The defi project on Ethereum plummeted
Ethereum energy coin is not MLM
Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract function. Ethereum provides decentralized virtual machine (Ethereum virtual machine) to process point-to-point contract through its special cryptocurrency Ethereum
in 2013, vitalik buterin, 19, first mentioned the idea of Ethereum in a book entitled "Ethereum white paper: next generation intelligent connection and decentralized application platform". Then, in 2014, the algorithm and protocol of Ethernet coin were officially implemented, and $150 million was raised. The system itself was finally completed on July 30, 2015
as the representative of blockchain 2.0, the mainstream currency Ethernet is regarded as the wind vane of crypto digital currency market. However, over the past week, the price of ether currency has continued to fall. On August 14, 2018, the ethereal currency plummeted by 20%, reaching a record low of $257 this year. Compared with this year's peak of $1295, the price of Ethernet currency has shrunk by more than 80%. Affected by this, on August 15, 2018, none of the top ten mainstream currencies in the digital money market was spared, falling across the board, with a number of single day declines exceeding 10%
extended data
Ethereum started planning almost in 2013, and started to implement the project in 2015. Before that, there were many digital currencies imitating bitcoin in the market, and they made various modifications on the basis of bitcoin code. In this way, it is very difficult to develop a new blockchain application, to re deploy a new chain, and then to develop an application on this chain. Using a consensus mechanism of pow alone is a huge maintenance workload. It's like developing an app on a mobile phone and developing the Android system together
after Ethereum comes out, it is equivalent to the underlying operating system of the blockchain. On Ethereum, it is very convenient to develop various dapps without considering the underlying development, and it can also share the computing power and storage of Ethereum. For programmers, the threshold of blockchain development is lowered instantly. The emergence of Ethereum has played a very important role in the development and popularization of blockchain applications. That's why Ethereum is called blockchain 2.0
users in the defi ecosystem have complete control over the assets and participate in the defi with the help of P2P network and DAPP
advantages of defi
the popularity of defi is inseparable from its unique advantages. Defi mainly includes:
1. Open loan agreement
compared with the traditional credit structure, open and decentralized loans have many advantages, including integration of digital asset lending, digital asset mortgage, real-time transaction settlement and novel secured loan methods, no credit check, standardization and interoperability. The purpose of secured lending using open protocols such as maker and Dharma is to rece the risk of counterparties without intermediation by relying on the minimum amount of collateral provided by Ethereum
2. Issuance platform and investment
famous securities issuance platforms such as polymath and harbor provide the framework, tools and resources for issuers to issue marked securities on the blockchain. They have prepared their own standardized token contracts for securities (i.e. st-20 and r-token), which are unique in terms of automatic compliance and customizable transaction parameters and can meet regulatory requirements. Similarly, they are integrated with service providers (e.g., broker dealers, custodians, legal entities, etc.) to assist issuers in issuing
3. Decentralized forecasting market
decentralized forecasting market is one of the most attractive components of open finance, which is highly complex but has great potential. August launched the anti censorship forecast market last year, and other platforms like gnosis began to follow suit. Forecasting market has long been a popular financial tool for avoiding risks and speculating on world events, and decentralized forecasting market can also do this
4 exchanges and open markets
exchanges in open finance mainly consider decentralized exchange (DEX) protocol and P2P market. First of all, DEX is a P2P asset exchange between two parties on Ethereum, in which no third party acts as an intermediary, such as coinbase or other centralized exchanges. DEX also uses some highly innovative methods to exchange tokens, such as atomic exchange and other unmanaged methods, to exchange one asset for another with minimal settlement time or risk. The most popular DAPP in Ethereum is the decentralized exchange IDEX. Although many "DEX" claim that they are indeed decentralized or unmanaged, be careful before using them. The P2P market on Ethereum has great long-term potential, and may eventually cover the market of local digital assets and marked real-world assets
5. Stable currency
stable currency is booming in the digital asset market by issuing warrants, auditing its reserves and managing its price linked new model. Stable currency is just a token issued by the blockchain, which aims to keep a stable link with external assets (mainly US dollars, gold or other assets). The stable currency of encrypted mortgage includes Maker & # 39; S Dai, where the underlying asset (e.g., ETH) is over mortgaged relative to the borrowing asset (DAI) according to the current mortgage rate. So far, stable currencies backed by legal tender are the most popular because of regulatory compliance and no audit risk, such as tether, usdc and Gemini dollars
disadvantages of defi
on the one hand, the development of defi is restricted by the performance of the underlying public chain. The current defi project is mainly built on the Ethereum network. At present, the performance bottleneck of Ethereum is relatively prominent, and there is still a long way to go to break through the bottleneck. Under such a situation, those projects with high performance requirements will be in an embarrassing situation. On the other hand, compared with traditional financial procts, decentralized financial projects are much more difficult to use and have higher cognitive requirements for users, which will also greatly affect the development speed of defi. In addition, the roller coaster like ups and downs of defi projects (sushi, yam, yfii, etc.) also make people wary of its security. How to continuously accumulate user trust is also the focus of attention in the future.
almost every supporter of encryption start-ups has a trend, that is, to use the decentralized value of blockchain technology to sell their business fundamentals
in this paper, we will explain the differences between decentralized financial agreement business and traditional business:
we will mainly discuss two aspects:
1) what is the real meaning of defi
2) what are the types and main differences of defi platforms< Users of traditional financial systems often want to build a system that is easier to access, more transparent, lower transaction costs and less dependent on intermediaries. To build such a more equitable financial system, banks, loans and derivatives must undergo fundamental changes. In addition, a decentralized ecosystem, such as defi, is needed. It promotes P2P lending, eliminates centralized control, and provides users with financial freedom
recently, in the field of cryptocurrency, there are many discussions about defi. It provides financial services to the world: loans, derivatives and other procts. Moreover, the role of traditional financial intermediaries has weakened, or even failed to play a role. Proponents of a decentralized financial system see defi as a good alternative to traditional lending. Some have called it the future of borrowing
defi is built on public blockchains such as bitcoin network and Ethereum. It has become one of the "core drivers" on the Ethereum network. By using unlicensed distributed networks, the defi platform converts financial procts into untrusted protocols that can be accessed by anyone anywhere in the world. People who don't have an account in the bank can also use the defi solution to loan and borrow assets, as well as to trade with financial instruments
open source platforms provide users with great benefits, including transparency, cheap cross-border transactions, no credit checks and less censorship. Anyone can carry out financial activities because there is no geographical restriction<
the degree of decentralization of defi
in recent months, the introction of defi solutions has proliferated. They have different models and their degree of decentralization is also different. Compared with other models, some defi models have poor dispersion. This is because only a few of their components are decentralized, while the rest are still centrally controlled by the company
the establishment of agreement, non trust, price supply, determination of interest rate, provision of liquidity of margin call and start-up of margin call are the key components of defi agreement. They determine the degree of decentralization
if there are a large number of decentralized components, then the defi protocol is more decentralized than other models. Such a protocol will give users complete control over their digital assets and get rid of centralized control. So far, there is no single defi protocol that disperses all components
each defi protocol is assigned a category according to the number of distributed components:
centralized finance (cefi)
defi solutions are usually unmanaged, which means that users can control their funds and be responsible for their security. Instead, cefi is hosted. The central system is responsible for keeping the assets of users and ensuring the safety of users' funds
when it comes to loans or loans, users can't control any aspect of funds. The interest rate is determined by the central government, and the liquidity of margin call is provided by the central system or authorities. Cefi procts use centralized price supply, and it is also permitted to issue margin call.
With the expansion of the imagination boundary of the combination of blockchain technology and finance, the emergence of decentralized Finance (referred to as "defi") may bring some enlightenment. According to the latest data of the graph, a blockchain data index company, the number of defi monthly queries exceeded 1 billion in June. In the previous few months, the daily query volume of the graph hosting service was 20 million to 30 million, but in June, the daily query volume reached 40 million to 60 million
according to the report of dapppreview, the information and analysis platform of dapps based on blockchain, in the second quarter of 2020, the total transaction volume of Ethereum profi increased by 403% compared with the same period last year, and the market value of several Ethereum profi projects more than doubled in the second quarter. Under the frenzied pursuit of capital, it needs cold thinking to treat defi
defi
defi is still in its infancy, facing three major challenges:
first of all, code loopholes. Programmable finance represents the power of science and technology, but the loopholes after code stacking are always difficult to avoid
the second is the systemic risk. Whether it is traditional finance or programmable finance, we must consider the systemic risk, such as whether the defi ecosystem can carry it in the face of extreme market fluctuations
the third is the asset on the chain. The complexity and uncertainty of the asset on the chain is a great challenge for the whole defi instry, which needs to be tried by the pioneers
the defi application faces the risk of hacker attack. According to media reports, only from February to march in 2020, there were six security incidents in the field of defi, with a loss of more than $1.5 million
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system< br />
The total number of atomic coins issued was 100 billion, and the total number of atomic coins was 1; 10 mapping
token is a tool to measure the transmission and transformation of value. As the parties participating in the construction of the system, token is the qualification basis for the distribution of rights and interests. Atomic chain will issue endogenous currency, which we call ATOS. In the initial stage of the system, it will be released based on erc20. In the medium-term stage, the 1:1 smooth migration to the main network of the atomic chain. Erc20 is a standard protocol on Ethereum network. It uses the protocol interface to create a token, which is used as the basis of warrant and qualification of each role. ATOS is the basic circulation value of the whole ecosystem. Through ATOS, users can realize transaction, value transfer, enjoy value preservation and increase, and vote. Atos is also the basic reward condition for each role to participate in. Through the reward, the enthusiasm among the roles can be stimulated, and the virtuous cycle of the ecosystem can be promoted. In order to fight against inflation and maintain and increase the value of contracts, we will issue a fixed number of ATOS. Through ecological operation, ATOS will maintain a certain minimum value. We use push in the ecosystem to push the ecological event report according to a certain period< ATOS is divided into circulation pool and lock pool. Under the condition of constant total amount, the total amount of market circulation and lock pool will maintain a certain proportion, so as to achieve the balance point within the pool
More and more people want to steal money by attacking smart contracts. They are taking advantage of the loopholes when smart contracts are combined
in 2020, the total amount of embezzlement or theft in the attack on defi has reached 36 million US dollars. But because dforce attackers returned the stolen $25 million, the actual amount was about $11 million
compared with the early days of Ethereum, the average loss value of each hacker attack has decreased significantly. Eight of the 10 attacks in 2020 are worth less than $1 million
defi
in the early days of Ethereum, most attacks were based on finding indivial vulnerabilities, which enabled attackers to freeze or exhaust smart contracts. This was the case with the notorious Dao hacking incident in 2016, in which $160 million eth was stolen and Ethereum finally forked out. Similarly, the multi signature attack of parity in 2017 caused hackers to steal $30 million, and $150 million in parity's wallet was frozen, all of which were the consequences of such vulnerabilities
the loopholes of such smart contracts are still exploited from time to time. Recently, an attacker succeeded in stealing all Veth from token contracts, making a profit of $900000 just by exhausting the veth-eth uniswap pool. But this is a simple mistake caused by Veth, because there is a logical error in the way Veth modifies the erc20 token standard
generally speaking, the security has been improved, especially for the projects with high attention. Their security improvement is driven by the user's expectation of audit and the improvement of testing tools. Recently, the biggest security problem in defi is that dforce's $25 million digital assets have been stolen from the lending market. However, the funds were withdrawn because the attacker's IP address was found and shared with the Singapore police
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system
defi is decentralized finance. With the rapid development of blockchain, its application scenarios are constantly enriched, and the financial instry is one of the most promising instries. At present, defi is mainly active in the Ethereum network ecosystem. After two or three years of exploration and development, it has derived a variety of financial innovation methods, such as stable currency, lending platform, derivatives, forecast market, insurance, payment platform, etc
in short, defi is to move the traditional finance to the blockchain network, but compared with the traditional finance, it realizes decentralization through the blockchain, that is, it removes the role of middleman, thus recing the huge cost brought by the intermediate link
the ultimate goal of defi is to realize asset securitization, using smart contracts to replace the traditional privileged institutions in the financial field, so that users can enjoy financial services at a lower cost, improve the operation efficiency of the whole financial system, and rece the operation cost< 1. Maker
there is no doubt that maker is the leader in the field of defi, and what is maker to defi is just like bitcontinent to the mining circle. According to the data of defi pulse, the total market value of defi lock has reached 957.5 million US dollars, and maker accounts for 544.7 million US dollars, accounting for 56.89%< Established in 2014, maker is an automated mortgage platform on Ethereum and a provider of stable currency Dai
Dai and the US dollar are anchored 1:1. Like other stable currencies, Dai also has price fluctuations. Unlike other stable currencies, Dai gains value by over mortgaging encrypted digital currencies. For centralized stable currencies such as usdt, trueusd and GUSD, there is a reserve of $1 behind every $1 token issued, while the reserve of $1 Dai is a reserve of more than $1 digital assets
unlike usdt and trueusd, Dai's operating mechanism is open and transparent, which is one of Dai's advantages. Not only Dai itself is transparent, but also the value fluctuation and quantity of Ethereum, the collateral in exchange for Dai, are also transparent and visible to the public.
I believe there is a fraud in issuing digital currency, but there is a fraud in mining. Unless you buy a "nonexistent" mining machine or computing power, the probability of being cheated is almost zero. Next, let me talk about UTC's past and present lives
So, it's hard to say whether UTC is a fraud, but this model is indeed an innovation in the currency circle. After all, digital currency is getting more and more attention, and it may not become "currency", but it may become "alternative investment goods". Personally, I'm optimistic about this mining modelmoreover, as far as I know, the team behind UTC, as well as the financial and technical support are quite reliable. If it is really a scam, the institutions that invest in UTC will not make such a big battle to cheat people