Digital currency based on blind signature

1.

1、 Different definitions:

1. virtual currency:

virtual currency refers to non real currency

digital currency:

digital currency is an alternative currency in the form of electronic currency. Both digital gold coin and cryptocurrency belong to digiccy

3. Cryptocurrency:

cryptocurrency is a kind of transaction medium that uses cryptography principles to ensure transaction security and control the creation of transaction units

4. Token (token):

a kind of article whose shape and size are similar to currency, but the scope of use is limited and has no currency effect, and its token is the homonym of token in English

Second, the characteristics are different:

1; It can also be said that virtual currency is personalized currency. In another way, it can also be called information currency

2. Digital currency:

is an unregulated and digital currency, which is usually issued and managed by developers and accepted and used by members of specific virtual communities

Cryptocurrency:

cryptocurrency is based on the decentralized consensus mechanism, which is opposite to the banking and financial system relying on the centralized regulatory system

4. Token (token):

usually needs to be exchanged for money, used in shops, playgrounds, mass transportation and other places, as a voucher to use services and exchange goods

extended data

at present, digital currency is more like an investment proct, because it lacks a strong guarantee agency to maintain its price stability, and its role as a value measure has not yet appeared, so it can not be used as a means of payment. As an investment proct, digital currency cannot develop without trading platform, operating company and investment company

digital currency is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the blockchain technology it relies on has been decentralized and can be used in other fields except digital currency, which is one of the reasons why bitcoin is popular; On the other hand, if digital currency is widely used by the public as a kind of currency, it will have a huge impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy, financial infrastructure, financial market and financial stability

2. In recent years, blockchain digital assets represented by bitcoin have become popular all over the world. Financial institutions, technology companies, investment companies and other participants at home and abroad have invested a lot of human, material and technical resources in the research, development, design, testing and promotion of blockchain digital assets. In order to realize the main characteristics of "four can and three can't" of blockchain digital assets, we can build the core technology system of digital assets by relying on 11 technologies of security technology, transaction technology and trusted guarantee technology. First of all, security technology is used to ensure the fluidity, storability, controllable anonymity, unforgeability, non repeatable transaction and non repudiation of blockchain digital assets. Digital currency security technology mainly includes basic security technology, data security technology and transaction security technology. Basic security technology includes encryption and decryption technology and security chip technology. Encryption and decryption technology is mainly used in currency generation, secret transmission, identity verification and other aspects of digital assets. The establishment of a perfect encryption and decryption algorithm system is the core and foundation of the digital assets system, which needs to be customized and designed by the national password management organization. Security chip technology is mainly divided into terminal security mole technology and smart card chip technology. Digital assets can be traded in the form of mobile terminal based on terminal security mole. As the carrier of secure storage and encryption and decryption operation, terminal security mole can provide effective basic security protection for digital assets. Digital asset system trading platform blockchain technology research and development of data security technology, including data security transmission technology and secure storage technology. Data security transmission technology transmits digital asset information through ciphertext + MAC / ciphertext + hash to ensure the confidentiality, security and non tamperability of data information; Data security storage technology stores digital currency information by means of encryption storage, access control, security monitoring, etc., to ensure the integrity, confidentiality and controllability of data information
transaction security technology includes anonymous technology, identity authentication technology, anti plicate transaction technology and anti-counterfeiting technology. Anonymity technology realizes controllable anonymity of digital assets through blind signature (including blind parameter signature, weak blind signature, strong blind signature, etc.) and zero knowledge proof; The identity authentication technology verifies the user's identity through the authentication center to ensure the validity of the digital asset trader's identity; The anti plicate transaction technology ensures that digital assets are not reused by means of digital signature, serial number and time stamp; Anti counterfeiting technology ensures the authenticity of digital assets and transactions by means of encryption and decryption, digital signature and identity authentication. Secondly, the online transaction and offline transaction of digital assets are realized by transaction technology. Digital asset trading technology mainly includes online trading technology and offline trading technology. As a legal currency, digital assets should not be rejected by any unit or indivial, and can be traded online or offline. Online transaction technology realizes online transaction of digital assets through online device interaction technology, online data transmission technology and online transaction processing; The off-line transaction technology realizes the off-line transaction of digital assets through the off-line device interaction technology, off-line data transmission technology and off-line transaction processing technology. Finally, trusted guarantee technology is used to provide a safe and reliable application environment for the issuance, circulation and transaction of digital assets in blockchain. Digital asset trustworthiness assurance technology mainly refers to trusted service management technology. Based on trusted service management platform (TSM), it ensures the security and trustworthiness of digital asset security mole and application data, and provides security chip (SE) and application life cycle management function for digital asset participants. Trusted service management technology can provide application registration, application download, security authentication, authentication management, security evaluation, trusted loading and other services for digital assets, which can effectively ensure the security and credibility of digital assets system
what is blockchain? Blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology, is an Internet database technology, which is characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, so that everyone can participate in database records. Blockchain technology development blockchain technology development what is a blockchain system? Blockchain system is a database system with integrity. The data written into the system will be automatically copied to the nodes of the blockchain, which can achieve transactional data preservation, support the management and development of databases in various instries, and be proced in combination with various needs. 294.497 billion US dollars, or 2.60%. This week, five new projects entered the top 100, namely FST, ZB, Wix, wax and MXM. On August 11, the price of bitcoin was $11523.58, up 3.20% from last week, and Ethereum was $216.09, down 3.86% from last week. The 24-hour turnover of this week increased by 2.63% over the same period last week; Among the top 100 projects, the total market value and average market value of currency projects increased significantly, and the classification composition of global blockchain assets top 100 projects was stable.

3. Although many people didn't seize the opportunity of bitcoin's boom, it's not too late to invest in virtual currency. Because there are more currency categories in the virtual currency market, investors have more choices, and the market is more standardized< As the originator of virtual currency, bitcoin's investment value still exists although its market situation is far worse than before. On many virtual currency platforms, the share of bitcoin transactions accounts for a large proportion. Take domain kingdom for example, its transaction volume accounts for 75% of the total amount of virtual currency transactions
lightcoin is inspired by bitcoin (BTC) and has the same implementation principle in technology. The creation and transfer of lightcoin is based on an open source encryption protocol and is not managed by any central organization. Lightcoin aims to improve bitcoin. Compared with bitcoin, lightcoin has a significant difference
the token on the Ethereum blockchain is called ether, and its code is eth. It can be traded in many cryptocurrency markets, and it is also the medium used by Ethereum to pay transaction fees and computing service fees
xem is a new type of digital virtual coin based on Java. It adopts the newly invented synchronization solution based on proof of importance poi. It is said that xem is the first cryptocurrency to realize multi signature at the block chain level
in fact, bitcoin, Leyte or ether can be bought and sold in 2019. The important thing is that virtual currency can also be bought and sold in the form of contract transaction
the so-called contract transaction means that no matter whether the market price is rising or falling, as long as the correct trading direction can be judged at the corresponding time, the investors can make profits, and the transaction cost as low as $5 in the realm Kingdom makes it easier for ordinary investors to participate in it
in general, 2019 is full of new opportunities, and some potential digital currencies have also been well developed to a certain extent. But when we invest, we must not be too careless. We must choose a formal and secure platform.

4. Every digital currency has its own unique algorithm, so you have to think about your application, and then you can do it according to whether you want to do it yourself. If you do it, you will be the mathematical genius.

5. You have to remember that in addition to bitcoin, the remaining 99 digital currencies are packaged to circle money! 99% of digital currencies have no value. Ecosys TEM health chain (EHC) is a decentralized big health ecosystem established by using blockchain technology, artificial intelligence and big data. EHC integrates medical big data, connects online and offline medical data transmission, and records data to the blockchain. EHC also supports three-party developers to deploy DAPP based on EHC, and to call the data on the chain
but! Now these projects don't work? It's all packaged air. What's the practical effect of blowing so high?

6. 1 the framework of legal digital currency needs the participation of non bank payment institutions
there is no unified concept of legal digital currency. The Bank of England defines "digital currency" as "a payment method existing only by electronic means... Which can be used to purchase physical goods and services"... Including "private digital currency" and "digital currency issued by the central bank". Further than the Bank of England, Yao Qian, director of the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China, made clear the multiple connotations of the central bank's legal digital currency in several public speeches: legal and encrypted credit currency, adopted a series of algorithms, and derived more intelligent functions in the payment function
to this end, the central bank has designed a system architecture of "one currency, two warehouses and three centers", that is, taking digital currency as the center, designing the issuing library and deposit library, matching the certification center, big data analysis center and registration center. The central bank's digital currency is issued by the central bank and circulated in the commercial bank's account. The issuing inventory is put into the people's Bank of China to deposit the digital currency. The deposit bank is the database of the commercial bank to deposit the central bank's digital currency. The authentication center manages the identity of institutions and users in a centralized way; The registration center completes the whole life cycle and ownership registration of the central bank's digital currency; The big data analysis center achieves the goals of anti money laundering, anti terrorist financing, index detection and analysis
as an important node in the framework of legal digital currency, commercial banks play an important role in the circulation of central bank's digital currency. In the case that China's non bank payment institutions have occupied a certain market share, it is a better choice for non bank payment institutions to participate in the framework of digital currency operation as a supplement to commercial banks. The reasons are as follows: first, third-party payment institutions can help commercial banks realize the promotion of legal digital currency. Within commercial banks, there is a competitive relationship between legal digital currency and physical currency. The public tends to convert the digital currency in cash account into traditional currency in exchange for income, so it is difficult to achieve the goal of promoting digital currency by commercial banks; Second, the third-party payment institutions can avoid the repeated construction of payment application scenarios by commercial banks. Different from non bank payment institutions, the current payment scenarios of commercial banks are relatively lack of diversification, which will lead to a waste of resources and the rich experience accumulated by non bank payment institutions; Third, the third-party payment institutions can appropriately rece the operating costs of commercial banks. On the one hand, commercial banks need to upgrade the necessary software and hardware for the central bank's digital money service; On the other hand, we should continue to do a good job in traditional RMB deposit and withdrawal services. The simultaneous operation of the two systems will increase a lot of human and material costs. Fourth, the third-party payment institutions can promote the construction of payment instruments and channel integration of commercial banks. In the framework of legal digital currency, the single payment instruments and complex payment channels provided by commercial banks may rece the enthusiasm of the public to use legal digital currency
2 the emergence of legal digital currency reshapes the role of non bank payment institutions
in the process of cooperation with commercial banks, all kinds of non bank payment institutions play four roles. The first is the role of account manager. Non bank payment institutions can not operate deposit and loan business, and the amount in their payment account is not a deposit, so it is easier for the public to accept the role of non bank payment institutions as "digital wallet". At the same time, non bank payment institutions have rich experience in the development and operation of digital currency wallets and their terminals, which is concive to the smooth management and use of central bank's digital currency, and there is no need to worry about the risk of misappropriation of funds by non bank payment institutions. The second is the role of payment service provider. Non bank payment institutions have a lot of experience in scenario development and operation, including mobile payment, cross-border payment and rural payment, and relatively large market share of scenario based payment. On the one hand, powerful non bank payment institutions can develop a variety of procts based on Intelligent legal digital currency to meet the needs of users' exchange, payment, storage and related derivatives; On the other hand, non bank payment institutions can make use of various scenarios to promote the use of legal digital currency. For example, when consumers want to invest through the central bank's digital currency, non bank payment institutions, with the experience of traditional currency investment and payment services and upgraded digital wallet, can be fully competent as the special payment service provider of digital currency investment. Third, the role of system construction service provider. NPC, the core of national payment and settlement system, and CCPC, the core of provincial payment and settlement system, will continue to play an important role in the framework of legal digital currency. In the long-term coexistence of legal digital currency and traditional currency, NPC and CCPC will be double important nodes. Non bank payment institutions with strong technical ability can be used as secondary verification nodes under the framework of legal digital currency to supplement the multi center and distributed system architecture and continue to dock with NPC and CCPC
3 technical connection between non bank payment institutions and legal digital currency system
the innovation of non bank payment institutions is accompanied by the connection with legal digital currency system, covering the whole process of digital currency generation, storage, use and withdrawal. In this process, the first thing to solve is the docking of basic layer technology and transaction mole. The docking of basic layer technology is reflected in three aspects. First, in terms of basic security technology, non bank payment institutions, as providers of mobile terminal transaction forms, need to apply terminal security mole technology, dock with unified encryption and decryption system, provide carriers for secure storage and encryption and decryption operations, and provide effective basic security protection for digital currency. Secondly, in the aspect of data security technology, non bank payment institutions, as a part of the whole payment system, should adopt the official unified ciphertext + MAC / ciphertext + hash technology to transmit digital currency information, so as to ensure the confidentiality, security and non tamperability of the information. Thirdly, in the aspect of transaction security technology, non bank payment institutions, as the advanced nodes participating in bookkeeping, adopt blind signature technology to ensure the controllable anonymity of digital currency in the process of transaction, and eliminate the possibility of repeated payment through serial number, time stamp and other ways; And through encryption and decryption, digital signature, identity authentication and other anti-counterfeiting ways to ensure the authenticity of the transaction
when docking with the transaction mole, non bank payment institutions should do the following: first, docking with the certification center to obtain relevant digital certificates and user identity information; Second, connect with the trusted service management mole to obtain the use function of digital currency; Third, connect with the issuing system and storage system, and apply for and exchange digital currency through the bank treasury; Fourth, connect with the transaction communication mole to ensure that users can realize online payment through the transaction network in the intelligent terminal based on online transaction communication; Fifth, connect with the registration center, notify and record the flow of digital currency transactions, so as to complete the registration of the central bank's digital currency generation, circulation, checking and extinction process
4 scenario docking between non bank payment institutions and legal digital currency system
scenario docking of non bank payment institutions is based on the transformation of their own roles. Legal digital currency is algorithmic currency and intelligent currency, so business innovation and scenario expansion are the proper meaning of legal digital currency system. Non bank payment institutions can achieve scene docking mainly in four aspects
first, enabling the financial instry and defusing the limitations of financial scenario services. At present, there are some limitations in financial scenario service, such as business modeling is not universal, different agents have different management requirements, and the system docking cost of participants is high. Non bank payment institutions connect with the underlying technology of legal digital currency, and through the research and development of smart contract, establish behavior information such as capital flow, trigger conditions, value change rules, revenue right registration, and corresponding capital information (amount, account, currency, etc.) to resolve the existing limitations of financial scenario service. Non bank payment institutions use the atomic properties of digital currency and the atomic transactions of smart contracts to "assemble" into a business model. It does not need to develop a separate platform for different business scenarios, and avoids the monopoly of the instry platform and the non disclosure of information
Second, expand the use scenarios and improve the user experience. Non bank payment institutions can continue to expand the use scenarios according to the characteristics of legal digital currency on the basis of the existing rich payment scenarios, so as to meet the needs of users' exchange, payment, storage and related derivatives. At the same time, through the aggregation application, users can use the app of non bank payment institutions to dock a large number of scenarios and services
thirdly, improve the security of funds and create a universal digital wallet. Non bank payment institutions can provide digital wallet services, create digital wallets that meet security standards through their own technology, and ensure the security of users' funds. Alternative methods include: the central bank and non bank payment institutions cooperate to develop a unified universal digital wallet application, or authorize several qualified non bank payment institutions to provide universal digital wallet services. The digital wallet can realize the mutual exchange between the user's funds in various commercial banks and the legal digital currency even in the self owned accounts of non bank payment institutions. From the perspective of implementation, at the same time, the traditional account system of commercial banks can also bind the digital currency wallet of non bank payment institutions, so as to achieve the joint management of traditional accounts bound with digital currency wallet
Fourth, help cross-border settlement and build a safe and reliable cross time zone alliance chain. Non bank payment institutions can deeply participate in the cross-border payment system of legal digital currency. Cooperation with commercial banks and central banks can be achieved in at least two aspects. First, payment standards and tools are available. Non bank payment institutions participate in the research and establishment of standards and tools to realize the possibility of technical docking. Second, cross border payment system. The business system led by the central bank and participated by commercial banks and qualified non bank payment institutions will help to realize efficient cross-border payment
5 the legal framework of non bank payment institutions and legal digital currency is connected
a perfect legal system is an important guarantee for the operation of the digital currency system. There are several key questions to answer. First, how to determine the ownership of legal digital currency? This is the basis of all legal acts of legal digital currency. The first way of thinking is that legal digital currency is intangible. As a special movable property, it is applicable to the provisions of the property law. For example, Liu Xiangmin, director of the Department of articles and law of the people's Bank of China, believes that "to solve the problem of ownership transfer of digital currency, we should also focus on the publicity of ownership." The second idea is that digital currency is an electromagnetic record, which is applicable to the law of data transfer and transaction. The essence of digital currency is electromagnetic recording, and the transfer of electromagnetic recording content is recorded in the node of digital currency technology architecture. The change of node records is taken as the standard of ownership transfer. Second, how to protect personal information security? Personal information security is a basic problem in the era of digital economy. In addition to legislation to improve the level of technical security, we should also make clear the main types of legal digital currency system

7. Digital money
network digital money; E-money
example:
1. A digital money system based on the partially blind signatures
a digital money system based on partially blind signatures
2; D go so far as to say that truly digital money or, more accurately, the economic mechanisms needed for truly digital cash will rewire the nature of our economy, communications, and knowledge The nature of communication and knowledge.

8. digital money_ Network translation
digital money
network digital currency; Electronic currency< A digital money system based on the partially blind signatures

9. The blind signature of edit entry is proposed in 1982. Blind signature, because of its blindness, can effectively protect the specific content of the signed message, so it is widely used in e-commerce, e-election and other fields
blind signature allows the message owner to blind the message first, and then let the signature sign the blind message. Finally, the message owner removes the blind factor from the signature to get the signer's signature about the original message. Blind signature is a special digital signature technology adopted by the receiver without the signer getting the specific content of the signed message. In addition to the general digital signature conditions, it must also satisfy the following two properties:
1. The signer is invisible to the message he signs, that is, the signer does not know the specific content of the message he signs
2. The signature message is untraceable, that is, when the signature message is published, the signer cannot know which time he signed it
there was a very intuitive explanation about blind signature: the so-called blind signature is to put the hidden file into the envelope first, and the process of removing the blind factor is to open the envelope. When the file is in an envelope, no one can read it. To sign a document is to put a carbon paper in the envelope. When the signer signs on the envelope, his signature will be signed on the document through the carbon paper
generally speaking, a good blind signature should have the following properties:
1. Unforgeability. No one can generate a valid blind signature in his name except the signer himself. This is the most basic property
2. Non repudiation. Once a signer signs a message, he cannot deny his signature
3. Blindness. Although the signer signs a message, he cannot get the specific content of the message
4. Untraceability. Once the signature of the message is published, the signer can't determine when he signed the message
blind signature satisfying the above properties is considered to be secure. These four properties are not only the standards we should follow in designing blind signature, but also the basis for us to judge the performance of blind signature< In addition, the operability and efficiency of the scheme are also important factors that we must consider when designing blind signature. The operability and implementation speed of a blind signature depend on the following aspects:
1
2. The length of blind signature
3. Blind signature algorithm and verification algorithm.