Bank for international settlement of digital currency
Digital money (electronic money or electronic currency) is a kind of money in digital form (different from paper money and coins)
it shows properties similar to physical currency, but it can allow real-time transaction and borderless ownership transfer. Examples include virtual currency, cryptocurrency and currency issued by central bank and recorded in computer database (including digital base currency)
like traditional currencies, these currencies may be used to purchase physical goods and services, but they may also be restricted in some communities, such as online games
digital currency is the currency balance that is electronically recorded on stored value cards or other devices. Another form of electronic currency is network currency, which allows value transfer on computer network, especially on the Internet. E-money is also a creditor's right to other financial institutions such as private banks or bank deposits
digital money can be centralized, that is, it has a central point to control the money supply, or it can be decentralized, that is, the control power can have different sources
the media's attention to the central bank's digital currency has increased significantly, especially after Zuckerberg testified in Congress on the Libra issue and Christina Lagarde acknowledged the "clear demand" for stable currency at her first media reception as president of the European Central Bank, which seems to have changed the public's view on this matter, Let many people in cryptocurrency community think that cbdcs is in sight<
according to the latest survey report released by the bank for International Settlements, central banks in the past seven years have been investigating this technology and assessing its impact. Of the 63 central banks surveyed, 55 said they were unlikely to issue cbdcs in the next three years, and only one reported that they were "highly likely to issue large-scale cbdcs in the next three to six years."
although the proportion of central banks studying cbdcs is very high, the crux of the problem is that it is mainly theoretical and investigative work. Only five central banks have concted more in-depth research and real project development or experimentation - but that still does not mean that they will necessarily issue cbdcs
through close observation, it is more and more obvious that both Libra recently released by Facebook and the new stable currency assets have had a significant impact on the central bank. Today's situation took hundreds of years to form, but it changed in a few months; Competition, the most terrifying and unfamiliar concept that has never been thought of before and penetrated into the elite society of central banks, is now knocking at the door
it can be said that the solution to the current situation is still unclear. Some people who are familiar with these things even say that they are bluffing. However, in Lagarde's own words, the slow and wait-and-see regulatory approach can no longer meet the needs
1. What is central bank digital currency<
what is the difference between central bank digital currency CBDC and other digital currencies
CBDC is a new form of currency, which is directly issued by the central bank in digital form as legal tender. The current form of legal currency is cash, reserve deposit or balance settlement< There are two main differences between CBDC and other digital currencies (including cryptocurrency and other forms of central bank currency):
1. CBDC has nothing to do with cryptoassets. They're not decentralized, they don't have to be blockchain based, and they're certainly not anonymous, they're not unlicensed, they're not censored< 2. Contrary to the current digital cash, the operation structure of CBDC will be different from other forms of central bank currency. CBDC has more powerful functions. They are programmable, can generate interest, can be cleared in near real time, and have cheaper handling charges and wider openness
when designing CBDC, the speed of central banks is different. Different central banks adopt their own approach. However, in general, there are three problems being explored: whether CBDC should be based on token or account number, whether CBDC should be batch (only open to banks) or retail (open to the public), and whether it should be based on DLT
when CBDC is to be implemented, things will become complicated, and there are many thorny problems to be considered
for example, once CBDC is launched, does it need to cancel cash? Should CBDC carry interest? Should they have face value like cash? Or linked to the total price index? What impact will this have on commercial banks? What about anonymity and privacy? All these questions need to be answered<
2. Motivation for issuing CBDC
in the 2017 staff discussion paper, the Bank of Canada gave six reasons for issuing CBDC in an article entitled "central bank digital currency: motivation and impact":
1. Ensure that the central bank provides sufficient cash to the public, and maintain the seigniorage revenue of the central bank
2, Support non-traditional monetary policy
3. Rece overall risk and improve financial stability
4. Improve payment competitiveness
5. Promote financial inclusiveness
6. Curb criminal activities
looking back at the bank for International Settlements survey we analyzed earlier, payment security and domestic efficiency are selected as the most important motives of the central bank. According to a large number of papers published by the central bank and other large financial institutions, for developed countries, the transformation into a cashless society is the main driving factor, while for developing countries, financial inclusiveness, cost rection and operational efficiency are the main motivation
throughout the rest of the reports and the literature that can be found, the fierce competition brought about by bitcoin and other innovations in the cryptocurrency instry, as well as the clear need for "one step ahead", of course, are not listed as the reasons for issuing CBDC< The advantages and potential risks of CBDC are very low.
if the central bank starts to launch CBDC and succeeds in the end, there are many potential benefits
from a technical point of view, CBDC is much better than the current form of legal currency. They can be tracked better, collect taxes more conveniently, transmit monetary policy better, have better financial inclusiveness, and rece the cost of procing physical currency
the most obvious advantage is that payment is cheaper and faster, whether it is domestic payment or cross-border payment
in addition to the design and implementation problems, a key problem of issuing CBDC is that CBDC may increase the risk of bank operation. However, this only happens when banks promise that their deposits can be converted into CBDC on demand, which is not necessarily the case, according to the Bank of England document
4. Facts on the ground
how far is it from us to see a real CBDC appear in the market? It's hard to estimate, but at present, we can sum up the current situation in one sentence: all talk but no practice
if we put aside the failed digital currencies of Ecuador, Tunisia and Venezuela, we can only do theoretical research, a small amount of experiments, and issue some feasible CBDC issuance announcements supported by the state in the future
the most famous CBDC projects in progress are: e-peso in Uruguay (the project was successfully tested in 2018), DCEP in China, "project Inthanon" in Thailand, e-krona in Sweden (still in the research stage)...
5. The revolution has not yet been successful, and comrades still need to work hard
considering the factors mentioned above, Most of the headlines about CBDC's upcoming release are groundless. All projects scheled to be released this year have been delayed
in fact, there is still a long way to go for the birth of CBDC, and to convince the public, we need more than a statement. Given the current situation, it seems that CBDC and other cryptocurrencies may not affect each other - at least for now.
it can not be completely equivalent to the virtual currency in the virtual world, because it is often used for real goods and services transactions, not limited to online games and other virtual spaces. At present, the central bank does not recognize or issue digital currency, and digital currency does not have to have a benchmark currency. The popular digital currencies in 2015 include bitcoin, bitstocks, etc. At present, there are thousands of digital currencies issued all over the world
Central Bank issued digital currency (CBDC) refers to the legal digital currency issued by central banks in various countries
the bank for International Settlements (BIS), known as the "Central Bank of the world's central banks", issued a report on September 17, 2017, saying that the policy decision of whether the central bank provides digital alternatives for cash is the most urgent in a country with declining cash flow, such as Sweden, but all central banks must finally face the choice of whether the issuance of CBDC meets their own needs
in February 2017, BOC made new progress in digital currency. The block chain based digital bill trading platform promoted by the central bank has been tested successfully. The legal digital currency issued by the central bank has been put into trial operation on the platform. After the Spring Festival, the digital currency Research Institute of the central bank will also be officially listed. This means that the people's Bank of China will be the first central bank to issue digital currency and carry out real application in the world.
the bank for International Settlements (BIS), known as the "Central Bank of the world's central banks", issued a report on September 17, 2017, saying that the policy decision of whether the central bank provides digital alternatives for cash is the most urgent in a country with declining cash flow, such as Sweden, but all central banks must finally face the choice of whether the issuance of CBDC meets their own needs.
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"I never thought that I would be able to use Alipay version of Alipay (PAYtm) back home. It's so exciting!" Chopra, a young boy who once studied in China and knows Alipay and WeChat, is satisfied with the current convenient consumption. Mobile phone payment makes him feel that life in Delhi is not much different from that in Shanghai. p>
the Indian government proposed the concept of "digital India" a few years ago, calling on people to use cashless payment in daily transactions. Subsequently, the order of banknote abolition accelerated the process of cashless payment to a certain extent
seeing the rise of China, they are all anxious to catch up< br />
Cheng Digital RMB red envelope test has been launched. This attempt is very good, which can not only stimulate consumption, but also further the issuance of digital RMB. It's a good try first of all, the RMB digital red envelope can make the development of digital RMB further China's mobile payment market is huge and growing rapidly. Payment methods and procts continue to emerge, and the level of payment services continues to improve. It has become a unique landscape in the world. At present, most users have formed the habit of using electronic payment tools. On the other hand, the non bank payment market has formed a opoly pattern, with large payment institutions monopolizing data and scenarios, and a large number of transactions in the system are closed, which makes it difficult to effectively implement supervision. It not only infringes the legitimate rights and interests of customers, but also is not concive to fair competition and financial risk prevention< In this case, it is very important and urgent to issue digital RMB the sharp rise and fall of the price of digital money market represented by bitcoin and Ethernet reflect its huge volatility. The bank for International Settlements and the International Monetary Fund also pointed out that the lack of strong asset support behind the private digital currency makes it difficult to solve the problem of asset value trust. In addition, the use of private digital currency instead of legal tender in some cases is not regulated by the central bank. Private digital money is also easy to cause cross-border capital flows, cover up illegal transactions, and be used for tax evasion and other purposes e to anonymous transactions, which will affect the effect of the central bank's monetary policy
In today's technology environment, especially in China, there are very good technologies in many payment fields. Especially after several financial payment procts or platforms launched by Tencent and Alibaba, they are also a way of payment that helps many Chinese enterprises. These also bring a lot of convenience to the people of the whole country
we also hope that RMB can continue to develop all over the country in the next few years, which is not only the continuous improvement of China's international status, but also reflects China's scientific and technological progress, which is a new model for financial security procts, and also hopes that other countries can use it for reference to promote the development of global finance