Ethereum number limit

1.

Digital money is legal

digital currency itself is legal in China. Digital currency is defined as Internet goods in China, but the relevant supervision is still blank, and digital currency is still in the gray area in China. Well known digital currencies include bitcoin, Leyte coin, Ruitai coin, thousand gold card, dog coin, etc

however, there are also some non developers who use the cover of digital currency to carry out pyramid schemes, such as the Vicat scheme, treasure scheme, Porter scheme and so on

development materials:

digital currency is different from the virtual currency in the virtual world, because it can be used for real goods and services transactions, not limited to online games. The early digital currency (digital gold currency) is a form of electronic currency named after the weight of gold. Today's digital currency, such as bitcoin, lightcoin and ppcoin, is an electronic currency created, issued and circulated by check sum cryptography. It is characterized by the use of P2P peer-to-peer network technology to issue, manage and circulate currency. In theory, it avoids bureaucratic examination and approval, so that everyone has the right to issue currency

2.

There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road

from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain

1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0

however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts

first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network

the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis

to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively

(1) fragmentation technology

vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved

however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization

(2) lightning network

lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain

however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel

only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain

another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost

Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactions

the above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network

Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event

Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident

(1) what does Dao mean

before introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized

autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

(2) the infamous Dao event

however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event

refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days

unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13

this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart

to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions

in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"

Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stability

3. Ethereum blockchain has exposed three major problems, and its founder vitalik buterin has been unable to interpret them for a long time. The first is the low performance and TPS of Ethereum blockchain as a whole; The second is that resources are not isolated. The event of cryptokitties virtual cat once occupied 20% of the traffic of the whole Ethereum, which directly caused Ethereum network users unable to carry out timely transactions, which is the biggest pain point of resources not isolated; The third problem lies in the embodiment of Ethereum's governance structure. As a decentralized distributed ledger, the founder team of Ethereum has dominated its network development in the past. The over centralized governance mode has led to the bifurcation of eth, etc and ETF in Ethereum, and the Ethereum community is now in a state of fragmented governance. In the view of Ma Haobo, founder and CEO of "aelf", all kinds of disadvantages of Ethereum are unacceptable. Therefore, the positioning of "aelf" is born for the next generation of decentralized underlying computing platform of Ethereum, which focuses on solving the problems of insufficient performance, non isolation of resources and governance structure of Ethereum.

4.

1. about the variability of blockchain

2. eth, if most people agree to modify the chain, that is, variability, then they can modify the blockchain records and contracts

3. etc, blockchain records and contracts can't be modified, that is, they can't be tampered with

4. here are the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods

   The advantage of

5. variability is that people can make timely changes to make the right decisions. Therefore, modifying the specification is more practical than finding loopholes

6. non modifiability means that no matter how smart people are at that time, it is impossible not to make mistakes. Therefore, when problems arise in this scheme, it is best to find and solve the loopholes through the existing legal framework

7. differences in development

8. eth, whether it is intentionally arranged or since its birth, the core decisions of blockchain are made by Ethereum foundation with the participation of the community and most of them are developed by it

9. etc, the decision-making of blockchain is mainly decided by the feedback of three loose, collaborative teams with community participation

10. in any case, anyone can put forward improvement suggestions for the two kinds of blockchains. This is the benefit of open source, and it is also very common. You will find that developers of the two chains communicate with each other through GitHub and reddit. I hope to improve the frequency of communication in order to achieve the common goal

11. about compatibility

12. at present, the two kinds of blockchains are compatible with each other. Contracts or applications written by eth can be applied on etc, and vice versa

13. eth, focusing on ewasm, is committed to providing a platform for more and more developers, while the issue of contract security is secondary, such as viper

14. etc focuses on making developers create more secure contracts, such as viper, iohk research, at the cost of consuming the number of potential developers

15. it's obvious that both chains can accept each other, regardless of whether their wishes are the same or not. My view is that the number of developers is not necessarily related to the quality of the proct

16. about the transaction speed

17. eth, the average is 25 seconds, which will be shortened after upgrading

18. etc, with an average time of 14 seconds, maintained at 10-14 seconds after upgrade, according to ecip-1010 and ecip-1036 protocols

19. about the block capacity

20. eth, with the daily trading volume of eth graally reaching 5 million, the block capacity is graally saturated. This situation is similar to the recent transaction cost of bitcoin. This problem can be solved by expanding the block capacity by increasing the default fuel limit

21. ETC­， At present, there is still a lot of room for block capacity. As more and more people accept etc, the block capacity will also increase, just like eth

22. about community

23. eth, mainly discuss on reddit

24. etc, mainly discuss on slack

25. about monetary policy

26. eth, the planned supply is growing steadily, resulting in an average inflation of 3% in eth blockchain in its life cycle

27. etc, before 2025, inflation will reach 3%, and then the total supply will reach 200 million etc, and then there will be deflation

    As for the regional distribution of trading volume, China accounts for 20%, South Korea 25% and the United States 25%
    In etc, China accounts for 50%, South Korea 25% and the United States 10%
    About securities, at present, investors do not have the option to trade securities. Recently, one of eth's ETFs, trading open-end index funds, was denied by the regulators

28. etc owns etc trading trust, which allows investors to own etc instead of the asset itself

5.

It does not belong to MLM

Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract function, which provides decentralized virtual machine (Ethereum virtual machine) to process point-to-point contract through its special cryptocurrency Ethereum

the concept of Ethereum was first proposed by vitalik buterin, a programmer, from 2013 to 2014, inspired by bitcoin, to the effect of "next generation cryptocurrency and decentralized application platform", and began to develop through crowdfunding in 2014. The market value of Ethernet currency is second only to bitcoin, and it is the second largest encrypted digital currency in the world

extended data

bitcoin has created the first decentralized cryptocurrency, and has fully tested the feasibility and security of blockchain technology in more than five years. In fact, bitcoin's blockchain is a set of distributed database. If a symbol bitcoin is added into it and a set of protocol is specified, the symbol can be transferred safely on the database without trusting a third party. The combination of these features perfectly constructs a currency transmission system bitcoin network

however, bitcoin is not perfect, and the scalability of the protocol is a deficiency. For example, there is only one symbol in the bitcoin Network - bitcoin, and users can't customize other symbols. These symbols can represent the company's stocks or debt certificates, which will lose some functions

In addition, a stack based scripting language is used in bitcoin protocol. Although this language has some flexibility to realize functions such as multi signature, it is not enough to build more advanced applications, such as decentralized exchanges. Ethereum is designed to solve the problem of insufficient scalability of bitcoin

6.

In fact, Ethernet is an electronic virtual currency, which is regarded as "bitcoin version 2.0". The blockchain technology "Ethereum", which is different from bitcoin, is the real reason to win Putin's favor

Ethereum is an open-source public blockchain platform with smart contract function. It mainly provides decentralized virtual machine to process point-to-point contracts through its special encrypted currency Ethereum, which is fast and unlimited in quantity. In other words, it is a monetary payment system, but their functions and purposes are different

if bitcoin is considered to be a shared global book that securely records all bitcoin bills. Then Ethereum is to maintain a shared computing platform, which can flexibly and safely run any program users want. Because of this, many countries and enterprises are developing how to use Ethereum technology in the real world

the latest price of eth on btctrade platform of bitcoin trading network is ￥ 2430! The increase is amazing

blockchain Ethereum is widely used

at present, the application of Ethereum technology in Russia is still relatively positive. For example, veb, the state-owned Development Bank of Russia, began to apply Ethereum technology to some administrative functions last week, and Russian steel giants are also testing the application of Ethereum in the safe transfer of international letters of credit. Therefore, Putin believes that this virtual currency can help Russia diversify its economy and support the paving of the way by blockchain technology and the establishment of new businesses

not only Russia, JPMorgan Chase, Microsoft, Intel and others are optimistic about Ethereum technology. At the same time, Ethereum has also been paid close attention by some financial institutions, banking consortia, Samsung, IBM and other large companies, resulting in the simplification and automation of financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, customer satisfaction index tracking, customer satisfaction index tracking, etc Blockchain applications such as gift cards are designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions. That's why the etheric currency is rising

the future of ether coin

of course, different from Ethernet, there are 670 bitcoin ATMs in the world, and thousands of outlets support bitcoin payment, but Ethernet has not yet emerged in the field of electronic payment. Mainly used to support the Ethereum network to run the program. Therefore, whether bitcoin will be recognized in the future is still unknown, but what Russian President Vladimir Putin has done may not be a signal

we have said before: it is still difficult to define bitcoin as currency, but it must be an asset, and I think Ethereum must be an asset. Although the application of blockchain technology is not yet mature, in a sense, it will be used sooner or later. After all, in the future era of big data, blockchain technology can better protect the efficiency and privacy of our information

this is why digital currency Ethereum is so popular

hope to adopt

7. In fact, Ethernet is an electronic virtual currency, which is regarded as "bitcoin version 2.0". The blockchain technology "Ethereum", which is different from bitcoin, is the real reason to win Putin's favor

Ethereum is an open-source public blockchain platform with smart contract function. It mainly provides decentralized virtual machine to process point-to-point contracts through its special encrypted currency Ethereum, which is fast and unlimited in quantity. In other words, it is a monetary payment system, but their functions and purposes are different
if bitcoin is considered to be a shared global book that securely records all bitcoin bills. Then Ethereum is to maintain a shared computing platform, which can flexibly and safely run any program users want. Because of this, many countries and enterprises are developing how to use Ethereum technology in the real world.

8. Return the result of ifconfig
eth0 to awk for processing
where - F & # 39;:|< br />+'
this is a separator defined by awk and then matched with "BCAST & quot;, Take the content of the fourth column
since your command is not universal, you can't output the result here, but you should intercept the broadcast address

9. Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center is located in the exhibition island of Cangshan District, Fuzhou City (also known as "Puxiazhou"), adjacent to Minjiang River in the north and Fuzhou South Railway Station in the south, and adjacent to Linpu bridge and Gushan bridge, two important river crossing channels of Fuzhou City in the East and West< Generally, there are 14 bus routes leading to Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center in the urban area, which are as follows:
1, 4, 8, 17, 28, 42, 85, 101, 103, 113, 301 307 bus line is temporarily extended to the urban area of the Strait Convention and Exhibition Center and the bus line to the Convention and Exhibition Center

(1) No.1 Road (Ximen huting), main stops:
Ximen, Xihu, Gulou, Nanjie (Dayang department store), Nanmen (Fuzhou children's Hospital), chating (First Affiliated Hospital), Cultural Palace (Dongfang department store), Taijiang, Taijiang pedestrian Street, Qiaonan (Fuzhou second hospital), Huida square, Sansan street, Sansan street new village, Sansheng instry, huting Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station< (2) No.4 Road (west gate of Zuohai Park Fengquan environmental protection group), main stops:
west gate of Zuohai Park, general hospital, Wanshang club, liming, high school affiliated to Municipal Ecation College, Vientiane City, Baolong city square, Huaqiao middle school, NO.4 middle school, Normal University, shangsanlu, Sansan street, Sansheng instry, huting, Houban, bus overhaul plant, Fengquan environmental protection group Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center East Station< (3) route 8 (Software Park huting Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center), main stops:
Software Park, software park gate, provincial military region, Tongpan, Zuohai Park, sanjiaojing, Pingshan, Department of Health (provincial hospital), Gulou, South Street (Dayang department store), shan intersection, Yushan (Union Hospital), zhuangyuanjing, bus station, South Park Xiangyuantou, Changle Road, Lianpan, Guangming Bridge, longfu electromechanical trading market, Huawei passenger station, Sansan street, Sansheng instry, huting, Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center East Station, etc< (4) No.17 Road (residential theme park - huting), main stops:
residential theme park, Fengdan egret City, Xindian town government, Provincial Sports Center, No.2 Power Construction Company, Doumen, Hucheng, Yangxia new village, Dongmen, Fuxin intersection, Wangzhuang, Qiaobei, Qiaonan (Fuzhou second hospital), Huida square, Sansan street, Sansan street new village, Sansheng instry, huting Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station
(5) No.28 (Kangcheng community huting), main stops:
Kangcheng community, Xindian, Fucun, Qinting viact, Xiyuan, railway station, minyun north bus station, railway hospital, Erhua, wanshili garden, Fuxin East Road, Jinhui new village, shuangban, Guangming Bridge, longfu electromechanical Trading market, Gaohu village, huting Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station
(6) No.42 (Jinshan Jinju Station - huting), main stops:
Jinshan Jinju station, Jinshan phase IV, Binzhou Road North, Jinxiang intersection, Jinshan bus terminus, Rongcheng square, Jianxin, hengjiang, Gangtou, Ban, Shang (forest procts market), Normal University, shangsanlu intersection, Sansan street, Sansheng instry, huting Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station
(7) No.85 Road (agriculture and Forestry University (apitherapy hospital) - huting), main stops:
agriculture and Forestry University (apitherapy hospital), provincial instrial school, provincial building materials school, guocuoli, MaRong new village (nanjiangbin Park), Jianxin, hengjiang, Gangtou, Ban, Shang (forest procts market), Cangqian, Qiaonan (Fuzhou second hospital), Huida square, SANFA street Sansanjie Xincun, Sansheng instry, huting, Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station, etc
(8) 101 Road (Meiting army huting), main stops:
Meiting army, Meiting, Baofu, Meifeng Road, sanjiaojing, Pingshan, Gulou, South Street (Dayang department store), Yushan (Union Hospital), bus station (instry and Trade Center), South Park, Qiaobei, Qiaonan (Fuzhou second hospital), Huida square, Sansan street, Sansan street new village, Sansheng instry Baihuting, Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station, etc
(9) No.103 (bus Rende station huting), main stops:
bus Rende station, Wuyi Square, Gutian Road, Ziyang, Daming City, shuangban, Guangming Bridge, longfu electromechanical trading market, Gaohu village, huting, Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station, etc
(10) No.113 (liangcuo road - huting), main stops:
liangcuo Road, Hongshan railway station, Hongshan Bridge, Longfeng new village, Fenghuang lake, Fuda east gate, Xichen temple, Minjiang University, Baolong city square, Pudong, Fusi middle school, Normal University, shangsankou, Sancha Street, Sansheng instry, huting, Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station, etc
(11) No.136 (bus Rende Station - Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station), main stops:
bus Rende station, yangtoukou, provincial people's Hospital, Cultural Palace (Dongfang department store Qunsheng store), Zhongting street, Taijiang cinema, Taijiang pedestrian street, paiwei, Yafeng, provincial transportation technology school, Aofeng bridge, Wanda Plaza of Financial Street, Yuchi, Linpu Road, etc Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center (Puxia), Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station, etc
(12) 301 Road (west gate of Zuohai Park huting), main stops:
west gate of Zuohai Park, general hospital, Yangnan intersection, Gaofeng bridge, real estate market, shuangpaoqiao, Dongjiekou, provincial hospital, mengmengying, Longhua overpass, Zhengda square, zhuangyuanjing, bus station, South Park, Yanta, Qiaobei, Qiaonan, Cangshan pedestrian street, Huawei passenger station Gaishan town government village, Zexu square, huting, Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center East Station, etc
(13) 307 Road (Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center East Station Fuda East Gate), main stops:
Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center East Station, Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center (Puxia), longzhouhe, cangshanpuxia, Jiangbiancun, guozhou, mein, Changpu, fanchuanpu church, Qiaonan, shangsanlukou, chengputou, Fusizhong, nanchanshan Overseas Chinese middle school (Hongqi Village), Pudong, Baimahe, Douchi, Wushan West Road, Xichen temple, Fuda east gate, etc< (14) 501 Road (Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station - Finance College), main stops:
Fuzhou Strait International Convention and Exhibition Center West Station, huluzhen, bus overhaul plant, Houban, Zexu square, shangsankou, Fuzhou technical school, Cangshan Town, Provincial Transportation College, Fujian Police College, Shoushan, finance college, etc
there are various public buildings and cultural and entertainment facilities around the exhibition center. The surrounding road network is developed. It is adjacent to Minjiang River in the north and Fuzhou South Railway Station in the south. The east end of nanjiangbin Avenue passes through the island. Gushan bridge and Kuiqi bridge cross the Minjiang River in the upstream and downstream of the exhibition island. Pann road and Linpu Road, together with Fuxia Road and expressway connecting line, constitute the traffic network extending in all directions of the exhibition island.

10. Starting from Guangzhou, via Guangzhou - G4 Beijing Hong Kong Macao Expressway - Shenzhen, to Shenzhen Convention and Exhibition Center. The whole journey is 141.3km. According to the current road conditions, the estimated time is 2 hours and 14 minutes.
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