S9 Ethereum
POW: full name of proof of work
pos: proof of stake
both of them are the consensus mechanism of blockchain and the bookkeeping method of digital currency
the difference is:
1. POW mechanism: workload proof mechanism, that is, the proof of workload, is the requirement that must be met when generating a new transaction information (that is, a new block) to be added to the blockchain. In the blockchain network based on workload proof mechanism, the ability of nodes to obtain the correct numerical solution to generate blocks by calculating the numerical solution of random hash hash is the specific performance of node computing power
POS mechanism: the proof of rights and interests requires the certifier to provide a certain amount of ownership of cryptocurrency. The operation mode of the proof of rights and interests mechanism is that when creating a new block, the miners need to create a "currency right" transaction, and the transaction will send some coins to the miners themselves according to the preset proportion. According to the proportion and time of token owned by each node, the equity proof mechanism reces the mining difficulty of nodes proportionally according to the algorithm, so as to speed up the speed of searching for random numbersextended materials:
the concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. According to Nakamoto's ideas, the open source software and the P2P network on it were designed and released. Bitcoin is a kind of P2P digital currency. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system
unlike most currencies, bitcoin does not rely on specific currency institutions. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on specific algorithms. Bitcoin economy uses the distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses the design of cryptography to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction
Ant miner is the first cryptocurrency miner brand in the world with a market share of about 70%. The mining machine is developed by bitmainland and has a patent in mainland China. At the beginning, ant miner had only bitcoin miner. Later, its business expanded to other cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum, dascoin, Leyte, Monroe, etc
ant mining machine adopts ASIC chip designed by bitcontinental, which is proced by TSMC. All chips are made of BM prefix. Each miner has three to four circuit boards, and there are dozens of chips on the circuit board. Therefore, each miner can only be used to mine one or more cryptocurrencies using the same algorithm
ant mining machine needs special mining software, and can not use third-party software. In addition, because of its high power, the ant miner also needs to be used with a special fire ox
The ant miner is often criticized as monopolizing the cryptocurrency mining instry e to its 70% market share, which goes against the purpose of cryptocurrency decentralization. Because Monroe was worried that the mining machinery would monopolize the mining market, Monroe announced to change the mining algorithm a few days after the launch of Monroe (X3 model) despite the opposition of Monroe community, so that all mining machinery could not be used to mine Monroe. Bitcontinent also encountered the failure of its first proct herethe ant miner will use a lot of electricity and proce a lot of waste heat in the process of operation. This leads to a large amount of electricity being consumed for mining or cooling, causing a lot of social criticism. Too much ant mining machine at the same time also led to fire and power failure, causing social inconvenience
when building bitcoin, Nakamoto wants bitcoin to be a decentralized currency, not only for use and trading, but also for mining. But it backfired. With the increasing value of cryptocurrency such as bitcoin, mining has become an instry. The competition is more and more fierce, and the pursuit of mining computing power is higher and higher. Therefore, from ordinary computer mining, ASIC mining machine and GPU mining machine have evolved
the algorithm of ASIC mining machine is almost sha256, while the algorithm of GPU mining is different. For example, the algorithm of BTG is equihash, and the algorithm of BCD is optimized x13. Although it is not absolute, it can be simply considered that the currency of sha256 algorithm is generally mined by ASIC mining machine. Other algorithms are basically using GPU miner. There are also exceptions. Scrypt's Leyte coin used to be mined by GPU miner, but later scrypt's algorithm was also conquered by ASIC chips, such as ant miner L3 +, which is the ASIC miner used to dig Leyte coin
ASIC miner refers to the miner that uses ASIC chip as the core of computing power. ASIC is the abbreviation of application specific integrated circuit, which is a kind of electronic circuit (chip) specially designed for a specific purpose. Some mining machinery factories have designed ASIC chips specially for computing the sha256 algorithm of bitcoin, and the mining machinery using them is ASIC mining machinery. Because ASIC chip is only built for specific computing, its efficiency can be much higher than that of CPU. For example, the current mainstream ant miner S9 is ASIC miner, which uses 189 ASIC chips, the computing power reaches 13.5th/s, and the power consumption is only 1350W. As a comparison, the computing power of gtx1080ti, the flagship computer graphics card, will not exceed 60mh / s even if it is optimized well. The difference is tens of thousands of times
GPU miner refers to the miner that uses GPU graphics card as the core of computing power. Cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum, bitcoin and diamond use graphics algorithms, so the speed of computing with graphics card will be the highest. Compared with ASIC miner, GPU miner is more well-known, because it is a computer with enhanced graphics card configurationthe purpose of GPU miner is to make money, so we should pursue the power consumption ratio and maximum profit, so we should pay attention to the cost performance. Generally, the medium and high-end positioning graphics cards, such as AMD rx560 and rx570, have high power consumption ratio, which is a good choice for GPU miner. While flagship cards such as gtx1080ti and AMD vega64 have the strongest single card performance, they are not cost-effective in terms of price and power consumption
in addition, the ASIC miner also has some exotic procts, such as the USB miner of burning cat, which is slightly larger than the U disk, and the power consumption is only 2.25w, which is the smallest bitcoin miner at present
< / blockquote >the above quoted digcoin.com - "Introction to mining machinery classification" has many professional terms. I hope it can help you, thank you
The wealth myth of "one coin, one villa" is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools
manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"
according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool
this article was first published in the Southern Weekend
"if speculation is a road of no return, then investment in mining machinery is a business that can make a steady profit without loss, and it is only a matter of time before the cost is recovered." Zhong Xi, general manager of Shenzhen Aibo times Technology Co., Ltd., calculated an account. A miner earns 200 yuan a day, which can be recovered in 120 days, and then the profit
in October 2017, in addition to his main business, Zhong Xi joined the mining army and quickly became a big boss in the mining circle. He operated many large mines in Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places
in fact, the business of "steady profit without loss" still depends on the continuous rise of currency price. In the past two months, the price of bitcoin has dropped from US $15000 to about US $10000, or even below US $6000 at one time, which has extended the cycle of mining machinery return. If it keeps falling, the profit will be far away
in 2012, four years after the advent of bitcoin, mass-proced mining machines appeared. Before that, mining was mainly a private activity, which could be completed by a home computer“ At that time, the home computer was the money printing machine, and a lot of bitcoin could be g up every day. " Huang Shiliang, a senior digital currency player who sold mining machines in his early years, recalled to Southern Weekend reporters
after the emergence of mining machine, mining began to be "socialized", with the emergence of mines and pools, and mining became a collective work. The indivial miner is entrusted by the mine, just like the workers on the proction line, as long as they are there, they can get paid every day
manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"
China has become the world's largest procer of mining machinery. Since 2012, a number of miner manufacturers have been born in China, such as Shenzhen bitquan Co., Ltd., which proces cat roasting miner, bitmainland, Jianan Yun and Yibang communication, which are now famous. In Huaqiangbei, Shenzhen, foreigners can be seen everywhere asking about the price of mining machinery with translators
recently, in an interview with the media, the CEO of bitcontinental, Mr. Zhan Ketun, said that this startup company, which has been established for only four years, had a revenue of about US $2.5 billion in 2017. Bitcontinent is known as the world's largest miner, whose ant miner has always been the hard currency of the coin circle and miner world
just like the coin circle, the mining circle also needs belief that the mechanical mathematical operation of mining machines every day can create great wealth
However, contrary to the "decentralization" advocated by bitcoin, the miner's world is moving towards "centralization". Miner dealers build their own mines. After the investors buy the miner, they are entrusted by the seller; The procers build their own mines and manage themthis process of "centralization" made the wealth of the mining circle snatched by a few people, and it was not easy for Zhong Xi to enter the core circle
calculation force "centralization"
the main function of the mine is to provide a place for scattered mining machines to operate. But it is the "ore pool" that really plays the role of integration
the so-called "mine pool" can be simply understood as "cooperative mining". The miners and the mines give the calculation power to the mine pool, and the mine pool is used as the only address to access the digital currency network for mining, and then distribute dividends to the miners according to the calculation power of the mining machine
the history of ore pool is longer than that of mining machine. In November 2010, the mine pool named slush appeared. Today, its official website says "the world's first mine pool", which is also recognized by the coin circle. Compared with the mine, the construction of the mine pool needs certain technology, and the threshold is relatively higher
the person in charge of a well-known domestic mine pool explained the principle of the mine pool to the Southern Weekend reporter. He compares mining to buying lottery tickets. If you dig alone, the probability of winning the lottery is very unstable. You may win 100000 today, but you won't in the next six months
"gather the people who buy lottery tickets together and buy them in a unified way. No matter who wins, they will be divided according to the proportion of money they pay. In the coin circle, the mine pool plays this role. " The person in charge said
it's not complicated to connect the mining machine with the ore pool. According to the operation guidelines of the major ore pools, it can be completed in a few steps, and then according to the calculation power provided by ourselves, we can get benefits from the ore pool. The miner is like a worker standing on the proction line, receiving a fixed salary every day
the mine pool with huge computing power and many mining machines has an absolute say in the coin circle and the mining circle. For example, if you want to issue a new digital currency or dominate the bitcoin bifurcation, you generally need to get the support of the mine pool. Without the support of the mine pool, no one will dig the new currency, so it is meaningless
in addition, when a hot new coin comes out, the mine pool can also use its own miners to pack it quickly and take the lead in the rush purchase of these new coins
in June 2017, when SNT and EOS were issued, Southern Weekend reporters witnessed the scene of minchi snapping up tokens. Because there are too many investors, many indivial investors can not put their funds into the designated position, but the person in charge of a mine pool can easily complete this operation
according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool
on January 18, 2018, Emin Yun silash, a computer professor at Cornell University, and other five people co authored a paper pointing out that there is an implicit power structure behind bitcoin and Ethereum, the two major digital currencies, and mining is too centralized, in which 50% of bitcoin's computing power is controlled by the four major mines
In fact, this problem has always existed. Four years ago, the founder of Ethereum, vtalik, noticed this problem when he wrote Ethereum white paper. He wrote: "this problem can be said to be very serious. At the time of writing this article, the two largest mines indirectly controlled about 50% of the computing power of the whole network." Up to now, this problem has not been solved. An early translator of the Ethereum white paper told the Southern Weekend reporter, "this is not a technical problem, but a human problem."5
recessive power structure
in the mining circle, the top of the food chain is mining machinery manufacturers. At present, the three recognized mining machinery manufacturers are located in China. Through the proction and sales of mining machines, they get a lot of profits. At the same time, they also set foot in the construction of mines and pools, and have the right to speak in the whole coin circle
ant mining pool is one of the top two large mining pools in the world, and its computing power accounts for 17% of the total network computing power. However, according to instrial and commercial data, it was founded by bitmainland; Several investors of Jianan Yun are also investors of Hangzhou mining Pool Technology Co., Ltd., which has its own mining pool hash and mining platform, but the mining pool has ceased operation at the end of 2017
Yibang communications has set up three blockchain companies in Hohhot, Wuhai and Zhundong Economic Development Zone in Inner Mongolia. A salesperson of Yibang communications told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that they have mines and mining businesses in these three places, but these mines have been operating at full capacity, and there is no machine space to host new mining machines"we are building a new mine in Irkutsk, Russia, where electricity charges are much lower and new mining machines can be hosted there." The source said
above the mining machinery manufacturers, it is the harvest of chip giants“ The core technology of mining machinery lies in the chip. Whoever has the chip can proce more mining machinery. " Ding Yang told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that the chips are mainly in the hands of several giant manufacturers, such as TSMC, NVIDIA, AMD, etc
since 2015, TSMC has always been the largest chip supplier of Jianan Yun. In 2015, the chips purchased by Jianan Yun from TSMC accounted for 69.62% of all the chips purchased by Jianan Yun. Since then, this figure has been maintained at about 60%. Most of the profits of Jia Nan Yun Zhi were made by TSMC
On January 18, 2018, at the presentation meeting of TSMC's fourth quarter financial report, chairman Zhang Zhongmou said that although the mobile business prospect this year is weak, the company's revenue will still grow by 10% - 15%. One of the key factors is the demand for chips e to the continuous and steady development of cryptocurrencyunder the mining machinery manufacturers, there is another power structure. Jianan Yun disclosed this secret in its 2017 prospectus. In the first four months of 2017, four of the top five customers of Jianan Yun were "indivials". According to public information, three of them are well-known "wrists" in the currency circle
Wu Gang, the largest customer, was the first group of miners, and later founded haobtc, which has one of the world's top ten mines; Lin Zhipeng, the second largest customer, is the founder of Xiaoqiang mining machinery. He has been engaged in the proction and sales of mining machinery for a long time. He has been cooperating with Xie Weiqin, the sixth largest customer; Wang Jin, the third largest customer, founded bitbang, a coin circle information websitethese big customers are not simple miners, they all have their own influence in the coin circle. Mechanical operation of the mining machine to bring them income at the same time, also brought the right to speak
according to an insider in bitmainland, most of the big customers in bitmainland are big guys in the currency circle. However, bitmainland officials declined an interview with the Southern Weekend reporter. The company's Public Relations Department responded that it was not convenient to disclose the content because it signed a confidentiality agreement with its customers
"one coin, one villa" wealth myth is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools
most of the new entrants can only make the harvested "leeks"
ant mining machine S9 is a mature and widely used coin digging machine at present. Its advantages lie in its good quality, simple and stable coin digging, easy to use, and can be used as long as the power line is connected.
2) in terms of algorithm, the core algorithm sha256 adopted by bed and BTC has the same value attributes, but bed has established a new economic model through new technology development; Eth uses ethash algorithm
3) from the perspective of mining cost: BTC mining is becoming more and more difficult and has become an arena for mining equipment. At present, the latest 110t ant S19 Pro mining machine has adopted the latest 7Nm chip, and the price of the machine is nearly 20000 yuan. Some low computing power machines, such as the former king ant S9, can only be eliminated, resulting in a huge waste of resources; Eth uses graphics card GPU to mine, and the cost is also quite high; And bed can dig directly with the existing bitcoin miner or the obsolete bitcoin miner with low computing power, so the cost of miner is very low and the waste of resources is reced
4) from the perspective of total amount and upgrade space: the total amount of BTC is 21 million, and the current price is about ￥ 76000; The total amount of eth will reach 113 million, and the current price is about 2500 yuan; The total amount of bed and BTC is 21 million, and there is a huge space for upgrading.
Second, arbitrage of other people's licenses will only have a reverse effect, the loss making business will not be done by ordinary people, and the number of arbitrage is very small
third, The information of the company under the license and the information of the shareholders can be verified for further confirmation
It's a little too old to buy
basic parameters
< UL >time to market April 2011
proct type commercial
operating system pre installed Windows 7 professional
processor
< UL >CPU series Intel Core i7
the frequency of the highest core is 3.3gghz
the number of core / thread number of core / number of threads, al core / four threads < / four threads
bus specification specification specification specification specification specification specification specification specification 2.5gt specification specification specification 2.5gt / s < bus specification specification specification specification 2.5gt / s < specification specification specification specification specification 2.5gt / s < specification specification <
< P >
screen resolution 136
< P >
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< UL >camera integrated camera
audio system built-in sound chip
speaker built-in speaker
microphone built-in microphone
< P >
network communication
< UL >wireless network card supports 802.11a/b/g/n wireless protocol
wired network card 1000Mbps Ethernet card
Bluetooth support, Bluetooth 2.0 mole
I / O interface
< UL >data interface 3 × USB2.0, IEEE1394 interface
video interface, VGA, HDMI
audio interface, headphone output interface, microphone input interface
other interfaces, RJ45 (network interface), The power supply interface (
< P >
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ration About three hours in between, According to the specific usage environment, the specific usage environment is defined as the specific usage environment, which is
< P >
power adapter 100v-240v adaptive AC adapter (100v-240v-240v-adaptive AC AC adapter) is <
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notebook accessories
< UL > packing list notebook host X1
battery X1
power adapter X1
instruction x1
optional accessories vgp-wms30 (wireless laser mouse)
vgp-bms15 (mouse)
vgp-bpl21 (large capacity battery)
vgp-cnm03 (computer bag)
warranty letter Interest
< UL >warranty policy national joint guarantee, enjoy three guarantees service
warranty time of 1 year
warranty remarks: 1 year for the whole machine, 2 years for main parts
customer service telephone 400-810-2228
telephone remarks: 9:00-21:00 from Monday to Saturday; Sunday: 9:00-18:00
details the three guarantee voucher of Sony VAIO PC procts is saved by the user. It is used when handling the repair, replacement and return specified in the regulations on responsibility for repair, replacement and return of microcomputer procts (the "Three Guarantees regulations"). In addition to the provisions of this card, you still have other rights in the three guarantees. With this card and valid invoice, you will enjoy the warranty service provided by the service station authorized by Sony. This card is not reissued if it is lost. Please keep it properly and show it when you need warranty service. Go to the official website & gt& gt; Correction