagmites, fault rocks and caves cut by volcanic rocks. Now, why does Turkey continue to attract so many tourists? It is the blue sea, the beautiful scenery of antoria, the increasingly prosperous modern entertainment and tourism facilities, and an ideal place for shopping and sports lovers
main attractions: Temple of Artemis, halicanassos mausoleum, fair chimneys, Topkapi Palace, Goreme National Park and the rock sites of Cappadocia The ancient city of Ephesus.
Turkey, with its long history, important archaeological sites in the world, beautiful natural landscape and environment, as well as eclectic multi culture, has long been a place for tourists all over the world. Turkey is rich in tourism resources, with two of the seven wonders of the world: the temple of Artemis and mauserus mausoleum. In addition, the architectural relics left by the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire are treasures of world architectural art. Yaluowa hot spring and Kush lake are world famous tourist attractions
fairy peak and stone camel in kapadoccia stone forest. The stone forest is located in a triangle between the three towns of awanos, julaimei and jurgup, about 280 km southeast of Ankara, covering an area of hundreds of square kilometers. In ancient times, five volcanoes erupted lava to form a volcanic plateau. The terrain is unique, and the area is covered with countless grotesque stalagmites, fault rocks and caves cut by volcanic rocks. Now, why does Turkey continue to attract so many tourists? It is the blue sea, the beautiful scenery of antoria, the increasingly prosperous modern entertainment and tourism facilities, and an ideal place for shopping and sports lovers
main attractions: Temple of Artemis, halicanassos mausoleum, fair chimneys, Topkapi Palace, Goreme National Park and the rock sites of Cappadocia The ancient city of Ephesus.
6. The Australopithecus found in southern Africa is the known lineal ancestor of human beings today. 2. The Javanese Homo erectus found in Indonesia today is the earliest fossil of ape man. 3. Three major ethnic groups: yellow, white and black (influenced by the natural geographical environment of different regions)
4. Matriarchal clan society (the legend of Gaia, the goddess, and women playing a leading role in the clan) paternal clan society (the legend of eretes, the legend of elites, the legend of elites) The second lesson is the ancient civilization of the great river valley
country
birthplace
civilization achievements
remarks
ancient Egypt
Nile Valley
pyramids and mummies
pyramids are the tombs of the French in ancient Egypt
ancient Babylon
Tigris River The role of the code is to maintain private ownership and social order, and its status is the first relatively complete written code in the world history<
ancient India
Ins River and Ganges River Basin
caste system and birthplace of Buddhism Four ancient civilization regions (four ancient civilizations in the East)
North Africa: Nile Valley ancient Egypt (3100 BC) West Asia: two river valley ancient Babylon (3000 BC)
South Asia: Ins Valley ancient India (1000 BC) East Asia: Yellow River Valley ancient China
2 Ancient Egypt: pyramid -- symbol of civilization (Tomb of the Pharaoh)
3. Babylon -- Code of Hammurabi (1894 BC)
1. Function: maintaining private ownership and social order 2. Status: the first relatively complete written law in the history of the world is known
4. Ancient India (Aryan)
1 Content of the four caste systems 2. Essence: the social hierarchy of ancient India
Brahman - religious priest (spiritual rule) shatiri - Military aristocrat (secular rule, King)
vishe - Freeman (civilian, merchant) Shoutuo - Aboriginal people (conquered (slave)
5. Buddhism
1. Background: in the 6th century B.C., there were disputes among the countries in northern India and complicated social contradictions; With the rise of economic status, the great merchants of shatiri and vishe strongly advocated the abolition of caste and religious privileges of the privileged class< (2) Sakyamuni is the founder. ③ In his early days, he advocated "equality of all living beings"< (4) influence: trying to break through the strict boundaries between castes in the field of religion, which has certain progressive significance; But what it preaches is the "equality" of the paradise, which has a negative effect on the people< Greece: Ancient Greek civilization originated in the Aegean Sea and its surrounding areas, with Crete Island and Mycenae in the south of the Greek peninsula as the center. The famous city-state: Athens (democracy developed, democracy developed to its heyday when Pericles was in power. The limitations of democratic politics (characteristics: A, direct participation of the majority of citizens (universality), B, institutions: Citizens' assembly (openness), C, guarantee: strict and sound legal system (normative), D, scope: only alt male citizens (limitation))
Sparta (advocating force)
2, Rome: originated from the Tiber River of the Italian peninsula in the middle of the Mediterranean, Later, it extended to Eurasia and Africa
in 509 BC, the Roman Republic was established (in the late spring and Autumn period of China). In the third century BC, the Italian peninsula was unified and began to expand. After defeating Carthage in the Punic War, the Mediterranean became "the inland sea of the Romans.". In 30 BC, Octavian established an Empire (Daqin). In the second century AD, the Roman Empire became a great empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa. In 395 ad, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts. In 476, the Western Roman Empire perished (because of economic decline, people's uprising and barbarian attack), marking the end of slavery and ancient history in Western Europe. In 1453, the Ottoman Turkish army captured Constantinople, and the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) perished< East Asia: in the seventh century, Japan had sharp social contradictions and political chaos. In 645, reformers launched a palace coup, supported emperor Xiaode, and established the title of "Dahua". In January 646, Emperor Xiaode issued an imperial edict to reform the system of Sui and Tang Dynasties, which is known as "Dahua reform". Dahua reform is a top-down political reform, which opened up the way for the further development of Japan's social economy and made Japan transition from a slave society to a feudal society< 2. West Asia: around the 6th century of the Arab Empire, the social conflicts in the Arabian Peninsula were sharp and the order was turbulent, so it was necessary to establish a strong management organization. Muhammad founded Islam, and the Arabian Peninsula was basically unified in the 7th century. In the middle of the 8th century, a great empire was established across Eurasia and Africa, and the capital, Baghdad, flourished for a time, which greatly promoted the cultural exchange and communication between the East and the West. After the middle of the 9th century, the Empire declined. In 1258, the Mongolian cavalry captured Baghdad and the Arab Empire perished<
brief list of the world's three major religions
sect
place of origin
founder
classics
doctrines
Buddhism
India
6th century BC
Sakyamuni
Vajra Sutra
advocating the equality of all living beings
Christianity
Palestine
the first half of the 1st century AD
Jesus
Bible
everyone is equal before God
Islam
Mecca, Arabian Peninsula
7th century
Muhammad
Koran
faith in Allah
Lesson 6 medieval Europe
1. Feudal hierarchy: at the beginning of the 8th century, Charles mat, the palace Minister of the Frankish Kingdom, carried out the "fiefdom reform", Western Europe formed a feudal hierarchy< 2. Catholic Church: in the middle of the 8th century, the Christian Church established the foundation of the Papal State through the "piping offering". The Pope is not only a religious leader, but also a secular power. The church occupies a large amount of land and is the largest feudal lord in Western Europe. He has the supreme authority to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries and control the ideology and culture of Western Europe
3. Western European cities: around the 11th century, Western European cities revived. Langcheng uprising in France demanded urban autonomy. The development of cities and the prosperity of Commerce and trade led to the birth of some of the earliest universities in Western Europe around the 12th century< 1. The Greek Persian War: ① the reason: the military expansion of the Persian Empire and the invasion of Greece; ② the main campaign: the marathon campaign in 490 B.C., Greece won, and then the marathon was born< 2. Alexander's Expedition: in the 4th century BC, the Macedonian state in northern Greece rose and conquered the Greek states. In 334 BC, King Alexander began his eastward expedition. In 10 years, he successively conquered Persia, Egypt, Asia Minor and the two river basins, and reached the Ins River Basin in the East, and established the Alexander empire across Eurasia and Africa. The influence of the eastern expedition (see the book) 3. Roman conquest of the Mediterranean (briefly) 4. Trans Eurasian African Empire: Persian Empire Alexander Empire Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Arab Empire Ottoman Empire
Lesson 8 communication and cultural communication
1. Marco Polo: the Yuan Dynasty that arrived in China in the 13th century The travels of Marco Polo, known as the "book of wonders of the world", promoted the cultural exchanges between the East and the west, greatly broadened the geographical vision of Europeans, and also inspired the navigators who later opened new routes. 2. Papermaking: hemp paper was used in the early Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 751, after the battle of Talas, it began to spread westward. 3. Gunpowder: the Yuan Dynasty began to spread. 4. Compass: used for navigation in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was passed to Europe by Arabs in the late 12th century (Southern Song Dynasty). 5. Printing: spread to Europe after the 10th century. 6. Arabic numerals: first invented by Indians, and finally created through the absorption and improvement of Arabs< Lesson 9 science and technology:
1. Calendar: the solar calendar of ancient Egypt is the first solar calendar in human history, and the common Gregorian calendar has a direct origin with it< (2) Mathematics: the original of geometry is the earliest axiomatic mathematics masterpiece in the world, which is regarded as a monument in the history of science. Archimedes is the most famous mathematician, physicist, inventor and outstanding patriot in ancient Greece. The lever principle and buoyancy law discovered opened up the way for mechanics< Ancient Chinese characters: Egyptian hieroglyphics and cuneiform characters of the two river basins are the oldest human characters known so far<
2. Homer's epic is the earliest epic in Greece, including Iliad and Odyssey. It is said that Homer, a blind poet, wrote it, which reflects the social situation at that time< Three tragedies: Aeschylus: "father of tragedy" Sophocles: "Homer of dramatic art" Euripides: "philosopher on stage"
comedian: Aristophanes
4, "Arabian Nights", also known as "Arabian Nights", is the most representative collection of folktales in Arabic literature, It not only reflects the social situation in the Arab region, but also reflects the customs and social life of Greece, India and many other countries and regions, and reflects the cultural exchanges of people in various regions< Sculpture and architecture Lesson 11 sculpture and architecture 1. Sculpture: the statue of Zeus by Phileas, the discus thrower by MILON, and the statue of Athena by pollett. Greek architecture has three types of pillars: Doric, Ionian and Corinth. Parthenon is an outstanding representative of Greek architectural art. It is the largest and most perfect Doric architecture in Greece< Architecture: Mecca mosque is the largest mosque in Islam. Notre Dame de Paris is a model of Catholic Gothic architecture in Western Europe< Lesson 12 Western Europe goes out of the Middle Ages; Essence: the anti feudal ideological and cultural movement initiated by the bourgeoisie; The core is to propagate the spirit of humanism; Pioneer: Dante, the Divine Comedy; Three literary Heroes: Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio; three artistic Heroes: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael; Birthplace: Italy; Influence (see the book)
2. The reasons for opening up the new air route (the role of gold, the pursuit of Oriental Wealth, and the obstruction of traditional business routes); Sailing place: Portugal, Spain; Three great navigators and their achievements: Columbus discovered the new continent of America
4. Matriarchal clan society (the legend of Gaia, the goddess, and women playing a leading role in the clan) paternal clan society (the legend of eretes, the legend of elites, the legend of elites) The second lesson is the ancient civilization of the great river valley
country
birthplace
civilization achievements
remarks
ancient Egypt
Nile Valley
pyramids and mummies
pyramids are the tombs of the French in ancient Egypt
ancient Babylon
Tigris River The role of the code is to maintain private ownership and social order, and its status is the first relatively complete written code in the world history<
ancient India
Ins River and Ganges River Basin
caste system and birthplace of Buddhism Four ancient civilization regions (four ancient civilizations in the East)
North Africa: Nile Valley ancient Egypt (3100 BC) West Asia: two river valley ancient Babylon (3000 BC)
South Asia: Ins Valley ancient India (1000 BC) East Asia: Yellow River Valley ancient China
2 Ancient Egypt: pyramid -- symbol of civilization (Tomb of the Pharaoh)
3. Babylon -- Code of Hammurabi (1894 BC)
1. Function: maintaining private ownership and social order 2. Status: the first relatively complete written law in the history of the world is known
4. Ancient India (Aryan)
1 Content of the four caste systems 2. Essence: the social hierarchy of ancient India
Brahman - religious priest (spiritual rule) shatiri - Military aristocrat (secular rule, King)
vishe - Freeman (civilian, merchant) Shoutuo - Aboriginal people (conquered (slave)
5. Buddhism
1. Background: in the 6th century B.C., there were disputes among the countries in northern India and complicated social contradictions; With the rise of economic status, the great merchants of shatiri and vishe strongly advocated the abolition of caste and religious privileges of the privileged class< (2) Sakyamuni is the founder. ③ In his early days, he advocated "equality of all living beings"< (4) influence: trying to break through the strict boundaries between castes in the field of religion, which has certain progressive significance; But what it preaches is the "equality" of the paradise, which has a negative effect on the people< Greece: Ancient Greek civilization originated in the Aegean Sea and its surrounding areas, with Crete Island and Mycenae in the south of the Greek peninsula as the center. The famous city-state: Athens (democracy developed, democracy developed to its heyday when Pericles was in power. The limitations of democratic politics (characteristics: A, direct participation of the majority of citizens (universality), B, institutions: Citizens' assembly (openness), C, guarantee: strict and sound legal system (normative), D, scope: only alt male citizens (limitation))
Sparta (advocating force)
2, Rome: originated from the Tiber River of the Italian peninsula in the middle of the Mediterranean, Later, it extended to Eurasia and Africa
in 509 BC, the Roman Republic was established (in the late spring and Autumn period of China). In the third century BC, the Italian peninsula was unified and began to expand. After defeating Carthage in the Punic War, the Mediterranean became "the inland sea of the Romans.". In 30 BC, Octavian established an Empire (Daqin). In the second century AD, the Roman Empire became a great empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa. In 395 ad, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts. In 476, the Western Roman Empire perished (because of economic decline, people's uprising and barbarian attack), marking the end of slavery and ancient history in Western Europe. In 1453, the Ottoman Turkish army captured Constantinople, and the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) perished< East Asia: in the seventh century, Japan had sharp social contradictions and political chaos. In 645, reformers launched a palace coup, supported emperor Xiaode, and established the title of "Dahua". In January 646, Emperor Xiaode issued an imperial edict to reform the system of Sui and Tang Dynasties, which is known as "Dahua reform". Dahua reform is a top-down political reform, which opened up the way for the further development of Japan's social economy and made Japan transition from a slave society to a feudal society< 2. West Asia: around the 6th century of the Arab Empire, the social conflicts in the Arabian Peninsula were sharp and the order was turbulent, so it was necessary to establish a strong management organization. Muhammad founded Islam, and the Arabian Peninsula was basically unified in the 7th century. In the middle of the 8th century, a great empire was established across Eurasia and Africa, and the capital, Baghdad, flourished for a time, which greatly promoted the cultural exchange and communication between the East and the West. After the middle of the 9th century, the Empire declined. In 1258, the Mongolian cavalry captured Baghdad and the Arab Empire perished<
brief list of the world's three major religions
sect
place of origin
founder
classics
doctrines
Buddhism
India
6th century BC
Sakyamuni
Vajra Sutra
advocating the equality of all living beings
Christianity
Palestine
the first half of the 1st century AD
Jesus
Bible
everyone is equal before God
Islam
Mecca, Arabian Peninsula
7th century
Muhammad
Koran
faith in Allah
Lesson 6 medieval Europe
1. Feudal hierarchy: at the beginning of the 8th century, Charles mat, the palace Minister of the Frankish Kingdom, carried out the "fiefdom reform", Western Europe formed a feudal hierarchy< 2. Catholic Church: in the middle of the 8th century, the Christian Church established the foundation of the Papal State through the "piping offering". The Pope is not only a religious leader, but also a secular power. The church occupies a large amount of land and is the largest feudal lord in Western Europe. He has the supreme authority to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries and control the ideology and culture of Western Europe
3. Western European cities: around the 11th century, Western European cities revived. Langcheng uprising in France demanded urban autonomy. The development of cities and the prosperity of Commerce and trade led to the birth of some of the earliest universities in Western Europe around the 12th century< 1. The Greek Persian War: ① the reason: the military expansion of the Persian Empire and the invasion of Greece; ② the main campaign: the marathon campaign in 490 B.C., Greece won, and then the marathon was born< 2. Alexander's Expedition: in the 4th century BC, the Macedonian state in northern Greece rose and conquered the Greek states. In 334 BC, King Alexander began his eastward expedition. In 10 years, he successively conquered Persia, Egypt, Asia Minor and the two river basins, and reached the Ins River Basin in the East, and established the Alexander empire across Eurasia and Africa. The influence of the eastern expedition (see the book) 3. Roman conquest of the Mediterranean (briefly) 4. Trans Eurasian African Empire: Persian Empire Alexander Empire Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Arab Empire Ottoman Empire
Lesson 8 communication and cultural communication
1. Marco Polo: the Yuan Dynasty that arrived in China in the 13th century The travels of Marco Polo, known as the "book of wonders of the world", promoted the cultural exchanges between the East and the west, greatly broadened the geographical vision of Europeans, and also inspired the navigators who later opened new routes. 2. Papermaking: hemp paper was used in the early Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 751, after the battle of Talas, it began to spread westward. 3. Gunpowder: the Yuan Dynasty began to spread. 4. Compass: used for navigation in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was passed to Europe by Arabs in the late 12th century (Southern Song Dynasty). 5. Printing: spread to Europe after the 10th century. 6. Arabic numerals: first invented by Indians, and finally created through the absorption and improvement of Arabs< Lesson 9 science and technology:
1. Calendar: the solar calendar of ancient Egypt is the first solar calendar in human history, and the common Gregorian calendar has a direct origin with it< (2) Mathematics: the original of geometry is the earliest axiomatic mathematics masterpiece in the world, which is regarded as a monument in the history of science. Archimedes is the most famous mathematician, physicist, inventor and outstanding patriot in ancient Greece. The lever principle and buoyancy law discovered opened up the way for mechanics< Ancient Chinese characters: Egyptian hieroglyphics and cuneiform characters of the two river basins are the oldest human characters known so far<
2. Homer's epic is the earliest epic in Greece, including Iliad and Odyssey. It is said that Homer, a blind poet, wrote it, which reflects the social situation at that time< Three tragedies: Aeschylus: "father of tragedy" Sophocles: "Homer of dramatic art" Euripides: "philosopher on stage"
comedian: Aristophanes
4, "Arabian Nights", also known as "Arabian Nights", is the most representative collection of folktales in Arabic literature, It not only reflects the social situation in the Arab region, but also reflects the customs and social life of Greece, India and many other countries and regions, and reflects the cultural exchanges of people in various regions< Sculpture and architecture Lesson 11 sculpture and architecture 1. Sculpture: the statue of Zeus by Phileas, the discus thrower by MILON, and the statue of Athena by pollett. Greek architecture has three types of pillars: Doric, Ionian and Corinth. Parthenon is an outstanding representative of Greek architectural art. It is the largest and most perfect Doric architecture in Greece< Architecture: Mecca mosque is the largest mosque in Islam. Notre Dame de Paris is a model of Catholic Gothic architecture in Western Europe< Lesson 12 Western Europe goes out of the Middle Ages; Essence: the anti feudal ideological and cultural movement initiated by the bourgeoisie; The core is to propagate the spirit of humanism; Pioneer: Dante, the Divine Comedy; Three literary Heroes: Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio; three artistic Heroes: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael; Birthplace: Italy; Influence (see the book)
2. The reasons for opening up the new air route (the role of gold, the pursuit of Oriental Wealth, and the obstruction of traditional business routes); Sailing place: Portugal, Spain; Three great navigators and their achievements: Columbus discovered the new continent of America
7. Unknown_Error
8. The Australopithecus found in southern Africa is the known lineal ancestor of human beings today. 2. The Javanese Homo erectus found in Indonesia today is the earliest fossil of ape man. 3. Three major ethnic groups: yellow, white and black (influenced by the natural geographical environment of different regions)
4. Matriarchal clan society (the legend of Gaia, the goddess, and women playing a leading role in the clan) paternal clan society (the legend of eretes, the legend of elites, the legend of elites) The second lesson is the ancient civilization of the great river valley
country
birthplace
civilization achievements
remarks
ancient Egypt
Nile Valley
pyramids and mummies
pyramids are the tombs of the French in ancient Egypt
ancient Babylon
Tigris River The role of the code is to maintain private ownership and social order, and its status is the first relatively complete written code in the world history<
ancient India
Ins River and Ganges River Basin
caste system and birthplace of Buddhism Four ancient civilization regions (four ancient civilizations in the East)
North Africa: Nile Valley ancient Egypt (3100 BC) West Asia: two river valley ancient Babylon (3000 BC)
South Asia: Ins Valley ancient India (1000 BC) East Asia: Yellow River Valley ancient China
2 Ancient Egypt: pyramid -- symbol of civilization (Tomb of the Pharaoh)
3. Babylon -- Code of Hammurabi (1894 BC)
1. Function: maintaining private ownership and social order 2. Status: the first relatively complete written law in the history of the world is known
4. Ancient India (Aryan)
1 Content of the four caste systems 2. Essence: the social hierarchy of ancient India
Brahman - religious priest (spiritual rule) shatiri - Military aristocrat (secular rule, King)
vishe - Freeman (civilian, merchant) Shoutuo - Aboriginal people (conquered (slave)
5. Buddhism
1. Background: in the 6th century B.C., there were disputes among the countries in northern India and complicated social contradictions; With the rise of economic status, the great merchants of shatiri and vishe strongly advocated the abolition of caste and religious privileges of the privileged class< (2) Sakyamuni is the founder. ③ In his early days, he advocated "equality of all living beings"< (4) influence: trying to break through the strict boundaries between castes in the field of religion, which has certain progressive significance; But what it preaches is the "equality" of the paradise, which has a negative effect on the people< Greece: Ancient Greek civilization originated in the Aegean Sea and its surrounding areas, with Crete Island and Mycenae in the south of the Greek peninsula as the center. The famous city-state: Athens (democracy developed, democracy developed to its heyday when Pericles was in power. The limitations of democratic politics (characteristics: A, direct participation of the majority of citizens (universality), B, institutions: Citizens' assembly (openness), C, guarantee: strict and sound legal system (normative), D, scope: only alt male citizens (limitation))
Sparta (advocating force)
2, Rome: originated from the Tiber River of the Italian peninsula in the middle of the Mediterranean, Later, it extended to Eurasia and Africa
in 509 BC, the Roman Republic was established (in the late spring and Autumn period of China). In the third century BC, the Italian peninsula was unified and began to expand. After defeating Carthage in the Punic War, the Mediterranean became "the inland sea of the Romans.". In 30 BC, Octavian established an Empire (Daqin). In the second century AD, the Roman Empire became a great empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa. In 395 ad, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts. In 476, the Western Roman Empire perished (because of economic decline, people's uprising and barbarian attack), marking the end of slavery and ancient history in Western Europe. In 1453, the Ottoman Turkish army captured Constantinople, and the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) perished< East Asia: in the seventh century, Japan had sharp social contradictions and political chaos. In 645, reformers launched a palace coup, supported emperor Xiaode, and established the title of "Dahua". In January 646, Emperor Xiaode issued an imperial edict to reform the system of Sui and Tang Dynasties, which is known as "Dahua reform". Dahua reform is a top-down political reform, which opened up the way for the further development of Japan's social economy and made Japan transition from a slave society to a feudal society< 2. West Asia: around the 6th century of the Arab Empire, the social conflicts in the Arabian Peninsula were sharp and the order was turbulent, so it was necessary to establish a strong management organization. Muhammad founded Islam, and the Arabian Peninsula was basically unified in the 7th century. In the middle of the 8th century, a great empire was established across Eurasia and Africa, and the capital, Baghdad, flourished for a time, which greatly promoted the cultural exchange and communication between the East and the West. After the middle of the 9th century, the Empire declined. In 1258, the Mongolian cavalry captured Baghdad and the Arab Empire perished<
brief list of the world's three major religions
sect
place of origin
founder
classics
doctrines
Buddhism
India
6th century BC
Sakyamuni
Vajra Sutra
advocating the equality of all living beings
Christianity
Palestine
the first half of the 1st century AD
Jesus
Bible
everyone is equal before God
Islam
Mecca, Arabian Peninsula
7th century
Muhammad
Koran
faith in Allah
Lesson 6 medieval Europe
1. Feudal hierarchy: at the beginning of the 8th century, Charles mat, the palace Minister of the Frankish Kingdom, carried out the "fiefdom reform", Western Europe formed a feudal hierarchy< 2. Catholic Church: in the middle of the 8th century, the Christian Church established the foundation of the Papal State through the "piping offering". The Pope is not only a religious leader, but also a secular power. The church occupies a large amount of land and is the largest feudal lord in Western Europe. He has the supreme authority to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries and control the ideology and culture of Western Europe
3. Western European cities: around the 11th century, Western European cities revived. Langcheng uprising in France demanded urban autonomy. The development of cities and the prosperity of Commerce and trade led to the birth of some of the earliest universities in Western Europe around the 12th century< 1. The Greek Persian War: ① the reason: the military expansion of the Persian Empire and the invasion of Greece; ② the main campaign: the marathon campaign in 490 B.C., Greece won, and then the marathon was born< 2. Alexander's Expedition: in the 4th century BC, the Macedonian state in northern Greece rose and conquered the Greek states. In 334 BC, King Alexander began his eastward expedition. In 10 years, he successively conquered Persia, Egypt, Asia Minor and the two river basins, and reached the Ins River Basin in the East, and established the Alexander empire across Eurasia and Africa. The influence of the eastern expedition (see the book) 3. Roman conquest of the Mediterranean (briefly) 4. Trans Eurasian African Empire: Persian Empire Alexander Empire Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Arab Empire Ottoman Empire
Lesson 8 communication and cultural communication
1. Marco Polo: the Yuan Dynasty that arrived in China in the 13th century The travels of Marco Polo, known as the "book of wonders of the world", promoted the cultural exchanges between the East and the west, greatly broadened the geographical vision of Europeans, and also inspired the navigators who later opened new routes. 2. Papermaking: hemp paper was used in the early Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 751, after the battle of Talas, it began to spread westward. 3. Gunpowder: the Yuan Dynasty began to spread. 4. Compass: used for navigation in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was passed to Europe by Arabs in the late 12th century (Southern Song Dynasty). 5. Printing: spread to Europe after the 10th century. 6. Arabic numerals: first invented by Indians, and finally created through the absorption and improvement of Arabs< Lesson 9 science and technology:
1. Calendar: the solar calendar of ancient Egypt is the first solar calendar in human history, and the common Gregorian calendar has a direct origin with it< (2) Mathematics: the original of geometry is the earliest axiomatic mathematics masterpiece in the world, which is regarded as a monument in the history of science. Archimedes is the most famous mathematician, physicist, inventor and outstanding patriot in ancient Greece. The lever principle and buoyancy law discovered opened up the way for mechanics< Ancient Chinese characters: Egyptian hieroglyphics and cuneiform characters of the two river basins are the oldest human characters known so far<
2. Homer's epic is the earliest epic in Greece, including Iliad and Odyssey. It is said that Homer, a blind poet, wrote it, which reflects the social situation at that time< Three tragedies: Aeschylus: "father of tragedy" Sophocles: "Homer of dramatic art" Euripides: "philosopher on stage"
comedian: Aristophanes
4, "Arabian Nights", also known as "Arabian Nights", is the most representative collection of folktales in Arabic literature, It not only reflects the social situation in the Arab region, but also reflects the customs and social life of Greece, India and many other countries and regions, and reflects the cultural exchanges of people in various regions< Sculpture and architecture Lesson 11 sculpture and architecture 1. Sculpture: the statue of Zeus by Phileas, the discus thrower by MILON, and the statue of Athena by pollett. Greek architecture has three types of pillars: Doric, Ionian and Corinth. Parthenon is an outstanding representative of Greek architectural art. It is the largest and most perfect Doric architecture in Greece< Architecture: Mecca mosque is the largest mosque in Islam. Notre Dame de Paris is a model of Catholic Gothic architecture in Western Europe< Lesson 12 Western Europe goes out of the Middle Ages; Essence: the anti feudal ideological and cultural movement initiated by the bourgeoisie; The core is to propagate the spirit of humanism; Pioneer: Dante, the Divine Comedy; Three literary Heroes: Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio; three artistic Heroes: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael; Birthplace: Italy; Influence (see the book)
2. The reasons for opening up the new air route (the role of gold, the pursuit of Oriental Wealth, and the obstruction of traditional business routes); Sailing place: Portugal, Spain; Three great navigators and their achievements: Columbus discovered the new continent of America
4. Matriarchal clan society (the legend of Gaia, the goddess, and women playing a leading role in the clan) paternal clan society (the legend of eretes, the legend of elites, the legend of elites) The second lesson is the ancient civilization of the great river valley
country
birthplace
civilization achievements
remarks
ancient Egypt
Nile Valley
pyramids and mummies
pyramids are the tombs of the French in ancient Egypt
ancient Babylon
Tigris River The role of the code is to maintain private ownership and social order, and its status is the first relatively complete written code in the world history<
ancient India
Ins River and Ganges River Basin
caste system and birthplace of Buddhism Four ancient civilization regions (four ancient civilizations in the East)
North Africa: Nile Valley ancient Egypt (3100 BC) West Asia: two river valley ancient Babylon (3000 BC)
South Asia: Ins Valley ancient India (1000 BC) East Asia: Yellow River Valley ancient China
2 Ancient Egypt: pyramid -- symbol of civilization (Tomb of the Pharaoh)
3. Babylon -- Code of Hammurabi (1894 BC)
1. Function: maintaining private ownership and social order 2. Status: the first relatively complete written law in the history of the world is known
4. Ancient India (Aryan)
1 Content of the four caste systems 2. Essence: the social hierarchy of ancient India
Brahman - religious priest (spiritual rule) shatiri - Military aristocrat (secular rule, King)
vishe - Freeman (civilian, merchant) Shoutuo - Aboriginal people (conquered (slave)
5. Buddhism
1. Background: in the 6th century B.C., there were disputes among the countries in northern India and complicated social contradictions; With the rise of economic status, the great merchants of shatiri and vishe strongly advocated the abolition of caste and religious privileges of the privileged class< (2) Sakyamuni is the founder. ③ In his early days, he advocated "equality of all living beings"< (4) influence: trying to break through the strict boundaries between castes in the field of religion, which has certain progressive significance; But what it preaches is the "equality" of the paradise, which has a negative effect on the people< Greece: Ancient Greek civilization originated in the Aegean Sea and its surrounding areas, with Crete Island and Mycenae in the south of the Greek peninsula as the center. The famous city-state: Athens (democracy developed, democracy developed to its heyday when Pericles was in power. The limitations of democratic politics (characteristics: A, direct participation of the majority of citizens (universality), B, institutions: Citizens' assembly (openness), C, guarantee: strict and sound legal system (normative), D, scope: only alt male citizens (limitation))
Sparta (advocating force)
2, Rome: originated from the Tiber River of the Italian peninsula in the middle of the Mediterranean, Later, it extended to Eurasia and Africa
in 509 BC, the Roman Republic was established (in the late spring and Autumn period of China). In the third century BC, the Italian peninsula was unified and began to expand. After defeating Carthage in the Punic War, the Mediterranean became "the inland sea of the Romans.". In 30 BC, Octavian established an Empire (Daqin). In the second century AD, the Roman Empire became a great empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa. In 395 ad, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts. In 476, the Western Roman Empire perished (because of economic decline, people's uprising and barbarian attack), marking the end of slavery and ancient history in Western Europe. In 1453, the Ottoman Turkish army captured Constantinople, and the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) perished< East Asia: in the seventh century, Japan had sharp social contradictions and political chaos. In 645, reformers launched a palace coup, supported emperor Xiaode, and established the title of "Dahua". In January 646, Emperor Xiaode issued an imperial edict to reform the system of Sui and Tang Dynasties, which is known as "Dahua reform". Dahua reform is a top-down political reform, which opened up the way for the further development of Japan's social economy and made Japan transition from a slave society to a feudal society< 2. West Asia: around the 6th century of the Arab Empire, the social conflicts in the Arabian Peninsula were sharp and the order was turbulent, so it was necessary to establish a strong management organization. Muhammad founded Islam, and the Arabian Peninsula was basically unified in the 7th century. In the middle of the 8th century, a great empire was established across Eurasia and Africa, and the capital, Baghdad, flourished for a time, which greatly promoted the cultural exchange and communication between the East and the West. After the middle of the 9th century, the Empire declined. In 1258, the Mongolian cavalry captured Baghdad and the Arab Empire perished<
brief list of the world's three major religions
sect
place of origin
founder
classics
doctrines
Buddhism
India
6th century BC
Sakyamuni
Vajra Sutra
advocating the equality of all living beings
Christianity
Palestine
the first half of the 1st century AD
Jesus
Bible
everyone is equal before God
Islam
Mecca, Arabian Peninsula
7th century
Muhammad
Koran
faith in Allah
Lesson 6 medieval Europe
1. Feudal hierarchy: at the beginning of the 8th century, Charles mat, the palace Minister of the Frankish Kingdom, carried out the "fiefdom reform", Western Europe formed a feudal hierarchy< 2. Catholic Church: in the middle of the 8th century, the Christian Church established the foundation of the Papal State through the "piping offering". The Pope is not only a religious leader, but also a secular power. The church occupies a large amount of land and is the largest feudal lord in Western Europe. He has the supreme authority to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries and control the ideology and culture of Western Europe
3. Western European cities: around the 11th century, Western European cities revived. Langcheng uprising in France demanded urban autonomy. The development of cities and the prosperity of Commerce and trade led to the birth of some of the earliest universities in Western Europe around the 12th century< 1. The Greek Persian War: ① the reason: the military expansion of the Persian Empire and the invasion of Greece; ② the main campaign: the marathon campaign in 490 B.C., Greece won, and then the marathon was born< 2. Alexander's Expedition: in the 4th century BC, the Macedonian state in northern Greece rose and conquered the Greek states. In 334 BC, King Alexander began his eastward expedition. In 10 years, he successively conquered Persia, Egypt, Asia Minor and the two river basins, and reached the Ins River Basin in the East, and established the Alexander empire across Eurasia and Africa. The influence of the eastern expedition (see the book) 3. Roman conquest of the Mediterranean (briefly) 4. Trans Eurasian African Empire: Persian Empire Alexander Empire Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Arab Empire Ottoman Empire
Lesson 8 communication and cultural communication
1. Marco Polo: the Yuan Dynasty that arrived in China in the 13th century The travels of Marco Polo, known as the "book of wonders of the world", promoted the cultural exchanges between the East and the west, greatly broadened the geographical vision of Europeans, and also inspired the navigators who later opened new routes. 2. Papermaking: hemp paper was used in the early Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 751, after the battle of Talas, it began to spread westward. 3. Gunpowder: the Yuan Dynasty began to spread. 4. Compass: used for navigation in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was passed to Europe by Arabs in the late 12th century (Southern Song Dynasty). 5. Printing: spread to Europe after the 10th century. 6. Arabic numerals: first invented by Indians, and finally created through the absorption and improvement of Arabs< Lesson 9 science and technology:
1. Calendar: the solar calendar of ancient Egypt is the first solar calendar in human history, and the common Gregorian calendar has a direct origin with it< (2) Mathematics: the original of geometry is the earliest axiomatic mathematics masterpiece in the world, which is regarded as a monument in the history of science. Archimedes is the most famous mathematician, physicist, inventor and outstanding patriot in ancient Greece. The lever principle and buoyancy law discovered opened up the way for mechanics< Ancient Chinese characters: Egyptian hieroglyphics and cuneiform characters of the two river basins are the oldest human characters known so far<
2. Homer's epic is the earliest epic in Greece, including Iliad and Odyssey. It is said that Homer, a blind poet, wrote it, which reflects the social situation at that time< Three tragedies: Aeschylus: "father of tragedy" Sophocles: "Homer of dramatic art" Euripides: "philosopher on stage"
comedian: Aristophanes
4, "Arabian Nights", also known as "Arabian Nights", is the most representative collection of folktales in Arabic literature, It not only reflects the social situation in the Arab region, but also reflects the customs and social life of Greece, India and many other countries and regions, and reflects the cultural exchanges of people in various regions< Sculpture and architecture Lesson 11 sculpture and architecture 1. Sculpture: the statue of Zeus by Phileas, the discus thrower by MILON, and the statue of Athena by pollett. Greek architecture has three types of pillars: Doric, Ionian and Corinth. Parthenon is an outstanding representative of Greek architectural art. It is the largest and most perfect Doric architecture in Greece< Architecture: Mecca mosque is the largest mosque in Islam. Notre Dame de Paris is a model of Catholic Gothic architecture in Western Europe< Lesson 12 Western Europe goes out of the Middle Ages; Essence: the anti feudal ideological and cultural movement initiated by the bourgeoisie; The core is to propagate the spirit of humanism; Pioneer: Dante, the Divine Comedy; Three literary Heroes: Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio; three artistic Heroes: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael; Birthplace: Italy; Influence (see the book)
2. The reasons for opening up the new air route (the role of gold, the pursuit of Oriental Wealth, and the obstruction of traditional business routes); Sailing place: Portugal, Spain; Three great navigators and their achievements: Columbus discovered the new continent of America
Hot content