World Bank digital Monetary Fund

1. At present, the RMB has basically been peripheral. In Southeast Asia, RMB has become another "hard currency" next only to us dollar, euro and Japanese yen. In southwest border areas, RMB is known as "small US dollar" and used as a hard currency; In Northwest China, RMB mainly circulates in five Central Asian countries, Russia and Pakistan; In Northeast China, RMB mainly flows to Russia, North Korea and Mongolia; Hong Kong has the largest cross-border circulation of RMB, which can be freely convertible through various channels. In addition, RMB is also widely used in Macao

as for the regionalization and internationalization of RMB, we can graally seek monetary cooperation within the framework of ASEAN 10 + 1 pseudo economic cooperation. We can fix their respective exchange rates and float jointly with foreign countries. When the time is ripe, we can use strong RMB to replace other currencies or take RMB as the dominant currency to create a single currency and realize monetary unification. Secondly, it can expand to ASEAN 10 + 3 on the basis of ASEAN 10 + 1 and unite with Japan and South Korea. At that time, RMB will really grow into an international currency with far-reaching influence, just like the euro to Europe and the US dollar to America

secondly, in terms of monetary function, we should promote the internationalization of RMB in three steps, that is, adhere to the three-step strategy of RMB settlement currency, RMB investment currency and RMB reserve currency. In this process, we should steadily promote the process of RMB capital account convertibility, actively and steadily carry out offshore financial business, and graally implement the target area management of exchange rate

historically, which country's currency becomes a valuation currency in international trade and capital flow will take the initiative in international economic transactions. Take capital export as an example. Among the three capital flow centers in the world, when Britain and the United States were capital exporting countries, they all used their local currency as the valuation currency, while after the 1970s, when Japan was the capital export center, they used US dollar as the valuation currency. result; Japanese enterprises and financial institutions are very passive in dealing with the exchange rate risk in the foreign exchange market. When the yen rose sharply, these enterprises and financial institutions suffered huge losses. This is considered by many people as one of the important reasons for Japan's economic recession for more than a decade

for a large economic country, if the local currency can not comply with the trend of domestic trade growth and become the pricing currency of the open international financial market and trade, then the national currency will not become one of the major international reserve currencies. This means that the domestic currency has not obtained the international currency status which is relative to the total economic volume and the total trade volume. In order to deal with the macro financial risk of exchange rate fluctuations, the government must hold a large number of foreign exchange reserves. In today's international monetary system, US dollar and euro are the main pricing currencies in the international financial market, so US dollar and euro have become the main reserve currencies in the world. Correspondingly, the foreign exchange reserves of the United States and the European Union are very small. By the end of June 2007, the value of foreign exchange reserves of the United States was only US $41.5 billion, and that of the European Central Bank was only 41.4 billion euros. In contrast, in Asia, although Japan and China are among the top countries in the world in terms of economic aggregate, neither the Japanese yen nor the RMB has gained the status of an important pricing currency in the international financial market. As a result, China and Japan have the largest foreign exchange reserves in the world

with the development of China's economy, it should be our long-term goal to take corresponding strategies to graally integrate RMB into the international reserve currency system, break the current reserve currency pattern of the western world dominated by US dollar and euro, and promote the construction of multipolar reserve currency system. In this process, China should adopt a consistent graal strategy to promote the internationalization of RMB through the regionalization of RMB. At the same time, we should develop an open international asset market valued in RMB and provide more choices of RMB financial assets for foreign investors. Only after such a stage can RMB really gain the status of reserve currency, and we can get rid of the trouble of worrying about the amount of foreign exchange reserves.

2. The United Nations has only 15 specialized agencies. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a permanent international organization independent of the United Nations and does not belong to the United Nations
15 specialized agencies of the United Nations:

1. World Bank
2. International Monetary Fund
3. World Health Organization
4. United Nations ecation Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 5, International Labor Organization (ILO) 6, food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 7, International Fund for agricultural development (IFAD) 8 International Maritime Organization (IMO)
9, World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
10, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
11, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
12, International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
13 United Nations Instrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
14, Universal Postal Union (UPU)
15, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

3. The bank for International Settlements (BIS) is a syndicate composed of the central banks of Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Japan and other countries, Morgan bank, Citibank in New York and Chicago, which represent the interests of American banking sector. It was jointly established in May 1930 according to the Hague International Agreement. When it was first established, there were only seven Member States, but now there are 41. The bank for International Settlements (BIS) was originally established to deal with German compensation payment and related settlement business after the first World War. After the Second World War, it became a settlement institution among the member countries of the organization for economic cooperation and development. The purpose of the bank has graally changed to promote the cooperation among the central banks of various countries, provide convenience for international financial business, and accept entrustment or handle international settlement business as an agent. The BIS is not an intergovernmental financial decision-making body, nor a development aid agency. In fact, it is the Bank of the western central bank
the world bank is the collective name of the world bank, which has been used to refer to the international bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). These institutions jointly provide low interest loans, interest free credit and grants to developing countries. It is an international organization whose initial mission was to help rebuild the countries destroyed in the Second World War. Today, its mission is to help the country overcome poverty, and institutions play a unique role in the mission of recing poverty and improving living standards
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established on December 27, 1945. It is one of the two largest financial institutions in the world. It is responsible for monitoring currency exchange rate and trade situation of various countries, providing technical and financial assistance, and ensuring the normal operation of the global financial system;

4. 1 World Bank
the world bank is the abbreviation of the World Bank Group and the general name of the international bank for reconstruction and development. It is a specialized agency of the United Nations for international financial business, and also a subsidiary of the United Nations. It is composed of five member institutions: IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA and ICSID; It was founded in 1945 and opened in June 1946. All countries participating in the world bank must be first and foremost members of the International Monetary Fund< The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in Washington on December 27, 1945 in accordance with the International Monetary Fund Agreement signed at the Bretton Woods conference in July 1944. It is one of the two largest financial institutions in the world, which is established at the same time as the world bank. Its responsibility is to monitor the currency exchange rate and the trade situation of various countries, provide technical and financial assistance, and ensure the normal operation of the global financial system< (3) the basic purpose and primary task of the IMF are: to stabilize the international exchange rate, eliminate the foreign exchange control that hinders world trade, promote international cooperation on monetary issues, and provide short-term loans to meet the needs of foreign exchange funds for the temporary balance of payments deficit of member countries
the main business of the world bank is to provide long-term project loans to developing countries to help build important projects with long cycle and low profits
hope to adopt

5. The world bank is the collective name of the world bank. The name "World Bank" has been used to refer to the international bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). These institutions jointly provide low interest loans, interest free credit and grants to developing countries. It is an international organization whose initial mission was to help rebuild the countries destroyed in the Second World War. Today, its mission is to help the country overcome poverty, and institutions play a unique role in the mission of recing poverty and improving living standards
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is owned by the European and American central banks, which are privately owned by the world bank giants, and other bankers who control the lifeblood of the world economy, That's what these governments are really behind) international financial organizations. It was formally established on December 27, 1945. It began to work on March 1, 1947, and became a specialized agency of the United Nations on November 15, 1947, with its independence in operation. Headquartered in Washington. The purpose of the organization is to promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent body and provide methods for consultation and cooperation on international monetary issues; Through the expansion and balanced development of international trade, the primary goal of economic policy is to promote and maintain the employment, the development of proctive resources and the high level of real income of member countries; We should stabilize the international exchange rate, maintain an orderly exchange rate arrangement among member countries, and avoid competitive devaluation; To assist Member States in establishing a multilateral payment system for regular transactions and eliminate foreign exchange controls that hinder world trade; Under the condition of appropriate guarantee, IMF provides temporary general funds to Member States to make them confident to take advantage of this opportunity to correct the imbalance of balance of payments and not to take measures harmful to national or international prosperity; In accordance with the above objectives, we should shorten the time and rece the extent of the imbalance in the balance of payments of Member States.

6. The world bank IBRD, the International Monetary Fund IMF and the World Trade Organization WTO are all autonomous organizations that enter into special agreements and participate in the United Nations, so they are generally regarded as specialized agencies under the United Nations system. However, they are independent from the general assembly of the United Nations and other organs of the United Nations

International Monetary Fund, world bank and WTO< 1. International Monetary Fund; 2; The reasons are as follows:
ring the great depression in the 1830s, many countries tried to cope with the decline of their own economy by greatly strengthening foreign trade barriers. Some countries also devalue their currencies to improve their competitiveness in export markets and restrict their citizens' freedom to hold foreign exchange. Then these attempts proved self defeating, leading to a sharp decline in world trade. In many countries, employment and living standards have also declined significantly. The collapse of international monetary cooperation led the founder of the International Monetary Cooperation Fund to set up an institution to supervise the exchange rate and balance of payments of the international monetary system, so that countries and their citizens can buy goods and services from other countries. The new global entity will ensure exchange rate stability and encourage its members to remove restrictions that hinder trade exchanges. In 1944, the financial conference sponsored by the United Nations was held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Representatives of 45 countries met and agreed on a framework for international economic cooperation. In December 1945, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was formally established. At the meeting, all countries signed an agreement on the establishment of the IMF. The International Monetary Fund was formally established in May 1946 and began to operate on March 1, 1947. It's part of a plan for reconstruction after World War II

role: to formulate and supervise the exchange rate policy, current account payment and currency convertibility among Member States; To provide emergency financing to member states with balance of payments difficulties when necessary, so as to avoid the influence of other countries; To provide meeting places for Member States on international monetary cooperation and consultation. To promote international financial and monetary cooperation; Promote the pace of international economic integration; Maintain international exchange rate order; To assist Member States in establishing a regular multilateral payment system

China Relations: China is one of the founding countries of the organization. In April 17, 1980, the Organization officially resumed the representation of the Chinese mainland. China's share in the organization is 8 090.1 million SDRs, accounting for 3.72% of the total. China has 81151 votes, accounting for 3.66% of the total voting rights. Since China resumed its seat in the IMF in 1980, it has formed a separate constituency and appointed an executive director. In 1991, the organization set up a permanent representative office in Beijing. In 2010, China's share will rise from the current 3.65% to 6.19%, surpassing Germany, France and Britain, and ranking behind the United States and Japan< 2. World Bank< Background: the original intention of the world bank is to solve the financial needs of post-war reconstruction and economic development in various countries. Over the past few decades, helping developing countries solve the problem of poverty has become its main mission< Role: the world bank group includes five closely related institutions: IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA and ICSID. IBRD relies on sustainable development to rece the poverty level of middle-income and credit reliable poorer countries through loans, guarantees, risk management procts and analysis and consulting services. IDA is committed to helping the poorest countries in the world. It aims to rece poverty, narrow the gap between the rich and the poor and improve people's living standards by providing interest free loans and support for projects promoting economic growth. IFC aims to promote sustainable private sector investment in developing countries, thereby recing poverty and improving people's lives. The mission of MIGA is to develop sustainable foreign direct investment to help developing countries create jobs, promote economic growth and rece poverty. The International Center for the settlement of investment disputes is to solve the investment disputes between the nationals of the Contracting States and other Contracting States, and to provide mediation and arbitration facilities, so as to enhance the atmosphere of mutual trust

China's relations: China is one of the founding countries of the world bank. After the founding of new China, China's seat in the world bank has been occupied by the Taiwan authorities for a long time. On May 15, 1980, China's legal seats in the world bank, the International Development Association and the International Finance Corporation were restored. On September 3, 1980, the board of directors of the bank voted to increase China's shares in the bank from 7500 shares to 12000 shares. China has the right to vote in the world bank. In the Executive Board of the world bank, China has a separate director. China began to borrow money from this bank in 1981. Since then, the cooperation between China and the world bank has graally expanded. By providing long-term project loans, the world bank has promoted the development of China's transportation, instry transformation, energy, agriculture and other national key construction, as well as finance, culture, health and environmental protection. At the same time, through its own training institutions, it has trained a large number of people to understand the business of the world bank and the world bank Management personnel familiar with professional knowledge< Background of World Trade Organization:
in the 1930s, the great economic crisis with deep contradictions broke out in the capitalist world, which led to the Second World War. After the war, western countries believed that a relatively free new international economic order should be established and maintained, and decided to start from finance, investment, trade, trade, trade, etc We should reform the existing economic system from three aspects of trade. When the Uruguay Round was launched in September 1986, the coverage of the new topics was substantially expanded. The negotiations involved recing non-tariff barriers, bringing agricultural procts into the jurisdiction of GATT, trade in services, trade-related intellectual property rights and other non goods trade issues. The results of these major issues are difficult to be implemented within the framework of GATT. Therefore, it is increasingly necessary to establish a formal international trade organization< In view of the shortcomings of GATT, the European community first proposed the initiative of establishing a multilateral trade organization in early 1990. In December 1990, the Uruguay round meeting of trade ministers in Brussels agreed to negotiate an agreement on the establishment of a multilateral trade organization. After a year of intensive negotiations, a draft of "agreement on the establishment of a multilateral trade organization" was formed in December 1991. In December 1993, "Multilateral Trade Organization" was changed to "World Trade Organization". The WTO's Uruguay Round ministerial meeting of GATT held in Marrakech, Morocco on April 15, 1994 decided to establish a more global WTO. The achievement of Uruguay round in WTO is the inheritance of GATT, and its establishment is the realization of the ideal of World Trade Organization. WTO is a permanent international organization independent of the United Nations. Its role: the multilateral trade system represented by the world trade organization is an effective tool for all countries to coordinate and jointly deal with the economic crisis, It plays an irreplaceable role in the process of world economic growth: promoting the development of world trade politely; coordinating international economic interests; promoting trade liberalization and economic globalization in the world; improving traditional trade policies and measures; changing the way and means of competition in the world market On July 11, 1995, the WTO General Council decided to accept China as an observer of the organization. Since China applied to return to GATT in 1986, it has made 15 years of efforts to re-enter GATT and join the world trade organization. On December 11, 2001, China officially joined the World Trade Organization and became its 143rd member. Firstly, it is concive to China's participation in international economic cooperation and international division of labor, and promotes economic development; ② It is concive to expanding exports and utilizing foreign capital, and participating in international competition under equal conditions; ③ It is concive to promoting technological progress, instrial upgrading and economic restructuring, and further improving the socialist market economic system; ④ It is concive to the reform and opening up, the development of socialist market economy and the improvement of people's living standards; ⑤ It is concive to promoting the growth of the world economy. 6. It is also concive to directly participating in the decision-making process of international trade rules in the 21st century, getting rid of the unfavorable situation that other people make rules but China passively accepts them, so as to safeguard its legitimate rights and interests. Disadvantages: China's accession to the WTO is also a severe challenge to China's weak instries. If we do not speed up the pace of reform, these instries will face the danger of being eliminated. With the further expansion of the market and the substantial rection of tariffs, more foreign procts, services and investment are likely to enter the Chinese market, and some domestic procts, enterprises and instries will inevitably face more fierce competition.

7.

Differences:

1. Different responsibilities:

the International Monetary Fund monitors the currency exchange rate and the trade situation of various countries, provides technical and financial assistance, and ensures the normal operation of the global financial system

the world bank mainly provides long-term loans to member countries

The main business activities of the international monetary fund include: providing loans to its members, promoting international cooperation on monetary issues, studying issues related to the reform of the international monetary system, expanding the role of the fund, providing technical assistance and strengthening ties with other international institutions

the main business of the world bank is loan projects and non loan assistance

3. Different purposes:

the International Monetary Fund was established to adjust international monetary relations

the world bank is an international financial organization that mainly coordinates long-term loans and investments to developing countries. Its purpose is to provide long-term (generally 50 years) loans and investments to member countries of developing countries, so as to promote their economic development and improve their proction level

According to the decision of Bretton Woods conference in July 1944, the World Bank (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) were established on December 27, 1945. The headquarters are all located in Washington. Both agencies are specialized agencies of the United Nations

According to the decision of Bretton Woods conference in July 1944, the World Bank (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund were established on December 27, 1945. The headquarters are all located in Washington. Both agencies are specialized agencies of the United Nations

extended information:

main functions of the International Monetary Fund:

1. To formulate and supervise the exchange rate policies, current account payments and currency convertibility among member countries

(2) to provide emergency financing to member countries with balance of payments difficulties when necessary, so as to avoid the influence of other countries

(3) to provide meeting places for Member States on international monetary cooperation and consultation

Promote international cooperation in the field of Finance and currency

Promote the pace of international economic integration

Maintain the international exchange rate order

To help member countries establish a regular multilateral payment system

The goal of the world bank is to end extreme poverty and rece the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day to less than 3%

2. Promote sharing prosperity, and promote the income growth of the bottom 40% of the population in each country

8. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), established on December 27, 1945, is one of the two largest financial institutions in the world. Its responsibilities are to monitor currency exchange rates and trade conditions of various countries, provide technical and financial assistance, and ensure the normal operation of the global financial system; It is headquartered in Washington<

organization and purpose
the International Monetary Fund is "an organization with 186 member states committed to promoting global financial cooperation, strengthening financial stability, promoting international trade, increasing high employment rate, stable economic growth and recing poverty". At present, there are only member states of the United Nations (except North Korea, Lichtenstein, Cuba, Andorra, Monaco, Tuvalu, etc.), Other than Venezuela and Nauru, they have the right to become members of the International Monetary Fund, but some of the disputed areas (such as the Palestinian autonomous government) are not included<

organizational structure
the highest authority of the International Monetary Fund is the board of directors, and each member region is represented by its own finance minister or central bank governor. The council meets once a year in September. The voting rights of members are determined by the amount of their contributions to the fund
the executive board is entrusted by the board of directors to exercise the powers of the board of directors and handle daily affairs. The board is composed of 24 executive directors, elected every two years, with one president and three vice presidents. The term of office of the director is five years. The director is elected by the executive board and can be re elected. The executive directors are appointed by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan, and the rest are elected by constituencies composed of other members. The Interim Committee of the International Monetary Fund is regarded as the decision-making and guiding body of the International Monetary Fund. Its main task is to coordinate policy cooperation, especially the formulation of medium-term strategy. The board consists of 24 executive directors. The International Monetary Fund holds annual meetings with the world bank<

the main role of the International Monetary Fund is the auditor, whose job is to record the trade figures and debts between countries, and preside over the formulation of international monetary and economic policies. As for the world bank, it mainly provides long-term loans. The work of the world bank is similar to that of an investment bank. It issues bonds to companies, indivials or governments and lends the proceeds to recipient countries
the purpose of the IMF is to stabilize the currencies of various countries and to monitor the foreign exchange market. Since the IMF is not a bank, it will not lend. However, the International Monetary Fund has reserves for countries to borrow in order to stabilize the currency in a short period of time; The practice is similar to overdraft in current account. The loan must be repaid within 5 years<

the United States is the big brother in the quota and voting power accounting for 17.09%

the World Bank Group (WBG) is an international organization whose initial mission is to help rebuild the countries destroyed in the Second World War. Today, its mission is to help countries overcome poverty and jointly provide low interest loans, interest free loans and grants to developing countries. Various institutions play a unique role in the mission of poverty alleviation and improvement of living standards
the World Bank Group is composed of five institutions, namely:
International Bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
International Centre for the settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
among them, IBRD and Ida are often referred to as the "World Bank". However, the word "World Bank" is also used informally as the abbreviation of the world bank group

the work of the world bank is often severely criticized by non-governmental organizations and scholars, and sometimes some decisions of the world bank are questioned by its own internal review. The world bank is often accused of being the executor of economic policies in favor of the United States or western countries. In addition, the market economic reforms introced too quickly, incorrectly, in the wrong order, or carried out in an inappropriate environment often cause damage to the economies of developing countries.