95 fold Ethereum Resurrection
Publish: 2021-05-02 04:20:16
1. The definition of ether is
ether, aether and Akashic. Specifically refers to: the stream of consciousness that constitutes the space, the first basic element created by the spiritual world when it creates the physical phenomenal world. All things in the world of material phenomena exist in it. It's called the first of the five basic elements, the main voice. He is also the creator of the four basic elements. It is also often used as a pronoun for "space". Between stars, the psychic eye can observe that space is composed of a dark red fluid like stream of consciousness, forming a relatively stable space fluid, which is ether
Lorentz believed that the speed of light was constant, believed in the existence of ether, and did not accept the theory of relativity. In 1920, Einstein made a report on "ether and relativity" at Leiden University, trying to reconcile relativity and ether. He pointed out that although special relativity does not need the concept of ether, it does not deny ether. According to general relativity, space has physical properties. In this sense, ether exists. He even said that according to general relativity, space without ether is unimaginable. In fact, the "Ether" mentioned by Einstein is a metric field in general relativity, which has no materiality
in December 1997, astronomer Kirchner of Harvard University, as a member of the "great red shift supernova search team", according to the changes of supernovae, the expansion speed of the universe not only did not slow down under its own gravity, but also accelerated under the control of an invisible and unexplained force. The international academic circles of general relativity believe that this phenomenon is related to a kind of unclear cosmic content called "dark energy" (for specific content, please refer to the books of general relativity, such as introction to differential geometry and general relativity & lt; Volume I & gt Chapter 10)< In fact, the universe is expanding, and this observation result is completely consistent with the calculation result of the gravitational equation before the introction of the "cosmological constant", so the "cosmological constant" introced by Einstein has been forgotten. A later astronomical exploration showed that the universe may be accelerating expansion, indicating that there is some "huge energy" in the universe, and "cosmic constant" is given the meaning of "dark energy"
scientists have repeatedly confirmed through various observations and calculations that dark energy accounts for about 73% of the universe, dark matter accounts for about 23%, and ordinary matter only accounts for 4%, which indicates that the universe recognized by people only accounts for 4% of the whole universe, and 96% of the things are unknown to us.
ether, aether and Akashic. Specifically refers to: the stream of consciousness that constitutes the space, the first basic element created by the spiritual world when it creates the physical phenomenal world. All things in the world of material phenomena exist in it. It's called the first of the five basic elements, the main voice. He is also the creator of the four basic elements. It is also often used as a pronoun for "space". Between stars, the psychic eye can observe that space is composed of a dark red fluid like stream of consciousness, forming a relatively stable space fluid, which is ether
Lorentz believed that the speed of light was constant, believed in the existence of ether, and did not accept the theory of relativity. In 1920, Einstein made a report on "ether and relativity" at Leiden University, trying to reconcile relativity and ether. He pointed out that although special relativity does not need the concept of ether, it does not deny ether. According to general relativity, space has physical properties. In this sense, ether exists. He even said that according to general relativity, space without ether is unimaginable. In fact, the "Ether" mentioned by Einstein is a metric field in general relativity, which has no materiality
in December 1997, astronomer Kirchner of Harvard University, as a member of the "great red shift supernova search team", according to the changes of supernovae, the expansion speed of the universe not only did not slow down under its own gravity, but also accelerated under the control of an invisible and unexplained force. The international academic circles of general relativity believe that this phenomenon is related to a kind of unclear cosmic content called "dark energy" (for specific content, please refer to the books of general relativity, such as introction to differential geometry and general relativity & lt; Volume I & gt Chapter 10)< In fact, the universe is expanding, and this observation result is completely consistent with the calculation result of the gravitational equation before the introction of the "cosmological constant", so the "cosmological constant" introced by Einstein has been forgotten. A later astronomical exploration showed that the universe may be accelerating expansion, indicating that there is some "huge energy" in the universe, and "cosmic constant" is given the meaning of "dark energy"
scientists have repeatedly confirmed through various observations and calculations that dark energy accounts for about 73% of the universe, dark matter accounts for about 23%, and ordinary matter only accounts for 4%, which indicates that the universe recognized by people only accounts for 4% of the whole universe, and 96% of the things are unknown to us.
2. "Ether" is a viewpoint and cornerstone of classical mechanics which has been in the dominant position for hundreds of years
ether is a historical term, and its meaning also develops with the development of history
in ancient Greece, ether was the blue sky or upper atmosphere. In cosmology, ether is sometimes used to represent the matter occupying celestial space. In the 17th century, R. dickard was a philosopher who had a great influence on the development of scientific thought. He was the first to introce the ether into science and give him some mechanical properties. In dicar's view, all the forces between objects must be transmitted through some intermediate medium, and there is no over distance effect. Therefore, space can not be empty, it is filled with the medium of ether< In the 17th century, dickard (March 31, 1596-february 11, 1650) believed that matter is composed of particles, and particles are the only entity. The nature of matter is its spatial ctility, and mechanical motion, that is, position change, is the only form of motion. All natural phenomena and all material properties (including color, fragrance, hardness, heat, etc.) are caused by the mechanical interaction of material particles. With material (space) and (Mechanical) motion, the whole world can be constructed according to the natural law of material motion itself, without the care of God. This kind of mechanistic view of nature once dominated natural science for more than two centuries. He also thinks that matter is full of space, that is, there is no vacuum (to say there is an absolute void or space without objects, that is anti rational), matter can be infinitely divided (there can not be naturally indivisible atoms or parts of matter in the universe), and space is infinite (the vastness of the world is infinite), It also affirms the unity and diversity of the material world (the materials in the sky and the earth are the same, and the world is not pluralistic), "all the patterns or forms of materials depend on Movement". Therefore, Engels praised Descartes as one of the outstanding representatives of dialectics in anti Turing. Dickard's methodology had an important influence on the later development of physics< Descartes applied his mechanical theory to celestial bodies and formed his theory on the genesis and structure of the universe. He believes that it is easier to understand things from the perspective of development rather than just from the existing form. He explained the formation of celestial bodies, Suns, planets, moons, comets and so on for the first time with the help of mechanics rather than theology. He thinks that the motion of celestial bodies comes from inertia (along the tangential direction of orbit) and some cosmic matter. The pressure of ether vortex on celestial bodies means that there must be a celestial body (such as the sun) in the center of vortex of different sizes. This hypothesis is used to explain the interaction between celestial bodies< Like his whole system of thought, dickard's theory of celestial evolution, vortex model and close range action, on the one hand, is characterized by rich physical ideas and rigorous scientific methods, playing the role of opposing scholasticism, inspiring scientific thinking and promoting the progress of natural science at that time, which has a far-reaching impact on the thinking of many natural scientists. On the other hand, they often stay in the intuitive and qualitative stage, not from the quantitative experimental facts, so some specific conclusions often have many defects, which become the main opposition of Newton physics later, leading to extensive debate< However, as a natural scientist and philosopher, dickard's materialism has become the real wealth of natural science
today, when we understand the whole universe system from the point of view of the unified field of matter and magnetism, we can clearly find that one of the most neglected points in dicar's view of ether is to separate ether from celestial bodies and microscopic particles of matter. If dicar had combined ether with celestial bodies and microparticles and thought in an integrated way at that time, the progress of human science and technology would have gone far beyond today's state< Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, England. In 1686, he published the law of universal gravitation based on J. Kepler's law of planetary motion, and used it to explain the motion of the moon and planets and tidal phenomena. This is a great discovery. It seems that Newton's law of gravity seems to support the idea of over distance action, but Newton himself does not agree with the explanation of over distance action. In a famous letter to R. Bentley, he wrote: "it is hard to imagine that without any other intangible medium, inanimate and senseless substances can act and influence other substances without touching each other." Gravity is natural, inherent and fundamental to matter. Therefore, there is no medium for other things. One object can act on another through a vacuum, and by virtue of and through it, the force can be transferred from one object to another. In my opinion, this kind of thought is extremely absurd, I believe that no one with sufficient thinking ability on philosophical issues will inlge in it. " Newton himself was inclined to the view of ether. In his letter to R. Boyle, he privately expressed his belief that he would eventually find some material action to explain gravity. However, earth's specific idea of ether is different from R. dickard's view at that time in details
it is well known that Newton held the particle theory in understanding the essence of light. But when he discussed the essence of light with hooker and Huygens, he said that light has this or that instinct to stimulate the vibration of ether. This means that ether is the medium of light vibration. It seems that Newton understood the ality of light. In fact, the existence of etheric medium is very similar to the omnipresence of air, but it is far thinner, tiny and has strong elasticity. He reiterated that it is the animality of the ether that makes the muscles contract and stretch, and the animals move. He further used ether to explain the reflection and refraction of light, transparency and opacity, and the generation of color (including Newton's rings). He even imagined that the gravity of the earth was e to the constant condensation of etheric temperament At the end of Chapter 6 of Chapter 2 of the principles, it is said that from his memory, he has done experiments, which tend to say that the ether is filled in the gaps of all objects, although the ether has no perceptive effect on gravity
since the 14th and 15th centuries, European scholars have been fascinated by ether, and the theory of ether has been popular. Later, dickard, a great scientist, believed in the existence of ether. He thought that the motion of planets could be explained by the vortex of ether. The theory of ether became a philosophical trend. Newton, who respected experiments, was inevitably involved in this philosophical trend of thought and inclined to its existence. At that time, people had different views on the effect of over distance. Newton once put forward his gravitational interaction theorem, which was not considered as the final explanation, but a rule concluded from the experiment. Therefore, Newton did not draw a conclusion on the nature of gravity
however, in the final text of the second part of the principles, Newton clarified that the vortex hypothesis has nothing to do with the motion of celestial bodies
it is obvious that Newton, like dickard, did not think by unifying matter and ether. Therefore, it is a pity that "the interaction theorem of gravity is not regarded as the final explanation, and no conclusion is made on the essence of gravity". Today, from the principle of "matter and magnetism" ality of matter, we can clearly conclude the fundamental connection and characteristics of ether, universe and matter, and then have a more profound and essential understanding of the whole universe
according to the view of ether, although the ether can not be felt by human senses, it can transmit the effect of force, such as magnetic force and the force of the moon on the tide. Later, as the load of light wave, ether was connected with the wave theory of light. The theory of light fluctuation was first proposed by R. hooker and further developed by C. Huygens. For quite a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century), people's understanding of waves was limited to the mechanical vibration of a medium. This medium material is called the load of wave. For example, air is the load of sound wave. Since light can propagate in vacuum, Huygens proposed that the medium material (ether) loaded with light wave should fill all the space including vacuum, and can penetrate into the common material. In addition to being the load of light waves, Huygens also used ether to explain the phenomenon of gravity
although Newton did not agree with Hooke's theory of light wave, he also opposed the action of over distance like Descartes and admitted the existence of ether. In his view, ether is not necessarily a single substance, so it can transmit various effects, such as electricity, magnetism and gravity. Newton also believed that ether could propagate vibration, but the vibration of ether was not light, because the wave theory of light (at that time, people did not know shear wave, light wave was considered as the same longitudinal wave as sound wave) could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light, nor could it explain the straight-line propagation phenomenon of light
the 18th century was a time when etherism declined. Because the French decathlism rejected the law of inverse square of gravity, Newton's followers opposed decathlism, and his theory of ether was also opposed. With the success of the inverse square law of gravity in celestial mechanics and the lack of practical results in the exploration of ether, the idea of over distance action has become popular. The wave theory of light has also been abandoned, and the particle theory has been widely recognized. By the late 18th century, it was proved that the force between charges (and between magnetic poles) was also inversely proportional to the square of distance. Therefore, the concept of electromagnetic ether was abandoned, and the idea of over distance action also occupied a dominant position in electricity
in the 19th century, the revival and development of etherism began with optics, which was mainly the result of the work of T. young and A. J. Fresnel. Yang explained Newton's ring with the interference of light wave, and put forward a new viewpoint of light wave as crossing in 1817 (at that time, the shear wave in elastic body had not been studied), which solved the difficulty that the wave theory could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light for a long time. It can be seen that the revival and development of the concept of ether is beneficial to promoting the progress of science and technology< Fresnel successfully explained the diffraction phenomenon of light with wave theory, and his theoretical method (now commonly known as Huygens Fresnel principle) can correctly calculate the diffraction pattern and explain the straight-line propagation of light. Fresnel further explained the birefringence of light with great success. In 1823, on the basis of Yang's theory of light wave crossing and his assumption that the density of ether in transparent matter is proportional to the second power of its refractive index, he deced the famous formula about the reflected light and the amplitude of the refracted light under certain boundary conditions, which well explained the results measured by D. budest several years ago
one of Fresnel's important theoretical works on ether is to derive the velocity formula of light in a transparent object moving relative to the ether reference frame. In 1818, in order to explain Arago's experiment on the refraction behavior of starlight, he put forward the idea of transparent object based on Yang's idea
ether is a historical term, and its meaning also develops with the development of history
in ancient Greece, ether was the blue sky or upper atmosphere. In cosmology, ether is sometimes used to represent the matter occupying celestial space. In the 17th century, R. dickard was a philosopher who had a great influence on the development of scientific thought. He was the first to introce the ether into science and give him some mechanical properties. In dicar's view, all the forces between objects must be transmitted through some intermediate medium, and there is no over distance effect. Therefore, space can not be empty, it is filled with the medium of ether< In the 17th century, dickard (March 31, 1596-february 11, 1650) believed that matter is composed of particles, and particles are the only entity. The nature of matter is its spatial ctility, and mechanical motion, that is, position change, is the only form of motion. All natural phenomena and all material properties (including color, fragrance, hardness, heat, etc.) are caused by the mechanical interaction of material particles. With material (space) and (Mechanical) motion, the whole world can be constructed according to the natural law of material motion itself, without the care of God. This kind of mechanistic view of nature once dominated natural science for more than two centuries. He also thinks that matter is full of space, that is, there is no vacuum (to say there is an absolute void or space without objects, that is anti rational), matter can be infinitely divided (there can not be naturally indivisible atoms or parts of matter in the universe), and space is infinite (the vastness of the world is infinite), It also affirms the unity and diversity of the material world (the materials in the sky and the earth are the same, and the world is not pluralistic), "all the patterns or forms of materials depend on Movement". Therefore, Engels praised Descartes as one of the outstanding representatives of dialectics in anti Turing. Dickard's methodology had an important influence on the later development of physics< Descartes applied his mechanical theory to celestial bodies and formed his theory on the genesis and structure of the universe. He believes that it is easier to understand things from the perspective of development rather than just from the existing form. He explained the formation of celestial bodies, Suns, planets, moons, comets and so on for the first time with the help of mechanics rather than theology. He thinks that the motion of celestial bodies comes from inertia (along the tangential direction of orbit) and some cosmic matter. The pressure of ether vortex on celestial bodies means that there must be a celestial body (such as the sun) in the center of vortex of different sizes. This hypothesis is used to explain the interaction between celestial bodies< Like his whole system of thought, dickard's theory of celestial evolution, vortex model and close range action, on the one hand, is characterized by rich physical ideas and rigorous scientific methods, playing the role of opposing scholasticism, inspiring scientific thinking and promoting the progress of natural science at that time, which has a far-reaching impact on the thinking of many natural scientists. On the other hand, they often stay in the intuitive and qualitative stage, not from the quantitative experimental facts, so some specific conclusions often have many defects, which become the main opposition of Newton physics later, leading to extensive debate< However, as a natural scientist and philosopher, dickard's materialism has become the real wealth of natural science
today, when we understand the whole universe system from the point of view of the unified field of matter and magnetism, we can clearly find that one of the most neglected points in dicar's view of ether is to separate ether from celestial bodies and microscopic particles of matter. If dicar had combined ether with celestial bodies and microparticles and thought in an integrated way at that time, the progress of human science and technology would have gone far beyond today's state< Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, England. In 1686, he published the law of universal gravitation based on J. Kepler's law of planetary motion, and used it to explain the motion of the moon and planets and tidal phenomena. This is a great discovery. It seems that Newton's law of gravity seems to support the idea of over distance action, but Newton himself does not agree with the explanation of over distance action. In a famous letter to R. Bentley, he wrote: "it is hard to imagine that without any other intangible medium, inanimate and senseless substances can act and influence other substances without touching each other." Gravity is natural, inherent and fundamental to matter. Therefore, there is no medium for other things. One object can act on another through a vacuum, and by virtue of and through it, the force can be transferred from one object to another. In my opinion, this kind of thought is extremely absurd, I believe that no one with sufficient thinking ability on philosophical issues will inlge in it. " Newton himself was inclined to the view of ether. In his letter to R. Boyle, he privately expressed his belief that he would eventually find some material action to explain gravity. However, earth's specific idea of ether is different from R. dickard's view at that time in details
it is well known that Newton held the particle theory in understanding the essence of light. But when he discussed the essence of light with hooker and Huygens, he said that light has this or that instinct to stimulate the vibration of ether. This means that ether is the medium of light vibration. It seems that Newton understood the ality of light. In fact, the existence of etheric medium is very similar to the omnipresence of air, but it is far thinner, tiny and has strong elasticity. He reiterated that it is the animality of the ether that makes the muscles contract and stretch, and the animals move. He further used ether to explain the reflection and refraction of light, transparency and opacity, and the generation of color (including Newton's rings). He even imagined that the gravity of the earth was e to the constant condensation of etheric temperament At the end of Chapter 6 of Chapter 2 of the principles, it is said that from his memory, he has done experiments, which tend to say that the ether is filled in the gaps of all objects, although the ether has no perceptive effect on gravity
since the 14th and 15th centuries, European scholars have been fascinated by ether, and the theory of ether has been popular. Later, dickard, a great scientist, believed in the existence of ether. He thought that the motion of planets could be explained by the vortex of ether. The theory of ether became a philosophical trend. Newton, who respected experiments, was inevitably involved in this philosophical trend of thought and inclined to its existence. At that time, people had different views on the effect of over distance. Newton once put forward his gravitational interaction theorem, which was not considered as the final explanation, but a rule concluded from the experiment. Therefore, Newton did not draw a conclusion on the nature of gravity
however, in the final text of the second part of the principles, Newton clarified that the vortex hypothesis has nothing to do with the motion of celestial bodies
it is obvious that Newton, like dickard, did not think by unifying matter and ether. Therefore, it is a pity that "the interaction theorem of gravity is not regarded as the final explanation, and no conclusion is made on the essence of gravity". Today, from the principle of "matter and magnetism" ality of matter, we can clearly conclude the fundamental connection and characteristics of ether, universe and matter, and then have a more profound and essential understanding of the whole universe
according to the view of ether, although the ether can not be felt by human senses, it can transmit the effect of force, such as magnetic force and the force of the moon on the tide. Later, as the load of light wave, ether was connected with the wave theory of light. The theory of light fluctuation was first proposed by R. hooker and further developed by C. Huygens. For quite a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century), people's understanding of waves was limited to the mechanical vibration of a medium. This medium material is called the load of wave. For example, air is the load of sound wave. Since light can propagate in vacuum, Huygens proposed that the medium material (ether) loaded with light wave should fill all the space including vacuum, and can penetrate into the common material. In addition to being the load of light waves, Huygens also used ether to explain the phenomenon of gravity
although Newton did not agree with Hooke's theory of light wave, he also opposed the action of over distance like Descartes and admitted the existence of ether. In his view, ether is not necessarily a single substance, so it can transmit various effects, such as electricity, magnetism and gravity. Newton also believed that ether could propagate vibration, but the vibration of ether was not light, because the wave theory of light (at that time, people did not know shear wave, light wave was considered as the same longitudinal wave as sound wave) could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light, nor could it explain the straight-line propagation phenomenon of light
the 18th century was a time when etherism declined. Because the French decathlism rejected the law of inverse square of gravity, Newton's followers opposed decathlism, and his theory of ether was also opposed. With the success of the inverse square law of gravity in celestial mechanics and the lack of practical results in the exploration of ether, the idea of over distance action has become popular. The wave theory of light has also been abandoned, and the particle theory has been widely recognized. By the late 18th century, it was proved that the force between charges (and between magnetic poles) was also inversely proportional to the square of distance. Therefore, the concept of electromagnetic ether was abandoned, and the idea of over distance action also occupied a dominant position in electricity
in the 19th century, the revival and development of etherism began with optics, which was mainly the result of the work of T. young and A. J. Fresnel. Yang explained Newton's ring with the interference of light wave, and put forward a new viewpoint of light wave as crossing in 1817 (at that time, the shear wave in elastic body had not been studied), which solved the difficulty that the wave theory could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light for a long time. It can be seen that the revival and development of the concept of ether is beneficial to promoting the progress of science and technology< Fresnel successfully explained the diffraction phenomenon of light with wave theory, and his theoretical method (now commonly known as Huygens Fresnel principle) can correctly calculate the diffraction pattern and explain the straight-line propagation of light. Fresnel further explained the birefringence of light with great success. In 1823, on the basis of Yang's theory of light wave crossing and his assumption that the density of ether in transparent matter is proportional to the second power of its refractive index, he deced the famous formula about the reflected light and the amplitude of the refracted light under certain boundary conditions, which well explained the results measured by D. budest several years ago
one of Fresnel's important theoretical works on ether is to derive the velocity formula of light in a transparent object moving relative to the ether reference frame. In 1818, in order to explain Arago's experiment on the refraction behavior of starlight, he put forward the idea of transparent object based on Yang's idea
3. Ether is the matter that makes up the universe. Special relativity does not clearly record ether.. Only when Einstein founded the theory of relativity, he said that the conclusion of physics in any reference frame is the same, so the existence of ether is meaningless
4. Unknown_Error
5. "Ether" here should be "quintessence" in English, generally translated as "essence" in physics and "Ether" in philosophy. It is a concept put forward by ancient Greek philosophers. It holds that in addition to the four elements of earth, water, fire and gas, there is a fifth element quintessence. It is immaterial and immerges into all materials. It is the most fundamental and important part of all things. The importance of ether to all things is probably equivalent to the importance of western "soul" to a person. This is a world view of simple materialism
in recent years, the concept of quintessence has revived, mainly e to new discoveries in astrophysics. Around 2000, with the help of probes launched into space, human beings accurately measured some parameters of the cosmological model to determine the composition of the universe. It was found that visible matter, including quarks, leptons and so on, accounted for only a few percent; More than 90 percent of the components are dark matter and dark energy. This is an amazing discovery. What percentage of the visible matter in the whole universe is, so what are the remaining 90 percent? This problem is a hot topic in astrophysics. Many people have put forward many models, some of which have been mentioned again. They think that in addition to the basic particles known in physics, there is also the so-called "Ether", which constitutes dark matter or dark energy. Modern "Ether" is a physical concept with specific properties, which is different from the fifth element of ancient simple materialism. He was called ether just for attention and convenience
let's look at this sentence again. Ether and quark represent dark matter, dark energy and visible matter respectively. The "sea of light" shows that there are many components in ether, far more than quark, which is exactly what we said before“ The sea of ether, beyond quarks ", means that visible matter dominated by quarks accounts for a small number, and dark matter and dark energy composed of ether are really huge.
in recent years, the concept of quintessence has revived, mainly e to new discoveries in astrophysics. Around 2000, with the help of probes launched into space, human beings accurately measured some parameters of the cosmological model to determine the composition of the universe. It was found that visible matter, including quarks, leptons and so on, accounted for only a few percent; More than 90 percent of the components are dark matter and dark energy. This is an amazing discovery. What percentage of the visible matter in the whole universe is, so what are the remaining 90 percent? This problem is a hot topic in astrophysics. Many people have put forward many models, some of which have been mentioned again. They think that in addition to the basic particles known in physics, there is also the so-called "Ether", which constitutes dark matter or dark energy. Modern "Ether" is a physical concept with specific properties, which is different from the fifth element of ancient simple materialism. He was called ether just for attention and convenience
let's look at this sentence again. Ether and quark represent dark matter, dark energy and visible matter respectively. The "sea of light" shows that there are many components in ether, far more than quark, which is exactly what we said before“ The sea of ether, beyond quarks ", means that visible matter dominated by quarks accounts for a small number, and dark matter and dark energy composed of ether are really huge.
6. Etheric
etheric is a historical term, and its meaning also develops with the development of history
in ancient Greece, ether was the blue sky or the upper atmosphere. In cosmology, ether is sometimes used to represent the matter occupying celestial space. Descartes in the 17th century was a philosopher who had a great influence on the development of scientific thought. He first introced ether into science and endowed it with some mechanical properties
in Descartes' view, all forces between objects must be transferred through some intermediate medium, and there is no over distance effect. Therefore, space can not be empty, it is filled with the medium of ether. Although ether can't be felt by human senses, it can transmit forces, such as magnetic force and the force of the moon on the tide
later, as the load of light wave, ether was connected with the wave theory of light to a great extent. The theory of light fluctuation was first put forward by Huck and further developed by Huygens. For quite a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century), people's understanding of waves was limited to the mechanical vibration of a medium. This medium material is called the load of wave. For example, air is the load of sound wave
since light can propagate in vacuum, Huygens proposed that the medium material (ether) loaded with light wave should fill all the space including vacuum and penetrate into the common material. In addition to being the load of light waves, Huygens also used ether to explain the phenomenon of gravity
although Newton did not agree with Hooke's theory of light wave, he also opposed the action of over distance like Descartes and acknowledged the existence of ether. In his view, ether is not necessarily a single substance, so it can transmit various effects, such as electricity, magnetism and gravity. Newton also believed that ether could propagate vibration, but the vibration of ether was not light, because the wave theory of time could not explain the polarization of light, nor why light propagated in a straight line
the 18th century was a time when etherism declined. Because the French descarterians rejected the law of inverse square of gravity, and made Newton's followers rise up against Descartes' philosophy system, so they joined the opposition together with his theory of ether
with the success of the inverse square law of gravity in celestial mechanics and the lack of practical results in the experiment of exploring ether, the idea of over distance action has become popular. The wave theory of light has also been abandoned, and the particle theory has been widely recognized. By the late 18th century, it was proved that the force between charges (and between magnetic poles) was also inversely proportional to the square of distance. Therefore, the concept of electromagnetic ether was abandoned, and the idea of over distance action also occupied a dominant position in electricity
in the 19th century, the theory of ether was revived and developed, which started from optics, mainly as a result of the work of Thomas Young and Fresnel. Yang explained Newton's ring with the interference of light wave, and put forward a new viewpoint that light wave is shear wave in 1817, which solved the difficulty that wave theory could not explain the polarization of light for a long time< Fresnel successfully explained the diffraction phenomenon of light with the passive theory. His theoretical method (now commonly known as Huygens Fresnel principle) can correctly calculate the diffraction pattern and explain the linear propagation of light. Fresnel further explained the birefringence of light and achieved great success< In 1823, according to Yang's theory that light wave is shear wave and his own assumption that the density of ether in transparent matter is proportional to the second power of its refractive index, he deced the famous formula of reflected light and amplitude of refracted light under certain boundary conditions, which well explained the results of Brewster's experiment a few years ago
one of Fresnel's important theoretical works on ether is to derive the velocity formula of light in a transparent object moving relative to the ether reference frame. In 1818, in order to explain Arago's experiment on the refraction behavior of starlight, he proposed on the basis of Yang's idea that the density of ether in transparent matter is directly proportional to the second power of the refractive index of the matter, and he also assumed that when an object moves relative to the etheric reference frame, only the part of the ether inside the object that exceeds the vacuum is driven by the object (etheric partial traction hypothesis). Using Fresnel's theory, it is easy to get the speed of light in a moving object< In the middle of the 19th century, some experiments were carried out to show the effect of the earth's motion relative to the etheric reference frame, and then to determine the speed of the earth relative to the etheric reference frame, but the results were negative. These experimental results can be explained from Fresnel's theory. According to the formula of light speed in Fresnel's moving medium, when the experimental accuracy only reaches a certain level, the speed of the earth relative to the etheric reference frame will not be shown in these experiments, but the experiments at that time did not reach this accuracy
after the work of young and Fresnel, the wave theory of light established its position in physics. Later, ether gained its place in electromagnetism, mainly e to the contributions of Faraday and Maxwell< In Faraday's mind, the idea that the role is graally passed on has a very strong position. He introced the force line to describe the magnetic and electrical effects. In his view, the force line is the existence of reality, space is full of force line, and light and heat may be the transverse vibration of force line. He once proposed using force line to replace ether, and thought that matter atoms might be the force line field gathered near a point like center. He wrote in 1851: "if we accept the existence of light ether, then it may be the load of the force line." But Faraday's view was not accepted by the theoretical physicists at that time< In the early 1860s, Maxwell proposed the concept of displacement current, and proposed a set of differential equations to describe the general law of electromagnetic field, which was later called Maxwell equations. According to Maxwell's equations, we can dece that the disturbance of electromagnetic field propagates in the form of wave, and the speed of electromagnetic wave in the air is 310000 km / s, which is consistent with the known speed of light in the air of 315000 km / s in the range of experimental error< After pointing out that the propagation of electromagnetic disturbance is similar to that of light, Maxwell wrote: "light is the transverse vibration of the medium (ether) that proces electromagnetic phenomena.". Later, Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic wave by experiment. The electromagnetic theory of light has successfully explained the nature of light wave. In this way, the ether has not only gained its position in electromagnetism, but also unified with the optical ether< In his 1855 paper, Maxwell compared the magnetic inction to the speed of ether. Later, he accepted Thomson's (Kelvin's) view and changed it to magnetic field for rotation and electric field for translation
he believes that the rotation of the ether around the magnetic line of force forms vortices, and there is a layer of charged particles between the adjacent vortices. He also assumed that when these particles deviate from their equilibrium position, that is, there is a displacement, they will proce a force on the matter in the vortex element, causing the deformation of the vortex element, which represents the electrostatic phenomenon
it is not a completely new idea that there is a certain correspondence between electric field and displacement. Thomson once compared electric field to displacement of ether. In addition, Faraday proposed earlier that when an insulating material is placed in an electric field, its charge will shift. Maxwell is different from Faraday in that he thinks that no matter there is insulating material or not, as long as there is an electric field, there will be the displacement of ether charge particles, and the displacement is proportional to the electric field strength. When the displacement of charge particles changes with time, an electric current will be formed, which is what he called displacement current. For Maxwell, the displacement current is the real current, and now we know that only a part of it (polarization current) is the real current
in this period, some other ether models were established, but there were some problems in the theory of ether. First of all, if light wave is shear wave, then ether should be elastic solid medium. So why do celestial bodies run without resistance? An explanation has been put forward: ether may be a plastic substance like wax or asphalt, which is elastic enough to vibrate as fast as light, like a solid, and as slow as a celestial body, like a fluid
besides S-wave, there should be P-wave in elastic medium, but the experiment shows that there is no P-wave. How to eliminate the P-wave of ether and how to obtain the boundary conditions for deriving the reflection intensity formula are the long-term controversial problems of various ether models
in order to meet the needs of optics, people assume some very important properties of ether, such as the mccollah model and Cauchy model of 1839. Moreover, because the refractive index is different for different light frequencies, the drag coefficient will be different for different frequencies. In this way, each frequency of light will have to have its own ether and so on. These seemingly contradictory properties of ether are beyond people's understanding< In the 1890s, Lorentz proposed a new concept, which attributed the electromagnetic properties of matter to the effect of electrons associated with atoms. As for the ether in matter, it has no difference in density and elasticity from the ether in vacuum. He also assumed that the motion of an object does not move the ether in it. However, when the electrons in the object move with the object, they are not only subject to the force of electric field, but also the force of magnetic field. When the object moves, there will be a moving current of dielectric. The speed of electromagnetic wave in the moving material is not the same as that in the static material
after considering the above effects, Lorentz also deced Fresnel's formula for the speed of light in moving matter, but the difficulty of Fresnel's Theory (different frequencies of light have different ethers) no longer exists. Lorentz can dece the change of refractive index with frequency according to the forced vibration of bound electrons. Lorentz's above theory is called electron theory, which has achieved great success
the end of the 19th century can be said to be the heyday of etherism. However, in Lorentz's theory, the ether has no other movement and change except the electromagnetic vibration of the load, so it has almost degenerated into an abstract symbol. In addition to being the load and absolute reference frame of electromagnetic wave, it has lost all other concrete and vivid physical properties, which creates conditions for its decline
as mentioned above, in order to measure the motion of the earth relative to the etheric reference frame, the experimental accuracy must reach a very high order of magnitude. In the 1880s, Michelson and Murray's experiments achieved this accuracy for the first time, but the result is still negative, that is, the earth does not move relative to the ether. Since then, the same results have been obtained in other experiments, and the ether has further lost its nature as an absolute reference frame. This result makes the principle of relativity widely accepted and extended to the whole field of physics
at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, although some efforts were made to save ether, after the establishment of the special theory of relativity, it became more and more important
etheric is a historical term, and its meaning also develops with the development of history
in ancient Greece, ether was the blue sky or the upper atmosphere. In cosmology, ether is sometimes used to represent the matter occupying celestial space. Descartes in the 17th century was a philosopher who had a great influence on the development of scientific thought. He first introced ether into science and endowed it with some mechanical properties
in Descartes' view, all forces between objects must be transferred through some intermediate medium, and there is no over distance effect. Therefore, space can not be empty, it is filled with the medium of ether. Although ether can't be felt by human senses, it can transmit forces, such as magnetic force and the force of the moon on the tide
later, as the load of light wave, ether was connected with the wave theory of light to a great extent. The theory of light fluctuation was first put forward by Huck and further developed by Huygens. For quite a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century), people's understanding of waves was limited to the mechanical vibration of a medium. This medium material is called the load of wave. For example, air is the load of sound wave
since light can propagate in vacuum, Huygens proposed that the medium material (ether) loaded with light wave should fill all the space including vacuum and penetrate into the common material. In addition to being the load of light waves, Huygens also used ether to explain the phenomenon of gravity
although Newton did not agree with Hooke's theory of light wave, he also opposed the action of over distance like Descartes and acknowledged the existence of ether. In his view, ether is not necessarily a single substance, so it can transmit various effects, such as electricity, magnetism and gravity. Newton also believed that ether could propagate vibration, but the vibration of ether was not light, because the wave theory of time could not explain the polarization of light, nor why light propagated in a straight line
the 18th century was a time when etherism declined. Because the French descarterians rejected the law of inverse square of gravity, and made Newton's followers rise up against Descartes' philosophy system, so they joined the opposition together with his theory of ether
with the success of the inverse square law of gravity in celestial mechanics and the lack of practical results in the experiment of exploring ether, the idea of over distance action has become popular. The wave theory of light has also been abandoned, and the particle theory has been widely recognized. By the late 18th century, it was proved that the force between charges (and between magnetic poles) was also inversely proportional to the square of distance. Therefore, the concept of electromagnetic ether was abandoned, and the idea of over distance action also occupied a dominant position in electricity
in the 19th century, the theory of ether was revived and developed, which started from optics, mainly as a result of the work of Thomas Young and Fresnel. Yang explained Newton's ring with the interference of light wave, and put forward a new viewpoint that light wave is shear wave in 1817, which solved the difficulty that wave theory could not explain the polarization of light for a long time< Fresnel successfully explained the diffraction phenomenon of light with the passive theory. His theoretical method (now commonly known as Huygens Fresnel principle) can correctly calculate the diffraction pattern and explain the linear propagation of light. Fresnel further explained the birefringence of light and achieved great success< In 1823, according to Yang's theory that light wave is shear wave and his own assumption that the density of ether in transparent matter is proportional to the second power of its refractive index, he deced the famous formula of reflected light and amplitude of refracted light under certain boundary conditions, which well explained the results of Brewster's experiment a few years ago
one of Fresnel's important theoretical works on ether is to derive the velocity formula of light in a transparent object moving relative to the ether reference frame. In 1818, in order to explain Arago's experiment on the refraction behavior of starlight, he proposed on the basis of Yang's idea that the density of ether in transparent matter is directly proportional to the second power of the refractive index of the matter, and he also assumed that when an object moves relative to the etheric reference frame, only the part of the ether inside the object that exceeds the vacuum is driven by the object (etheric partial traction hypothesis). Using Fresnel's theory, it is easy to get the speed of light in a moving object< In the middle of the 19th century, some experiments were carried out to show the effect of the earth's motion relative to the etheric reference frame, and then to determine the speed of the earth relative to the etheric reference frame, but the results were negative. These experimental results can be explained from Fresnel's theory. According to the formula of light speed in Fresnel's moving medium, when the experimental accuracy only reaches a certain level, the speed of the earth relative to the etheric reference frame will not be shown in these experiments, but the experiments at that time did not reach this accuracy
after the work of young and Fresnel, the wave theory of light established its position in physics. Later, ether gained its place in electromagnetism, mainly e to the contributions of Faraday and Maxwell< In Faraday's mind, the idea that the role is graally passed on has a very strong position. He introced the force line to describe the magnetic and electrical effects. In his view, the force line is the existence of reality, space is full of force line, and light and heat may be the transverse vibration of force line. He once proposed using force line to replace ether, and thought that matter atoms might be the force line field gathered near a point like center. He wrote in 1851: "if we accept the existence of light ether, then it may be the load of the force line." But Faraday's view was not accepted by the theoretical physicists at that time< In the early 1860s, Maxwell proposed the concept of displacement current, and proposed a set of differential equations to describe the general law of electromagnetic field, which was later called Maxwell equations. According to Maxwell's equations, we can dece that the disturbance of electromagnetic field propagates in the form of wave, and the speed of electromagnetic wave in the air is 310000 km / s, which is consistent with the known speed of light in the air of 315000 km / s in the range of experimental error< After pointing out that the propagation of electromagnetic disturbance is similar to that of light, Maxwell wrote: "light is the transverse vibration of the medium (ether) that proces electromagnetic phenomena.". Later, Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic wave by experiment. The electromagnetic theory of light has successfully explained the nature of light wave. In this way, the ether has not only gained its position in electromagnetism, but also unified with the optical ether< In his 1855 paper, Maxwell compared the magnetic inction to the speed of ether. Later, he accepted Thomson's (Kelvin's) view and changed it to magnetic field for rotation and electric field for translation
he believes that the rotation of the ether around the magnetic line of force forms vortices, and there is a layer of charged particles between the adjacent vortices. He also assumed that when these particles deviate from their equilibrium position, that is, there is a displacement, they will proce a force on the matter in the vortex element, causing the deformation of the vortex element, which represents the electrostatic phenomenon
it is not a completely new idea that there is a certain correspondence between electric field and displacement. Thomson once compared electric field to displacement of ether. In addition, Faraday proposed earlier that when an insulating material is placed in an electric field, its charge will shift. Maxwell is different from Faraday in that he thinks that no matter there is insulating material or not, as long as there is an electric field, there will be the displacement of ether charge particles, and the displacement is proportional to the electric field strength. When the displacement of charge particles changes with time, an electric current will be formed, which is what he called displacement current. For Maxwell, the displacement current is the real current, and now we know that only a part of it (polarization current) is the real current
in this period, some other ether models were established, but there were some problems in the theory of ether. First of all, if light wave is shear wave, then ether should be elastic solid medium. So why do celestial bodies run without resistance? An explanation has been put forward: ether may be a plastic substance like wax or asphalt, which is elastic enough to vibrate as fast as light, like a solid, and as slow as a celestial body, like a fluid
besides S-wave, there should be P-wave in elastic medium, but the experiment shows that there is no P-wave. How to eliminate the P-wave of ether and how to obtain the boundary conditions for deriving the reflection intensity formula are the long-term controversial problems of various ether models
in order to meet the needs of optics, people assume some very important properties of ether, such as the mccollah model and Cauchy model of 1839. Moreover, because the refractive index is different for different light frequencies, the drag coefficient will be different for different frequencies. In this way, each frequency of light will have to have its own ether and so on. These seemingly contradictory properties of ether are beyond people's understanding< In the 1890s, Lorentz proposed a new concept, which attributed the electromagnetic properties of matter to the effect of electrons associated with atoms. As for the ether in matter, it has no difference in density and elasticity from the ether in vacuum. He also assumed that the motion of an object does not move the ether in it. However, when the electrons in the object move with the object, they are not only subject to the force of electric field, but also the force of magnetic field. When the object moves, there will be a moving current of dielectric. The speed of electromagnetic wave in the moving material is not the same as that in the static material
after considering the above effects, Lorentz also deced Fresnel's formula for the speed of light in moving matter, but the difficulty of Fresnel's Theory (different frequencies of light have different ethers) no longer exists. Lorentz can dece the change of refractive index with frequency according to the forced vibration of bound electrons. Lorentz's above theory is called electron theory, which has achieved great success
the end of the 19th century can be said to be the heyday of etherism. However, in Lorentz's theory, the ether has no other movement and change except the electromagnetic vibration of the load, so it has almost degenerated into an abstract symbol. In addition to being the load and absolute reference frame of electromagnetic wave, it has lost all other concrete and vivid physical properties, which creates conditions for its decline
as mentioned above, in order to measure the motion of the earth relative to the etheric reference frame, the experimental accuracy must reach a very high order of magnitude. In the 1880s, Michelson and Murray's experiments achieved this accuracy for the first time, but the result is still negative, that is, the earth does not move relative to the ether. Since then, the same results have been obtained in other experiments, and the ether has further lost its nature as an absolute reference frame. This result makes the principle of relativity widely accepted and extended to the whole field of physics
at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, although some efforts were made to save ether, after the establishment of the special theory of relativity, it became more and more important
7. http://ke..com/view/2073249.htm
http://www.jpkc.swust.e.cn/C12/Course/user/admin/jxsj/hb/sj/21.htm
20004;- 21442;-32771e;
http://www.jpkc.swust.e.cn/C12/Course/user/admin/jxsj/hb/sj/21.htm
20004;- 21442;-32771e;
8. It depends on whether you have enough skills to spin. I remember that it took me 18 days to master skills to spin T1. Now I don't know
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