Constantinople upgrade Ethereum reduce production
The idea of Ethereum was born in 2013. Vitalik buterin ˙ When he was a programmer in the bitcoin community, he suggested to the core developers of bitcoin to develop a language for application developers to facilitate the development of various applications. Bitcoin core developers disagree. So God V decided to develop a new platform for this purpose
V God wrote the white paper of etheric currency in 2013, in which he explained the goal of building a decentralized program. In 2014, we got development funds through crowdfunding, so we developed the Ethernet system< (better digital currency trading platform "currency exchange")
since its birth, it has carried out four hard bifurcations so far
for the first time, in order to adjust the difficulty
released a stable version of "homeland" for the second time
for the fourth time, in order to prevent DDoS and rece weight
there is only the third hard fork, because of the hacker attack, and forced to fork. This is the Dao event
On July 30, 2015, v-god and Ethereum Foundation created the first smart contract platform and designed the Dao Ethereum contracton April 30, 2016, the Dao smart contract was officially deployed, and the world's largest crowdfunding was completed, reaching an amazing $150 million As an aside, the biggest crowdfunding event in time is EOS crowdfunding, which has reached an even more amazing $5 billion!)
on June 17, 2016, the Dao was attacked by hackers, who stole about 50 million US dollars of Ethernet currency, and the price also plummeted from US $20 to US $15, causing great harm to Ethereum. In order to recover the loss of investors, the community finally decided to hard fork
therefore, on July 20, 2016, at the block height of 1920000, the hard branching was successful, and the new chain is called Ethereum eth, while the original chain is now Ethereum classic etc
Let me tell you the answer first: No
or don't invest all of bitcoin. Let me give you a brief analysis
first of all, let's talk about 100000 yuan. If the 100000 yuan is a windfall, we suggest that you allin invest in bitcoin, which may be several times more when you take it out at the end of this year. There will be another windfall
if the 100000 yuan is a year-end bonus, you can consider investing half of it in blockchain and bitcoin
if the 100000 yuan deposit is your hard-earned money, you must be cautious in your investment, so first of all, you are not recommended to invest in blockchain
in fact, your question tells me two basic facts: 1. You are Xiao of blockchain / currency circle; 2. You have a little deposit and want to manage money, or you need to make some money
so from my point of view, I don't recommend you to buy bitcoin or make any other blockchain investment, because there is a saying that a person can't make money beyond his cognition, and the blockchain world is beyond your cognition for you, and the coin circle is basically an extension or part of the financial system. And the financial system is the most cruel and ruthless world. When you want to make money, you should also think that there are hundreds of thousands of people, millions of people who have the same ideas as you, so as to drive them into this bloody and merciless market. So you ask yourself, can you make sure you make money
first pour a basin of cold water on you, and then answer your questions seriously. Let's take a look at the historical trend of bitcoin
I feel optimistic that the recovery may come slowly, the Federal Reserve's move may be the beginning of financial release, and the capital market may recover slowly. As a small part of the financial market, the blockchain world may also recover
from the perspective of investment, bitcoin in the blockchain world is not only the genesis currency, but also the mainstream currency that accounts for the vast majority of the total market value at present. Therefore, if you really want to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin is the best choice
however, please note that from the perspective of professional investment advice, risks should always be shared. Exclusive bitcoin will be taken off by a currency, and it will also fall miserably. So please consider holding other mainstream currencies, such as BoChang coin, which is known as "the last good heart of the blockchain", which is also the most powerful counter trend growth currency in the bear market of the currency circle. For a long time, when the mother of other currencies, including bitcoin, didn't know each other, BoChang was the only currency that was growing slightly, which was a miracle
another example is Ethereum. Although Ethereum's hard fork has been delayed for a long time, the arrival of Constantinople's hard fork upgrade will make Ethereum the most eye-catching star in a short time. At this time, the investment can be regarded as low-level market entry, and you can make a profit by waiting for high-level investment
finally, back to my answer, if you don't even know wave field, bitcoin, Constantinople hard fork and other words, how can you determine whether you can make a sum of money in the world of currency. So this in itself is a very high risk thing
a strange capital market will swallow up all your savings. Although some people get rich overnight, they are a few people after all. If you are sure to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin can be invested. However, from the perspective of risk sharing, please buy some other mainstream currencies to minimize the risk. Finally, I wish you a happy investment and a big fortune in the year of the pig. Please be cautious in your investment
is to read more about the various currencies or project's white paper. I pay attention to my WeChat official account: "Nanjing block chain" can get thousands of white papers free of charge, so that you will have a better understanding of the chain world. p>
to put it simply: if you are only the holder of eth, you don't need to make any preparation for this upgrade.
in front of the article: the video version is slightly different from the text version. If you want to see my affectionate interpretation, please see the video version (meow understands blockchain phase 22 | sharding: Ethereum is too slow, "disk" him!), The logic of thinking is strange. Please see the extended version
recently, Ethereum has shown an overwhelming positive trend e to the Constantinople upgrade, while Ethereum's upgrade road is like upgrading and fighting monsters, falling into rabbithole. No one knows how deep the hole is. Since it is a long way to go, it is of vital importance to make every step well and accurately. After overcoming this difficulty, Ethereum's next technical difficulty, sharding fragmentation, has been put on the table again. This issue of "meow understands blockchain" will take you into sharding, the magic weapon that makes Ethereum fast
what is sharding
slicing technology is not a new concept. At first, it is an optimization scheme for large central database. Specifically, it divides the data in large database into many shards according to certain rules, and then stores these data in different servers to rece the data access pressure of each server, So as to improve the performance of the whole database system
let's take a small popular example:
for example, meituan, Didi taxi and other software that we often use can be divided according to the "city". Because the data of different cities do not need to communicate, the data of different cities can be stored in different databases, so that the database server can be deployed to the nearest node from the corresponding city, Can also improve the speed of access, why not do it
from the above example, we should have a preliminary understanding of the concept of fragmentation. What about fragmentation in blockchain scenarios
taking Ethereum fragmentation as an example, in the original single chain system, the overall performance of the public chain depends on the performance of a single node. After fragmentation, each node only needs to undertake the work of the whole network, and each fragmentation works in parallel. According to vitalik, each shard is like a separate galaxy, and each fragmentation is like an independent universe, In this way, the efficiency will be improved naturally! Originally, the total network TPS of Ethereum chain was about 20. Now, if it is increased to 100 pieces, the total network TPS can be increased to 2000. Similarly, the total network capacity will be increased to 100 times of the original
"each node only needs to undertake part of the work of the whole network", which will lead to several major problems. 1. How to determine which piece of work this node is responsible for? 2. Which transactions should be classified into which segments? 3. Does each node only need to store its own transaction information (ledger)
according to the implementation of the above problems, we can divide the fragmentation into three types: network fragmentation, transaction fragmentation and state fragmentation
Network fragmentation: how to divide the nodes of the whole network into different partitions
transaction segmentation: how to divide the whole network transactions into different segments
State fragmentation: how to make each node only maintain the account book in its own fragmentation without affecting the security of the whole system
the difference and connection between main chain and fragmentation chain
we have understood the types of fragmentation, so what's the difference between main chain and shard chain
turn left | turn right
the realization of Ethereum fragmentation is a long process. Even vitalik himself said that it will be graally realized by stages. We'd better look forward to whether fragmentation can move from theory to practice
Let me tell you the answer first: No
or don't invest all of bitcoin. Let me give you a brief analysis
first of all, if your principal is a windfall, I suggest you allin invest in bitcoin, which may be several times more when you take it out at the end of this year. There will be another windfall
if your principal is a year-end bonus, you can consider investing half in blockchain and bitcoin
if your principal is your hard-earned money, you must be cautious in your investment, so first of all, it is not recommended that you invest in blockchain
in fact, your question tells me two basic facts: 1. You are Xiao of blockchain / currency circle; 2. You have a little deposit and want to manage money, or you need to make some money
so from my point of view, I don't recommend you to buy bitcoin or make any other blockchain investment, because there is a saying that a person can't make money beyond his cognition, and the blockchain world is beyond your cognition for you, and the coin circle is basically an extension or part of the financial system. And the financial system is the most cruel and ruthless world. When you want to make money, you should also think that there are hundreds of thousands of people, millions of people who have the same ideas as you, so as to drive them into this bloody and merciless market. So you ask yourself, can you make sure you make money
first pour a basin of cold water on you, and then answer your questions seriously. Let's take a look at the historical trend of bitcoin
I feel optimistic that the recovery may come slowly, the Federal Reserve's move may be the beginning of financial release, and the capital market may recover slowly. As a small part of the financial market, the blockchain world may also recover
from the perspective of investment, bitcoin in the blockchain world is not only the genesis currency, but also the mainstream currency that accounts for the vast majority of the total market value at present. Therefore, if you really want to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin is the best choice
however, please note that from the perspective of professional investment advice, risks should always be shared. Exclusive bitcoin will be taken off by a currency, and it will also fall miserably. So please consider holding other mainstream currencies, such as BoChang coin, which is known as "the last good heart of the blockchain", which is also the most powerful counter trend growth currency in the bear market of the currency circle. For a long time, when the mother of other currencies, including bitcoin, didn't know each other, BoChang was the only currency that was growing slightly, which was a miracle
another example is Ethereum. Although Ethereum's hard fork has been delayed for a long time, the arrival of Constantinople's hard fork upgrade will make Ethereum the most eye-catching star in a short time. At this time, the investment can be regarded as low-level market entry, and you can make a profit by waiting for high-level investment
finally, back to my answer, if you don't even know wave field, bitcoin, Constantinople hard fork and other words, how can you determine whether you can make a sum of money in the world of currency. So this in itself is a very high risk thing
a strange capital market will swallow up all your savings. Although some people get rich overnight, they are a few people after all. If you are sure to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin can be invested. However, from the perspective of risk sharing, please buy some other mainstream currencies to minimize the risk. Finally, I wish you a happy investment and a big fortune in the year of the pig. Please be cautious in your investment
is to read more about the various currencies or project's white paper. I pay attention to my WeChat official account: "Nanjing block chain" can get thousands of white papers free of charge, so that you will have a better understanding of the chain world. p>
The
Ethereum mining
Berlin hard fork will mark the end of the metropolitan era. This is a key stage in Ethereum's history, which is divided into two stages (Byzantine and Constantinople), including several branches, including Atlantis, Istanbul, and finally reached its peak in Berlin