Lettercoin formula
In fact, the coins that can be g up every day are different. When L3 + first came out, it was able to dig one Wright coin every day. Now the computing power of the whole network has been greatly improved, and about 0.54 yuan can be g every day. It mainly depends on the comparison between your computing power and that of the whole network
bitcoin mining machine is a kind of computer used to earn bitcoin. This kind of computer generally has professional mining chips and works in the way of burning graphics card, which consumes a lot of power. It is one of the ways to get bitcoin that users download software from personal computer and then run specific algorithm to get corresponding bitcoin after communicating with remote server2. The popular digital currencies in 2013 are bitcoin, Leyte coin, zeta coin, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bar, red coin, pole coin, barbecue coin and prime currency. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world
Output value: according to the calculation formula of bitcoin output, almost every four years, the output will be halved, and finally reach the extreme value of 21 million. At this time, there will be a substantial appreciation. This kind of currency without the control of the central bank, compared with the real currency of quantitative easing, will continue to appreciate. By 2013, about 11 million bitcoins had been proced 
extended data:
1. Ant mining machine is the first cryptocurrency mining machine brand in the world, with a market share of about 70%. The mining machine is developed by bitmainland and has a patent in mainland China. At the beginning, ant miner had only bitcoin miner. Later, its business expanded to other cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum, dascoin, Leyte, Monroe, etc
Ant miner adopts ASIC chip designed by bitcontinental, which is proced by TSMC. All chips are made of BM prefix. Each miner has three to four circuit boards, and there are dozens of chips on the circuit board. Therefore, each miner can only be used to mine one or more cryptocurrencies using the same algorithm3. Ant mining machine needs special mining software, and can not use third-party software. In addition, because of its high power, the ant miner also needs to be used with a special fire ox
bitcoin is rising wildly, and e-money has set off a wave of speculation. Light currency (LTC) soared more than ten times, reaching a high price of 300 yuan. At the same time, a large number of counterfeit coins appeared, and the increase was amazing. It's not unusual to see them rise several times a day. E-money market has shown a strong speculative, investment risk has emerged. But is bitcoin the only winner? Is there any other e-coin that can "" the miracle of bitcoin, or even surpass it
assuming the success of e-money in the future, some people say that we only need one e-money. If the number of bitcoin is limited, it's OK to use mbtc or smaller units to trade when the price is very high. Other electronic coins are repetitive and meaningless
let's see how bitcoin has changed from "meaningless behavior" to a successful case, and what experience can be summed up
firstly, based on the combination of private key and public key of electronic cryptocurrency, bitcoin creatively proposed the block chain mechanism, as well as the binding of mining (protecting the whole network) and currency issuance rewards. And the implementation of a constant total to create deflation expectations, difficulty automatic adjustment to ensure fairness, as well as competitive mining and competitive block branches, to maximize the protection of the interests of the holders and miners, to achieve a win-win situation
this mechanism mobilizes the enthusiasm of miners and forms a virtuous circle. BTC rises, calculating power rises, calculating power rises, BTC is more stable and has higher value, so as to promote the price to continue to rise. Until now, bitcoin has formed an indestructible block chain system, which is the most valuable part of the bitcoin system, ensuring the maximum security of bitcoin holders, as well as the decentralized network structure, ensuring the openness and fairness of the bitcoin world. Social capital has invested a lot in bitcoin, forming a whole instrial chain. This is the value created by bitcoin from scratch. Although there are speculative factors, to a certain extent, the market value of bitcoin reflects this value
BTC market value: http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap
BTC calculation force: http://blockchain.info/charts/hash-rate
but does this mean that bitcoin must be the most successful, and it will forever occupy the market share of the whole e-money in the future without further improvement
next, I'll make a comparison with LTC. Instead of recommending buying LTC, I'll talk about whether LTC can solve some problems of BTC and whether it will cause some new troubles< First of all, BTC has the following problems:
1, long confirmation time
I casually selected the current mining records and found that the block confirmation time was too long. First of all, the BTC default 10 minutes out of the block, has been a relatively long time. For some deals, it's a time of impatience. And because the difficulty is already very high, the block time is further uneven, sometimes it is normal not to block for 20 minutes. These 20 minutes, together with the confirmation waiting time and other processing time of various trading websites, often result in extremely slow recharge and withdrawal speed. It is common to wait for an hour. Waiting for a bitcoin transaction is really a boring thing, which limits its application in reality. Even for this reason, a third party, similar to Alipay's third party centralization letter, is needed to solve.
the two-and-a-half block time of LTC greatly alleviates this problem. An LTC transaction will be completed in a short time without any anxious waiting. It can be said that LTC solves the problem of BTC
2, centralization
although BTC claims to be a decentralized currency, it is relative to legal currency. In practice, e to historical problems and ASIC mining machine problems, BTC's centralization problem is very serious, which can be discussed from two aspects
the first is the centralization of computing power. Although ASIC mining machine is inevitable in history, BTC is rising rapidly, so the centralization of computing power is very serious. It can be seen from this picture that the first and second mines are ready to start 51%. Although it is said that 51% will destroy the whole network, which is not good for the mining pool, bitcoin is a place outside the law after all. Everything is guaranteed by mathematical formulas and algorithms, and credit is established voluntarily. In the face of huge profit temptation, it is inevitable that nothing will happen, or the confidence of the holders will be affected. This is not good for bitcoin
some people say that LTC will develop special mining machines sooner or later, so as to enter the era of centralization. I think there is a degree of problem. After all, it is a fact that bitcoin mines are seriously concentrated, and as long as the concentration of LTC is lower than BTC, the risk can be smaller
the second is the centralization of holding money. I don't have statistics of LTC holding currency here, but I have statistics of BTC holding currency. This centralization of holding money is appalling. This means that a very small number of people control the vast majority of the wealth of the entire network. Of course, some addresses belong to the exchange, but this is absolutely very serious differentiation. Here's the data: http://btc.ondn.net/search
and the centralization of computing power aggravates this situation: half of bitcoin has been g out and concentrated in the hands of a few people, and then the rest that has not been g out will also be g out by a few people (because of the concentration of computing power). The new people have no choice but to pay for it
although some people refute me that since BTC is valuable, it should be exchanged with legal currency. The problem is that when the existing BTC has been monopolized, the future BTC will also be monopolized, and the price is not set by the buyer. It's like everyone says that China's real estate is unfair. If the existing houses are controlled by a few "real estate uncle" people, The land development in the future is also tightly controlled by the Bureau of land and resources. Isn't it true that the common people have to pay for it, and how much they will pay for it is up to them
- the original attitude towards real estate changed when it came to BTC. Of course, the reason is that the bottom of the BTC holder determines the head. As if you bought a few suites, you will say that the real estate market is fair
by contrast, LTC has only g up a quarter of the total, and the computing power is relatively average. Any ordinary people can buy a graphics card to dig their own mines. At least the new LTC can be obtained at a relatively balanced price. From this point of view, if the overall value of e-money needs to be increased by 10 billion or even 100 billion US dollars in the future, then adding all of them to BTC will only lead to a few people becoming millionaires of 100 billion US dollars, which is obviously not the original intention of developing e-money< There is a serious problem with Nakamoto's BTC, which is that Nakamoto has more than 2 million BTCs. Now we are willing to believe that Nakamoto is a good man and a God, but how can we trust an indivial when we believe in mathematics and physics? On the premise of minimum trust, Nakamoto is also a mortal. If the market value of BTC is large enough, Nakamoto's goods will become a time bomb. Even if he doesn't drop the price, he becomes the God of the world and has the most wealth. Not to mention that some BTCs confiscated by the FBI will be auctioned sooner or later. This good thing that has contributed to the American people will be left to the people of the world
LTC does not have this problem. The history is very clean. We dig together and everything is open. When digging LTC, many players already have BTC experience, so the mining is relatively balanced at the beginning, and there is no private situation such as the founding team stealing. This has laid a good foundation for LTC.
4. Whether the gold silver ratio is applicable to BTC and LTC is a funny question, which just shows the ignorance of public speculators. Bitkin, Wright silver, said that this statement of the media is a manifestation of extreme ignorance
first of all, is the value of e-money related to the circulation? If the circulation of LTC is a quarter of that of BTC, is the value of LTC a quarter of that of BTC? If I issue a kind of NCC with brain damage now, with only one circulation, should the price be 9999999
it's just as ridiculous to anchor the issue volume as to compare the circulation of stocks. Money can only be valued by the total market value. It's meaningless to talk about circulation. As for the gold and silver ratio, it's a big laugh. The ratio of gold and silver is determined by the instrial value and output of gold and silver. Electronic money has no value other than monetary property, and there is no such thing as output and reserves. The output and reserves of money are only monetary units. If you don't understand this, you can go back to the furnace
moreover, BTC and LTC have direct exchange markets, and their proportion is the result of market game, which is the short-term optimal solution in itself. There is nothing to say. What the market says is what it says, which has nothing to do with the current market, let alone gold and silver
5. About Shanzhai coin
some people say that LTC is also a kind of "counterfeit" currency, which has no value. Some people think that with so many counterfeit coins, you can fry any one that is not. I think both views are wrong
first of all, BTC is an open-source e-coin, and the word "Shanzhai" itself contains a strong central idea in the minds of the Chinese people, hoping that an Immortal Emperor or Nakamoto congda God has made a kind of immortal coin, and the others are all from "Shanzhai". In the open source world, everyone has the right to make money. Any money is "counterfeit" money. Bitcoin was worthless before, and its value was given after the market recognized it. As long as another currency can also be recognized and accepted by the market, it is reasonable to give it a market value, and the amount of market value given is also determined by the market, which may not exceed bitcoin
assuming that the long-term market is effective, excluding speculation, whether a currency can be given value by the market mainly depends on several factors (I personally think)
virtual currency fraud calls 110 directly
many departments, such as the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the central office of information technology, the Ministry of public security and so on, issued risk tips, saying that some criminals, under the banner of "financial innovation" and "blockchain", absorbed funds by issuing the so-called "virtual currency", "virtual assets" and "digital assets", thus infringing the legitimate rights and interests of the public
this kind of activity is not really based on blockchain technology, but on the hype of blockchain concept, illegal fund-raising, pyramid selling and fraud. In essence, it is a Ponzi scheme of "repaying the old by borrowing the new", which is difficult to maintain the long-term operation of funds
the public should treat the blockchain rationally, not blindly believe the promises, establish a correct monetary concept and investment concept, and effectively improve the risk awareness. Report to the public security organ in time after being cheated
extended data:
the first is the obvious networking and cross-border of virtual currency. Relying on the Internet and chat tools for transactions, and using online payment tools to balance funds, the risks spread widely and spread quickly. Some lawless elements set up websites by renting overseas servers to carry out activities for domestic residents and control illegal activities remotely
some indivials claim that they have obtained the investment quota of overseas high-quality blockchain projects in the chat tool group and can invest on their behalf, which is most likely fraud. Most of these illegal funds flow overseas, which makes it very difficult to supervise and trace
followed by deception, temptation and concealment. They use hot concepts to hype, fabricate various "tall and tall" theories, and some also use celebrity "big V" platforms to publicize. They use airdrop "candy" as temptation to claim that "currency value only rises but not falls", "investment cycle is short, income is high, and risk is low", which has strong bewitching
in practice, criminals illegally make huge profits by manipulating the price trend of the so-called virtual currency, setting profit and withdrawal threshold. In addition, some criminals also issue tokens under the guise of ICO, IFO, IEO, etc., or hype virtual currency in the way of IMO under the banner of sharing economy, which has strong concealment and confusion
finally, there are many kinds of illegal risks in this kind of behavior. Through public publicity, the illegal elements attract the public to invest funds, lure investors and development personnel to join, and constantly expand the fund pool with the t of currency appreciation and development offline profits, which has the characteristics of illegal fund-raising, pyramid selling, fraud and other illegal acts
Bitcoin mining machine is a kind of computer used to earn bitcoin. This kind of computer generally has professional mining chips and works in the way of burning graphics card, which consumes a lot of power. It is one of the ways to get bitcoin that users download software from personal computer and then run specific algorithm to get corresponding bitcoin after communicating with remote server
mining is actually a competition of performance and equipment, and a competition of computing power among miners. Miners with more computing power are more likely to dig bitcoin. With the increase of computing power in the whole network, it is more and more difficult to dig bits with traditional devices (CPU, GPU). People have developed chips specially used for mining. Chip is the core part of mining machine. The process of chip operation will proce a lot of heat, in order to cool down, bitcoin miner is generally equipped with heat sink and fan
bitcoin is a kind of virtual currency. Bitcoin mining system is the process of carrying out mathematical operation for bitcoin network through computer hardware. Miners who provide services can get a reward, because the network reward is calculated according to the tasks completed by miners, so the competition for mining is very fierce
bitcoin mining started with low-cost hardware such as CPU or GPU, but with the popularity of bitcoin, the mining process has changed greatly. Nowadays, the mining activities are transferred to the field programmable gate array, and the hash speed can be achieved through optimization. The mining efficiency of this mode is very high
abbreviation of academic< The axiom of choice is a axiom of set theory, which was formulated by German mathematician Ernst zemello in 1904
physics
alternating current refers to the current whose size and direction change periodically, which is widely used in power transmission (i.e. AC transmission). After Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic inction, the principle of alternating current has been revealed. In 1891, Nicolas Tesla obtained the patent of "high frequency" (15000 Hz) alternator< In the process of porosity logging, acoustic time difference is used to reflect the curve data of lithology and rock structure. Because acoustic can be written as acoustic, AC is used to refer to this data
attenuation coefficient, also known as attenuation constant and attenuation coefficient, refers to the change or loss of a certain substance or physical quantity (light, sound, electricity, heat, pollutant composition in water body, etc.) under the influence of other physical phenomena (medium density, humidity, temperature, etc.) under one unit measurement. If sound propagates in the air, it will be affected by the viscosity of the air, heat conction (classical absorption) and relaxation effect (molecular absorption) of the vibration of oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the air
chemistry
actinium (element symbol: AC) is a metal element with extremely strong radioactivity. It was discovered in 1899 and exists in pitchblende or uranium bearing minerals, resulting from the decay of uranium. Its atomic number is 89. It belongs to actinide. Its radioactivity is about 150 times that of radium. It can emit blue and white light in the dark. Because actinium content in nature is very low and difficult to extract, it is generally prepared by irradiating thorium-226 with neutrons in nuclear reactors. Its applications include medical tumor therapy and neutron source
acetate, also known as acetate, is a proct formed after the carboxyl proton (h-hydrogen ion) of acetic acid is replaced by other metal cations, such as sodium acetate (NaAc). At the same time, acetic acid itself can also be written as HAC. The molecular formula of acetate is CH3COO - or [c2h3o2] -, which belongs to one of carboxylate ions
acetyl group is an acyl functional group composed of methyl and carbonyl groups in organic chemistry. The molecular formula is ch3-c = o-r or CH3C (o) -, also known as AC -. Acetylation is a chemical reaction in which acetyl groups are introced into molecules by acetylating reagents (acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride are common). Compounds containing acetyl group can react with halogen under alkaline conditions to form haloform, which is called haloform reaction
acetoxy group, a functional group in organic chemistry, with the molecular formula r-o-c = O-CH3
Azodicarbonamide (azobisformamide) is a non-toxic, odorless, incombustible compound, soluble in alkali, insoluble in gasoline, alcohol, benzene, pyridine and water. Its molecular formula is c2h4o2n4, which can be used as food additive and foaming agent
activated carbon is also called activated carbon black. It is black powder or granular amorphous carbon. The main components of activated carbon are oxygen, hydrogen and other elements besides carbon. This is the reason why activated carbon is a hydrophobic adsorbent. In addition to I carbon element, activated carbon also contains two kinds of admixtures: one is chemically combined elements, mainly oxygen and hydrogen, which are left in the carbon e to incomplete carbonization, or in the process of activation, foreign non carbon elements are chemically combined with the surface of activated carbon, for example, when activated with water vapor, the surface of activated carbon is oxidized or oxidized by water vapor; The other kind of admixture is ash, which is the inorganic part of activated carbon. The element composition of several activated carbons is easy to cause secondary pollution.
The formula of long-term marginal cost is expressed as:
LMC = △ LTC / △ Q
or: LMC = DLTC / DQ
Mr = AP = P, which is the characteristic of perfect competition market, that is, the demand curve P (q) of perfect competition market coincides with marginal cost curve MR and average cost curve AP. Mr = LMC = SMC = lac = sac, which is the condition of perfect competitive market equilibrium
LMC, SMC, lac and sac were long-term marginal cost, short-term marginal cost, long-term average cost and short-term average cost respectively
Because lac is the envelope of sac, return to scale changes and remains unchanged in the long run. If the return to scale remains unchanged, lac = LMC, which is the lac straight line and the lowest point of sac Increasing or decreasing returns to scale: the lowest point of the intersection of LMC and lac with lac, which is the lowest point of SA corresponding to proction
extended data:
(1) each STC and LTC has only one common point. This is because for each STC, there is only one point tangent to the line from the origin. Or, it can be said that for each sac, there is only one point intersecting with SMC, and at this point sac drops to the lowest point
(2) STC can only be located above LTC, that is, except for common point, all other points on each STC are larger than LTC under the same proction state. Otherwise, if the STC falls below the LTC, it means that the short-term average cost sac is less than the long-term average cost lac, which is contradictory to the fact that lac is the lowest point of sac
(3) STC is tangent to LTC only when lac reaches the lowest point. This is because at every point on the LTC, it is the common point with an STC. At these common points, the corresponding STC is tangent to a straight line from the origin respectively,
however, for LTC, it is tangent to a straight line from the origin only when the lac drops to the lowest point. Therefore, except for the point on the LTC corresponding to the lowest lac, LTC and STC all intersect, and there is only one intersection
dog coin was born when bitcoin was the most popular and crazy when bitcoin was under pressure. Dog coin has a time window for full development. Bitcoin has been greatly weakened by the crackdown of various countries and the recent bankruptcy of mt.gox, the largest trading platform. When the eldest is injured, it is the best time for the second and third to develop, because people's attention will be transferred to dog money, and so will the capital. The development of dog coin is naturally smooth, so dog coin has become hot.
The formula of long-term marginal cost is expressed as:
LMC = △ LTC / △ Q
or: LMC = DLTC / DQ
Mr = AP = P, which is the characteristic of perfect competition market, that is, the demand curve P (q) of perfect competition market coincides with marginal cost curve MR and average cost curve AP. Mr = LMC = SMC = lac = sac, which is the condition of perfect competitive market equilibrium
LMC, SMC, lac and sac were long-term marginal cost, short-term marginal cost, long-term average cost and short-term average cost respectively
Because lac is the envelope of sac, return to scale changes and remains unchanged in the long run. If the return to scale remains unchanged, lac = LMC, which is the lac straight line and the lowest point of sac Increasing or decreasing returns to scale: the lowest point of the intersection of LMC and lac with lac, which is the lowest point of SA corresponding to proction Extended data:
the change rule of short-term marginal cost is: at the beginning, the marginal cost decreases with the increase of proction, and when the proction increases to a certain extent, it increases with the increase of proction. The short-term marginal cost curve is a U-shaped curve that first decreases and then increases
the average fixed cost is the average fixed cost per unit proct, which is expressed by AFC: AFC = FC / Q. At first, the average fixed cost decreased by a large margin, and then decreased by a smaller and smaller margin. Therefore, the average fixed cost curve is steep at first, which indicates that when the output begins to increase, it decreases greatly, and then it becomes more and more flat, which indicates that with the increase of output, it decreases less and less