Ethereum mining machine circuit

1.

Miner components include CPU, GPU, motherboard and hard disk, similar to a high configuration computer with a hard disk. Self assembly mainly depends on which aspect of hardware performance you want to highlight

mining machine has computing power, display card mining machine and storage mining machine. Daotong storage has long been concerned about the dynamic and hardware supply of mining machine, and its own components will be cheaper than those of the manufacturer< br />

2. I don't know if you use it in a mine or try water. If you're afraid of trouble, it's a brand-name machine to save trouble. You can plug in the power and connect the network cable when you buy it. It's like the one in the galaxy miner, which is more suitable for Xiao mining

3. When it comes to money, mining is indispensable. In ethereum network, if you want to get Ethereum, you also need to mine it. When it comes to mining, there must be a consensus mechanism
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.

4. The motherboard of speedbridge Ethereum chassis is a professional chassis motherboard with one drag and eight. There is no need to extend the cable. The extension cable can rece the efficiency and avoid messy signs of wiring. The maintenance is simpler, the chassis is cleaner and the heat dissipation is better; Graphics card directly to the motherboard, easy to upgrade and replace; The integrated motherboard is more reliable and the mean time between failures is longer; Pluggable memory and hard disk can be upgraded in the later stage to keep high efficiency operation.

5. CPU
Intel Pentium g4560
￥ 390

radiator Kyushu Fengshen xuanbing 400 ￥ 60
motherboard Pansheng b250a-btc ￥ 699
memory Kingston 8g 2400 ￥ 364
Pico gtx1060 black general * 6 ￥ 8994
hard disk Pico Tiejia battle general 120g SSD ￥ 359
chassis 6 Card mining rack ￥ 999
power xinlongyuan hin1600w-atxg1 ￥ 425
adapter card pciex1 to x16 adapter card * 6 ￥ 180
keyboard and mouse installation user optional ---
display user optional----

6. This requires you to calculate when the cost of expenses can be recovered. However, at present, most mining machines can not be returned (in bitcoin), not in legal currency.

7. In short, this is the function of the central bank
new currencies are usually solved through open market operations. In other words, the central bank makes its own money flow out by buying Treasury bonds (issued by the Ministry of Finance), so that the money flows to commercial banks, and commercial banks make money circulate in the society through lending
first of all, understand currency: today's commonly referred to as currency is the paper money in our pocket. It is a medium and tool to facilitate the exchange and circulation of goods under the commodity economy. It has no value in itself and is issued and forced to circulate by the national bank. When you go shopping in China with us dollars, the shop owner will treat us dollars as a piece of waste paper, because US dollars must be converted into RMB through the central bank to be used in China
currencies of different countries cannot be circulated in different countries. Now, with the global economic integration, there are certain economic exchanges between countries. In order to solve the trade and currency problems between different countries, two concepts of foreign exchange and foreign exchange reserve are involved
as we all know, a country's wealth is not measured by the amount of its currency issued or owned, but by the amount of its commodities, which are the material needs of people's life, rather than money, that is, a country's proction capacity and gross domestic proct
trade between countries can be divided into export and import as follows:
in the case of export, if US dollar is used as foreign currency, that is to say, Chinese multinational enterprises sell their procts in the United States in exchange for the currency of other countries. For Chinese people, foreign currency is not allowed to circulate in the Chinese market, Therefore, in the Chinese market, foreign currency is equivalent to a pile of waste paper. Therefore, it is useless for Chinese export enterprises to sell foreign currency to the national bank to exchange it for RMB, and the state holds foreign currency. People's wealth is ultimately reflected in their material enjoyment, and money is only an intermediary and tool for material exchange, Our domestic enterprises give the goods they proce to the United States, while the United States only gives us foreign currency (bonds), thus forming a debt relationship: that is, China is the creditor, foreign countries (the United States) are the debtor, and foreign exchange (US dollars) is the debt relationship certificate

for the import situation, foreign currency reserves will not be affected. For example, if foreign businessmen sell foreign goods at home to earn RMB, the central bank will take the foreign exchange reserves (US dollars) to buy back RMB from foreign investors (because this part of RMB is circulating at home and is not counted as foreign exchange reserves), It may also be that foreign businessmen take RMB to their own country to exchange for their own currency, which also forms their own foreign exchange reserves (whether the actual process is like the above, I don't know, it's not studying economy, it's just speculation). Buy back is actually a hedging process (the real sense of hedging seems to be that the central bank takes foreign exchange to buy overseas). It can also be understood as follows: foreign goods are regarded as the goods proced by the central bank and sold in the domestic market. In this way, part of the foreign exchange reserve is returned to the people through the central bank, and the debt is also paid

generally, the amount of money in circulation of a country corresponds to the amount of goods proced by the country Material wealth corresponds to the amount of money)
Chinese enterprises export goods, which can be seen as: China proces too many domestic goods (that is, the corresponding currency is not enough),
domestic enterprises get foreign markets for commodity sales and exchange through the form of export, and can exchange domestic goods for foreign goods, but because of the existence of foreign currency, In fact, these foreign currencies are equivalent to the debts of foreign consumers to China's export enterprises, and these debts are uniformly assigned to the name of the national bank. This has become the country's foreign exchange reserves. The more foreign exchange reserves, the more money the state will lend. Lending is equivalent to issuing money. If a country releases too much money, it needs to issue a large amount of money, which may cause inflation (there are not enough goods, but a lot of currency in circulation). At this time, the country purchases goods from overseas through the international market, and consumes foreign goods in exchange for goods, so as to achieve the goal of stabilizing and balancing the economy. It can also be understood from another perspective that the central bank releases a large amount of money to exchange for foreign exchange reserves. The increase of this kind of money is not caused by the "invisible hand" of the market rules, but by the Central Bank of the government. If we zoom in, the increase of money will actually be inflation, and the money on the hands of the people will be devalued, The devalued part is occupied by the central bank free of charge. Therefore, it can be understood as: foreign exchange reserves are liabilities of the central bank, not assets, because it is exchanged by the central bank from the people's hands with RMB, then the people will want to cash this asset one day
as China's foreign exchange currency is mainly US dollar, once the US economy fluctuates and leads to the depreciation of US dollar, China's foreign exchange reserves will have the risk of devaluation. The devaluation of foreign exchange reserves is also the loss of China's assets< In a word, foreign exchange reserve is a kind of debt relationship between the people and other countries (reserves are not national assets, but the money of the working people), and the people, as one of the creditor's rights, transfer the creditor's rights to the National Central Bank and hang them in the name of the central bank

foreign exchange reserve refers to the foreign convertible currency held by a country's monetary authority and can be used for external payment, which acts as an international reserve asset. The amount of foreign exchange reserve mainly depends on the status of import and export, the scale of foreign debt and the actual use of foreign capital. Foreign exchange reserves are used for trade with other countries
in order to increase foreign exchange, we need to issue RMB to buy, and the supply of RMB will increase, which may cause monetary expansion in the domestic market. A certain amount of foreign exchange reserve is an important means for a country to adjust its economy and realize the economic balance at home and abroad. When there is a deficit in the balance of payments (more imports, the domestic market full of foreign goods, causing domestic monetary tightening), the use of foreign exchange reserves can promote the balance of payments; When the domestic macro-economy is unbalanced and the total demand is greater than the total supply (the consumption demand increases and the goods are not enough), we can use foreign exchange to organize imports, so as to adjust the relationship between the total supply and the total demand and promote the macro-economy balance
at the same time, when the exchange rate fluctuates, we can use the foreign exchange reserves to intervene the exchange rate and make it stable
the performance of foreign exchange reserves is to hold a kind of financial claims expressed in foreign currency, not put into domestic proction. This leads to the problem of opportunity cost, that is, if the monetary authorities do not hold reserves, they can use these reserve assets to import goods and services, increase the real resources of proction, and thus increase employment and national income, while holding reserves gives up such benefits
the increase of foreign exchange reserves should expand the money supply. If the foreign exchange reserves are too large, it will increase the pressure of inflation and increase the difficulty of monetary policy
holding too much foreign exchange reserves may also cause losses e to the depreciation of foreign exchange rate
because foreign currency can not circulate in the domestic market, the central bank not only releases a certain amount of money (through export and foreign capital) in China, but also reserves a certain amount of foreign exchange on behalf of the country. At this time, RMB is used in China, while foreign exchange itself is independent of the domestic economic operation, and is used by the central bank to maintain and increase value in the international financial market.

8. Gym mining machine is better. The blockchain has entered the 3.0 era. The traditional mining machine can no longer meet the needs of mining. The efficiency and safety of gym mining machine are higher.

9. Of course, we choose gym miner, which is the world's first intelligent miner with titanium crystal chip, and the digital currency is more transparent.

10. There are still some new virtual digital coins that can be mined by computer, such as eth, Zec, Monroe and XRB
because the network wide computing power required by this kind of token is not high, the probability of hash collision of the computing power of personal computer can find out the answer in a short time, so as to obtain block rewards. However, this kind of token generally has little value or high risk, so it is not of great significance< br />
extended data:
mining risk:
1. Electricity charge problem:
if the graphics card "mining" needs to be fully loaded for a long time, the power consumption will be quite high, and the electricity charge will be higher and higher. Many professional mines at home and abroad are operated in areas with extremely low electricity charges, such as hydropower stations, while more users can only mine at home or in ordinary mines, so the electricity charges are not cheap. Even in a certain residential area in Yunnan, there was a case of crazy mining, which led to a large area trip of the residential area, and the transformer was burned
2. Hardware expenditure:
mining is actually a competition of performance and equipment. Some mining machines are composed of more such graphics card arrays. With dozens or even hundreds of graphics cards, the cost of hardware and other costs is very high, and there is a considerable expenditure in mining
in addition to the display card burning machines, some ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) professional mining machines are also on the battlefield. ASIC is specially designed for hash operation, and the computing power is also quite strong. Moreover, because their power consumption is far lower than that of the display card, they are easier to form scale, and the electricity cost is also lower. It is very difficult to compete with these mining machines, This kind of machine costs more
3. Currency security:
the withdrawal of bitcoin requires hundreds of keys, and most people will record this long string of numbers on the computer, but the frequent problems such as hard disk damage will make the key permanently lost, which also leads to the loss of bitcoin
4. System risk:
system risk is very common in bitcoin, and the most common one is bifurcation. Bifurcation will lead to a drop in currency price and a sharp drop in mining income
however, many cases show that the forking will benefit the miners, and the forked competitive currency also needs the miners' computing power to complete the minting and trading process. In order to win more miners, the competitive currency will provide more block rewards and handling charges to attract miners. Risk makes miners.