Encrypted cat Ethereum
There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road
from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain
1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0
however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts
first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network
the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis
to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively
(1) fragmentation technology
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved
however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization
(2) lightning network
lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain
however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel
only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain
another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost
Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactionsthe above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network
Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event
Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident
(1) what does Dao meanbefore introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized
autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
(2) the infamous Dao event
however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event
refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days
unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13
this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart
to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions
in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"
Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stabilitycryptoclones is a digital blockchain game with collection value based on Ethereum blockchain. Using ether money to adopt clowns can be resold, and they can also be used to breed a new generation of clowns with strange shapes. They can also be cultivated to work and earn money, which makes the digital collection of clowns more sustainable and playable
the blockchain pet was originally caused by the fire of crypto kitties. It is the first digital game based on blockchain Technology launched by Ethereum. Each pet is unique and cannot be copied in the world. It is understood that Chuangshi cat was even fired to tens of millions of dollars
as a blockchain pet with great sustainability and playability, the future development prospect of ether clown can not be underestimated!
What is blockchain game
there are many definitions of blockchain game at present, one of which is to write the core data into the blockchain and use the data on the chain as the source of random numbers. For example, in the previous game, the currency was decided by the game operator, but e to the decentralized characteristics of the blockchain, the transactions between currencies are transparent, and the transaction data are synchronized to each player. In this way, when the total amount of money remains unchanged, the game will get more value for money
what value can blockchain bring to the game
ownership and liquidity of game assets
on the blockchain, players can own assets in the game, and these assets have liquidity in a broader sense. In traditional games, the points, props, weapons and roles are often owned by the developers, so the centralized developers have more power to make drastic changes to these assets, or even dispose of them at will. These assets in the game can only be limited to the internal circulation of the game. Outside the game, it seems that there is no reuse value, and it is difficult to be given application scenarios again from the technical level
under the logic of blockchain, once the assets in the game are on the chain, these points, props, weapons and characters can completely belong to the player's blockchain address, and the player has ownership of this address and the assets below it. Then we can imagine a number of application scenarios:
1. Asset trading anytime and anywhere: a large number of games do not have the prop trading function. Of course, the original intention of this design is to avoid the confusion of the economic mechanism in the game, prolong the game time of users, and increase the income of developers. Assuming that the above is not the concern of developers, then "props on the chain + Mobile Wallet" can realize online and offline transactions of two users anytime and anywhere. You and your friends chat about a recent PC game ring dinner. Open your mobile wallet to see what kind of weapons and equipment each other has. The experience of completing a transaction is as simple as a wechat code scanning payment. When you come home in the evening, open the PC login game, and the transaction completion tool has already been lying in your equipment bar
2. Game asset reuse: after the assets are linked to each player's address, it is easy for developers to reuse the assets of other games for secondary transformation or cross game reuse. Spiderstore has a game called cryptocuddles, which is a cat fighting game based on encrypted cat. Players log in with their own Ethereum address, and the game will automatically get all the encrypted cats under the address. The role comes from encrypted cat, and only the fighting logic comes from cryptocuddles itself
3. New ways to get users: in traditional games, new games often need to get users again, or use old games to guide new games. Blockchain can break this way and rece the cost of getting customers. For example, the cryptocuddles mentioned above, all users of encryption cat are potential game players who can be directly converted. If the direct reuse of assets involves IP issues, developers can also design in this way. As long as the users who have cats in the encrypted cat can directly obtain certain rewards in the game, such as roles, treasure boxes, props, etc. the verification method only needs to log in with the address and read the data on the chain
in this way, a new game online can completely borrow the user drainage of the existing popular games. Isn't this kind of playing method actually a routine of issuing candy with forked coins and Airdropping new tokens? Using eth or EOS, the currency with the largest number of coin holders, to air drop their own token to the coin holders 1:1, so as to obtain users at a very low cost
spiderstore currently has more than 2000 DAPP games, accumulating hundreds of thousands of users who have played Ethereum games. If a new game needs to be promoted, the simplest way is to air drop game assets to these addresses, which is much more accurate than traditional advertising
Second, arbitrage of other people's licenses will only have a reverse effect, the loss making business will not be done by ordinary people, and the number of arbitrage is very small
third, The information of the company under the license and the information of the shareholders can be verified for further confirmation
on cryptokitties, you can buy virtual cats. By 17:00 Beijing time on December 6, 2017, the cheapest kitten had reached 0.037eth. Equivalent to 110 yuan per piece
then the kittens have some opinions about the generation. For example, Gen 12 indicates that it is the 12th generation, while Gen 20 indicates that it is the 20th generation. Generally speaking, the smaller the algebra, the more valuable it is. And you can make your kittens slap each other. For example, a Gen 1 kitten and a Gen 1 kitten will give birth to a Gen 2 kitten
you can sell your kittens and their offspring for money
but what if you don't have two kittens? If you only buy one kitten, you can use your kitten to have fun with other people's high-quality kittens. The fee also depends on the kittens (to be honest, this mechanism is very evil, similar to... Borrowing chickens to have children?) The quality of the proct. If your kitten is of high quality, you can also use your kitten to mate other people's kittens, and then you get Ethereum income
but kittens also have special fertility rates
every time a kitten gives birth to one generation, it will have a certain cooling time, and it can't regenerate kittens within the cooling time,
the cooling time is divided into several grades
fast: 1 minute
swift: 2 – 5 minutes
snappy: 10 – 30 minutes
brisk: 1 – 2 minutes
plodding: 4 – 8 minutes
slow: 16 – 24 minutes
sluggi Sh (lazy kitten): 2 – 4 days
catatonic (nervous kitten): 1 week
so the price of your cat also depends on its birth time
and generally speaking, the larger the algebra is, the higher the gen value is, and the slower their growth rate is
but I want to make complaints about it because CryptoKitties is too hot! Ethereum network has a little bit of a crash, the official recommended that every time you buy a cat, the minimum handling charge is 21000. 400000 fuel = 0.01eth. However, it is irritating that I raised the procere to 1.6 million fuel, which is 0.04, and Ethereum still failed. 0.04 Ethereum. That's more than 120 yuan. It's too dark.
As we all know, blockchain is the proct of recent years, but the market for blockchain related courses can be said to be multifarious, fengmaolingjiao, each has its own merits, here, do a statistics, study, discuss and exchange together
mining mean? What did the miners do
10. What is the application of blockchain? What changes will blockchain bring
11. Blockchain will become the basic internet protocol, similar to TCP / IP and HTTP
12. What is Ethereum? Why is it the representative of blockchain 2.0? He is the founder of Ethereum and the real big man in the blockchain instry
14. What is a smart contract
15. What is Ethereum smart contract
V God said that the token system of Ethereum17. Machines need the certificate more than people
18. What is the standard of erc20 certificate
19. The Dao crowdfunding event and Ethereum bifurcation
20. How to design Tongzheng? How to express assets
21. Classification of token (list of categories)
22. Technology and components of Ethereum smart contract
23. Erc721 standard and encryption cat
24. Ethereum account (external account and contract account)
25. Four features of blockchain
26. What is blockchain 3.0 like
What is EOS? What is the difference between EOS, bitcoin and Ethereum The consensus mechanism and block generation of EOS29. Daniel laremo (BM): the main developer of EOS
30. A map to understand what EOS is
31. The "Impossible Triangle" of blockchain
32. What is the application of blockchain (decentralized application)
33. How to recover the stolen EOS key
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system
Now many people have played the game of keeping electronic pets. Now there is a new kind of electronic pet game, which is completely different from the past. Although this "cat" is not a real "cat", but a small game called cryptokitties, which is based on Ethereum's "encrypted cat", also known as "cloud cat", its popularity is absolutely no less than that of any valuable real cat
one sold for 120000 US dollars, and 70000 were traded in less than two weeks after it was launched.
the online edition of the Sunday Times reported on the 10th that since the game was launched 12 days ago, 70000 encrypted cats have been traded, with a transaction volume of more than 11 million US dollars, about 72.82 million yuan
The phenomenon of
news pictures
has caused many discussions. There is a view that this kind of electronic pet is not the first time to appear. This time it only carries the concept of "block chain". Such a high price is just a bubble. p>
there are also views that, in a sense, this game is the first large-scale application of blockchain in daily scenes. Blockchain ensures the irreplaceability of each cat and may have collection value
a real DAPP application needs to meet the following conditions at the same time:
1. The application must be completely open source and autonomous, and no entity controls the application over 51% token. The application must be able to be upgraded according to users' feedback and technical requirements, and the application upgrade can only be carried out after the majority of users reach an agreement
2. Application data must be encrypted and stored on the public blockchain
3. The application must have token mechanism (common token based on the same underlying blockchain platform or new token can be issued by itself), and miners or application maintenance nodes need to be rewarded with token
4. The generation of application token must be based on the standard encryption algorithm, and valuable nodes can get the token reward according to the algorithm
take cryptokitties, the most famous Ethereum game, as an example. It is a DAPP running in Ethereum. Players can create, care for, buy, feed and sell the Ethereum stored in Ethereum blockchain, and proce a kitten every 15 minutes. Each cat has unique characteristics, New kittens can be bred by pairing
the DAPP is not owned by an entity, but is created on Ethereum and will never disappear. No one can rob your cat, and no one can change the appearance of any cat; Siphon of life & quot; There is no entity with arbitrary will to this DAPP
after the game is released, everyone can participate in the game, and e to the Ethereum architecture, the privacy of participants can be well protected. Therefore, in the future, investment in DAPP has a very imaginable appreciation space.
Rc20 token standard (erc20 token standard) is a standard used to create token through Ethereum. According to the erc20 specification, a smart contract can be written to create a "interchangeable token". It is not mandatory, but following this standard, the token created can interact with many exchanges, wallets, etc. it has now been widely accepted by the instry
erc20 token standard was first proposed by Ethereum developer Fabian vogelsteller in the open source community. Later, Ethereum founder vitalik (known as "V God") wrote the first version of the document, which was called "standardized contract API" at that time_ Contract_ APIs
following erc20 token standard, smart contracts can be written. The token methods it needs to implement include: optional name, symbol, decimals, balance of, transfer, transfer from, approve, and allowance. The event responses it needs to implement include transfer, approve
in addition to erc20, Ethereum also focuses on erc721. Different from erc20, erc721 is a non fungible token standard (NFT)
The general syndromes oferc20 are interchangeable and homogeneous, while the general syndromes of erc721 are not interchangeable and heterogeneous; Erc20 can be subdivided infinitely, while erc721 can not be subdivided because its minimum unit is 1
in June 2018, erc721 was officially accepted by Ethereum community and became the final standard. The popular cryptokitties followed the erc721 standard
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system