Ethereum early miner Alliance
There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road
from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain
1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0
however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts
first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network
the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis
to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively
(1) fragmentation technology
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved
however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization
(2) lightning network
lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain
however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel
only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain
another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost
Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactionsthe above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network
Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event
Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident
(1) what does Dao meanbefore introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized
autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
(2) the infamous Dao event
however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event
refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days
unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13
this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart
to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions
in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"
Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stabilitywhat is Ethereum:
Ethereum is an innovation based on the application of technologies and concepts in bitcoin to computers. Ethereum itself imitates a lot of bitcoin technology to maintain the computer platform. Blockchain technology is one of them
Ethereum platform can safely run any program users want
advantages of Ethereum over other competitive currencies before Ethereum appeared, some digital currencies imitated bitcoin. However, these projects have their own shortcomings, they can only support one or several specific applications at the same time< However, the reason why Ethereum can surpass the limitations of these projects in the past is because of the core idea of Ethereum
what Ethereum wants to implement is a blockchain protocol with built-in programming language. Since it supports programming language, in theory, any blockchain application can be defined with this language, and then run on Ethereum's blockchain protocol as an application
The design of Ethereum is very flexible and adaptable
Ethereum target sets the advantages of blockchain technology, in order to add the advantages of blockchain, such as decentralization, openness and security, to almost all computing fields
blockchain applications of Ethereum
Ethereum has many blockchain applications, such as digital applications of gold and stocks, financial derivatives applications, DNS and digital authentication, etc
Ethereum has achieved more than 100 blockchain applications by many start-ups
Ethereum has also been closely watched by some financial institutions, banking consortia (such as R3), as well as large companies like Samsung, Deloitte, RWE and IBM. As a result, a number of blockchain applications such as simplified and automated financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, and gift cards designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions have emerged
the relationship between Ethereum and blockchain:
Ethereum is a programmable blockchain
Ethereum does not give users a series of preset operations (such as bitcoin transaction), but allows users to create complex operations according to their own wishes
in this way, Ethereum can be used as a platform for various types of decentralized blockchain applications, including but not limited to cryptocurrency
like other blockchains, Ethereum also has a peer-to-peer network protocol. Ethereum blockchain database is maintained and updated by many nodes connected to the network. Each network node runs the Ethereum simulator and executes the same instructions. Therefore, people sometimes call Ethereum "world computer"
hope to be useful to you, please adopt!
At present, the mining mode can be roughly divided into PPLNs, PPS and PPS +. However, if you want to get a stable income from mining, it is recommended to choose the mining software of PPS mode
when miners are mining, if you want to know how many etheric coins you get, you can use ha Yu miner to see clearly the daily mining income
Harbin miners showed a unified display of revenue for BTC, easy to see, and support for cash withdrawals to Alipay wallet and bitcoin wallet. p>
many new users believe that the sole purpose of mining is to generate ether in a way that does not require a central issuer (see our guide "what is ether?"). It's true. The token of Ethereum is proced in the process of mining, with a mining rate of 5 Ethereum coins per piece. But mining is at least as important. Usually, banks are responsible for keeping accurate records of transactions. They make sure that money is not created out of thin air and that users don't cheat and spend money many times. However, blockchain introces a new way to keep records, the whole network instead of intermediary, to verify transactions and add them to the public ledger
Ethereum mining
although "no trust" or "trust minimization" monetary system is the goal, there are still people who need to ensure the security of financial records and ensure that no one cheats. Mining is one of the innovations that makes decentralized records possible. Miners have reached a consensus on the history of transactions in terms of preventing fraud (especially double spending on ether) - an interesting issue that hasn't been addressed before the decentralized currency works on the blockchain. While Ethereum is looking at other ways to reach a consensus on the effectiveness of the deal, mining currently keeps the platform together
how mining works
today, the mining process of Ethereum is almost the same as that of bitcoin. For each transaction, the miner can use the computer to guess the answer repeatedly and quickly until one of them wins. More specifically, the miner will run the unique header metadata (including time stamp and software version) of the block through the hash function (which will return a fixed length, unordered string of numbers and letters, which appears to be random), changing only the 'nonce value', which will affect the hash value of the result
if the miner finds a hash that matches the current target, the miner will be granted ether and broadcast the block across the network for each node to verify and add to their own ledger . If miner B finds the hash, miner a stops working on the current block and repeats the process for the next block. It's hard for miners to cheat in this game. There is no way to fake the work and come up with the right answer to the puzzle. That's why solving puzzles is called "proof of work."
on the other hand, others have little time to verify whether the hash value is correct, which is exactly what each node does. About every 12-15 seconds, a miner finds a stone. If the miner starts to solve the puzzle faster or slower than this, the algorithm will automatically re adjust the difficulty of the problem so that the miner can rebound to about 12 seconds of solution time
miners earn these ethers randomly, and their profitability depends on their luck and the computing power they put in. The specific workload verification algorithm used by Ethereum is called "ethash", which aims to require more memory, making it difficult to mine with expensive ASIC. Special mining chips are now the only profitable way to mine bitcoin
in a sense, ethash may have achieved this goal successfully, because dedicated ASIC is not available for Ethereum (at least not yet). In addition, as Ethereum aims to shift from proof of work mining to "proof of equity" (which we will discuss below), buying ASIC may not be a wise choice because it may not prove useful for a long time< However, Ethereum may never need miners. Developers plan to abandon proof of work, the algorithm currently used by the network to determine which transactions are valid and protect them from tampering to support proof of equity, which is guaranteed by token owners. If and when the algorithm is launched, proof of equity can become a means to achieve distributed consensus, and the consensus uses less resources.
Hashtoken alliance
The full name ofGHP is global hash power. It is a global computing alliance formed by global bitcoin miners and established the Computing Alliance Foundation. Based on Ethereum erc2.0, it has a total circulation of 10 billion tokens, of which 5 billion are locked up for a long time and 50 million are in circulation
GHP provides bitcoin computing power by miners. Around the bitcoin computing power instry chain, it builds mines, mining, mining machine proction, computing power mall, computing power wallet, mine pool, computing power game, etc., and realizes computing power asset securitization
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< H2 > extended information:global hash power hash pass and ZT exchange have reached a strategic cooperative relationship. Global hash power hash pass (GHP) is scheled to launch zt.com digital currency exchange in the near future, and open GHP / eth, GHP / CNT trading pairs. At that time, ZT exchange will simultaneously open the currency charging function of global hash power hash pass (GHP)
relying on stable, professional and reliable technical support, ZT exchange has built a trading platform for blockchain digital currency, which is the most convenient to buy money and has the most convenient proceres, so as to truly meet the needs of global users. The operation performance of the exchange is also very stable, with real-time comparison of trading information, elastic flow protection and efficient order matching engine
1. has gone through 17 years of super big bull market, and it has been in the stage of digestion for the past 3 years.
after leeks have been cheated for countless times, they are more cautious about new projects. The era when a white paper and an official website can earn money is gone forever
2. Blockchain projects are difficult to implement, and there is no physical support
in the currency circle, no matter what projects are blown to the sky, unlike instry, which has no sustainable hematopoietic capacity, it can only end up with zero
3. All model currencies are Ponzi schemes
mode money, not to mention, all models are pyramid pyramid selling models, which reward the first arrivals with the money of the latecomers, and the bigger the bubbles, the collapse is only a matter of time.
is it true that the coin circle is so dead that there is no hope? If you really want to start a new craze in the currency circle, the top 3 problems must be overcome. That is to say, if there is a project that can control risks without bubbles and have physical support, without pyramid schemes, it will be a long and steady way to make money.
before that, some people would surely say that the purpose of the state's strong support for real enterprises is to revive the economy after the epidemic. However, in reality, it is difficult for entities to continue, let alone blockchain projects. As a result, I noticed a project called Forbes. After studying the white paper, I suddenly felt that it was like discovering a new continent. Unlike any project I have ever seen, this project has perfectly realized the above vision! Let's explore it with curiosity and see what kind of immortal project it is< First of all, Forbes project is zero fund-raising. Note that there is no fund-raising at the beginning, which eliminates the possibility of money collection. Before the launch of Forbes project token GFS, there was only bitcoin mining business at the beginning. It seems that bitcoin mining can't be achieved with eight strokes. What does this have to do with the project itself? We'll explain later. Let's talk about the mining business first. Forbes first launched the "miner's Union Plan". If you want to participate, you only need to pledge the deposit to purchase the computing power or mining machinery, and you can continue to obtain the mining income. Pay attention to why the project risk is controllable. The key points are as follows:
1. The deposit is returned daily for a period of one year through the smart contract
the smart contract is deployed on Ethereum, the deposit usdt is returned every day, and the smart contract is open source, which ensures that the principal can be recovered 100% regardless of the outcome of the project
2. Mining income can be withdrawn every day
the income from bitcoin mining will also be automatically converted into stable currency, which can be withdrawn every day, so that we can make steady money
3. Physical bitcoin mine pool support, field investigation
the reason why the project is supported by entities is that 100% of the deposit pledged by users is used to buy bitcoin mining machines. Forbes cooperates with global head mine bitmainland, and the mine can be inspected at any time
in this way, in the early stage of Forbes project, users can earn mining profits almost without risk by participating in bitcoin mining through 100% deposit return. If it's just mining, Forbes is not enough to have a big impact on the coin circle. After all, there are two problems: one is that the cycle is too long, and the other is that there is no promotion mode. Although the model coins of the 19-year-old fire all ended in collapse, the reason for the fire was that there was a model to see how Forbes broke the game< Second, the static and dynamic al mode, the fuse is on the verge of firing
as mentioned above, the payback cycle of the deposit for the purchase of mining machinery is as long as one year, so many people may be deterred. Forbes has designed two models. If you don't do anything after you buy a miner, you can only make money slowly through the daily deposit released and the income generated. At present, the annual income is about 180%. This is called static model. If you want to make money quickly, Forbes has designed a dynamic model
in dynamic mode, it is divided into three moles
1
in the mining area, if there is a wet season, the income of mining will increase, so Forbes often launch this activity in the wet season. 10% of the deposit of the first single miner directly pushed by users was released immediately. For example, if I bought a 1000u miner, originally the 1000u deposit was released for one year, but if I recommend five people to buy the miner, and all the five people bought the 1000u miner, then 10% of the total amount of the deposit, that is, 500U, can be released immediately. In this way, I can promote 5 people at most and get back half of the book immediately
in addition, it should be noted that the funds released here are the sum of deposit and income, not only deposit
2. Direct promotion increased the release by 20%, and indirect promotion increased the release by 10%
this is very easy to understand. Take my purchase of 1000u miner as an example. When it's not promoted, the deposit plus mining revenue will release about 7U every day. If one person directly pushes and the person buys 1000u mining machine, then I will increase the release money by 20%, which is 1.4u. If the person directly pushes and the person also buys 1000u mining machine, then it belongs to indirect promotion. I can increase the release money by 10%, which is 0.7u, My daily release amount is 7U + 1.4u + 0.7u = 9.1u. The more you push, the faster you release. That's the mechanism
3
the so-called trade union refers to other performance areas beyond the maximum performance line under the umbrella, because I am the recommender of all the people under the umbrella, so I am the president. In order to encourage users to work as trade unions, leaders of different levels of trade unions can get different levels of release rewards. For example, if I only need the total capital of direct push and indirect push to reach 50000 u, I can become a V1 Union. Then 12% of the total revenue of bitcoin g up in the whole network will be equally distributed to all V1 union presidents for release, and so on
in the promotion mode of Forbes, all these promotion rewards are only the release of your principal and income, not the next fund. This is different from other MLM project core elements
that is to say, it would take a year to release the principal and mining income without doing anything, but if I carry out promotion, it can greatly increase the speed of cost recovery and income generation. When the promotion reward reaches the sum of the deposit and income, the promotion reward is no longer effective
some people may say that it's not worthwhile for me to work hard to build such a huge community just for the principal and 180% of the annual income from mining. In fact, when the deposit and income are all released, you can choose to reinvest again, so that the promotion reward has been released
some people will ask again, the income of bitcoin mining is uncertain every day, why is the release associated with the expected future income? Forbes expects that the annual income of mining bitcoin will reach 180%, which is much higher than that of other mines. Where does the capital come from
it is very important to explain this problem, because Forbes is a pure entity and no foam project, so there can be no Ponzi scheme.
1. As the project has its own promotion mode, once it is started, the ore pool will grow rapidly, so the huge size of the ore pool will have a strong base to follow the price of the power plant. Generally, the electricity cost of the mine pool may be more than 0.35, while the electricity cost of Forbes can save a lot
2. With the support of the world's top mines, the more mining machines purchased, the less marginal cost. Therefore, the cost of mining machines is actually lower than the average cost of all users, and this cost difference is also one of the benefits
3. Forbes has set up a "mine pool fund", which uses 20% of the income of the whole network mining output to enter the fund pool. This fund is used for special purpose, and will continue to buy mining machines to expand the income, so the project has the ability of sustainable hematopoiesis
Third, the overall situation of Forbes, the final project vision to achieve distributed finance
the meaning of a drunken man is not wine. It would be a big mistake to think that Forbes is just a new exploration of mining mode. What the project really wants to achieve is the implementation of cross chain technology and the first echelon of distributed finance
"Forbes miner alliance" is only the first step. With the main network going online, many nodes are gathered through mining, and the ecology will suddenly have a place to play, which is invincible. As we all know, the most popular blockchain concept is difi (distributed Finance), which is also the field that Ethereum 2.0 will go deep into in the future. What Forbes really wants to build in the future is to win the crown of decentralized finance and become the "UnionPay" of the coin circle
when the Forbes mine pool matures, Forbes will launch the main network and token GFS, and the output of GFS can only be obtained by purchasing the exclusive miner. Since participating in the early bitcoin mining is also equivalent to making contributions to the node ecology, ring the miner alliance period, users can choose to convert the mining income into GFS certificates, and after the main network line, they can map the main network token one by one. If you are optimistic about the future of GFS, the exchange of mining income into GFS voucher in advance is also an option to expand the income
of course, that's the same thing. Forbes project is real, real landing, zero risk, no bubble. Different from other deceptive projects, the income will be forced to be converted into a project token. Users can freely choose to convert mining income into GFS, and they can also freely choose to purchase GFS mining machines in the future. If you are not optimistic about the Forbes project, it doesn't matter. It's good to make money safely from bitcoin mining. After all, everyone has different perceptions and different risk tolerance
for me, such a solid project is hard to see in the currency circle. Forbes is not only real, but also does not adhere to the traditional entity mining, and the innovative introction of no foam promotion mode. It can be predicted that this mode is sustainable development, and even I look forward to challenging the top mines of bitcoin. The earlier I participate, the more I can eat meat. This is the essence of my participation in many projects. My mining income is almost converted into GFS certificate for the first time. After all, the Forbes project has just set sail, facing a vast ocean to be developed.
The
Ethereum mining
Berlin hard fork will mark the end of the metropolitan era. This is a key stage in Ethereum's history, which is divided into two stages (Byzantine and Constantinople), including several branches, including Atlantis, Istanbul, and finally reached its peak in Berlin