Difficulty adjustment of Ethereum Byzantine

1. When it comes to money, mining is indispensable. In ethereum network, if you want to get Ethereum, you also need to mine it. When it comes to mining, there must be a consensus mechanism
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.

2. POW relies entirely on the use of economic incentives to increase a large number of accounting participants, so as to dilute the proportion of evil nodes, or significantly increase the cost of evil, and those who make false accounts need to control or bribe more nodes. This is a simple and crude consensus mechanism, which has not been optimized in algorithm, but is very feasible. Now the two largest blockchains, bitcoin and Ethereum, are all mined by pow
although POW is not optimal, it is now the most practical consensus algorithm. For example, bitcoin, lightcoin and decent all adopt the pow proof mechanism.

3. Yes, Sicily and Naples have accounted for about 10% of Byzantine Empire, but it is difficult to usurp the title. Byzantium basically fought every day

4. The only way out for Byzantium is to encourage the countries of Asia Minor to go to war with Ottoman. Ottoman will surely send troops to Asia Minor, causing the emptiness of the Balkan Peninsula. At this time, the Navy will blockade the Bosporus Strait, and then slowly wipe out the Balkans... After recovering the homeland of Greece, we can compete with Ottoman, and the rest will be easy

5.

Byzantine cavalry is very powerful, but it also has a fatal weakness: the need for gold

the strength of elite Armored Cavalry is not as good as that of Templar. If your resource strength is very strong, you can play the Templar and he against a. An equal number of elite Armored Cavalry can't beat an equal number of Templars

but according to your question, I think you probably don't control resources as much as your friends. Then, we need to think of other ways. Here are two suggestions for you:

1. choose Huns or Mongols to proce a large number of meat horses (light cavalry). The advantage of meat horse is that it doesn't consume gold and can defeat him with absolute quantity advantage

   Secondly, the Huns didn't need houses, which saved a lot of operation in the early stage, so that you had more time to control resources; Mongolia has Bonus technology for cavalry, which can enhance the ability of meat horse in wartime. What they have in common is low consumption and absolute superiority in quantity

2. if you have strong control over infantry, Aztec is recommended. Aztec's long spearmen (though not long halberds) are very strong under the characteristic technology, and they are also the arms of restraining cavalry with low consumption. It's very dominant in melee

   secondly, when attacking a city, you can be brave. Aztec's swordsman's killing power is no less than cavalry's. although his blood is thinner, his consumption of gold is very low

< / OL >

no matter which method you choose, you need to have a strong control over the gold on the map (even on the stone wall). Don't give your opponent a chance to pick gold, and your troops (spear or meat horse) don't need gold. In this way, we can defeat each other economically

it is not recommended to use bow and arrow sea. Full tech Armored Cavalry has strong resistance to bow and arrow. It needs about 15 crossbows / longbows to kill one. You can output a certain amount of bow and arrow, but do not let bow and arrow become the main arms

hope to help you ~
if you have any doubts, please ask

have a good time

6. Byzantine discussion is a kind of ironic saying, which means that people in Byzantine period were keen on useless talks and theological discussions, and extended meaning means to launch useless discussions

7. If you think you have learned how to play, you can go to the people in Yangzhou game platform to practice. If you have a good record there, then you are just an expert.
PS: please don't rush to give the best answer. I think you can go to A3 of Yangzhou platform to try your own level first, and you will never be an expert if you are abused there, It's not even a hit

8. Byzantium's advantage lies in the balance of attack and defense in different times. From darkness to post monarchy, it can deal with all kinds of play without obvious defects
I feel that Spain is stronger in the castle era and the post imperial era, so I suggest that Byzantium should be eliminated in these two periods
if the technology level is significantly higher than the opponent's, you can try to play the pure Knight's violent tactics in the castle era. If there is a castle, it's better to send out some Spanish conquerors and missionaries to restrain each other's spearmen
if it is difficult to gain obvious advantages in economy and science and technology, it can only be delayed to the post emperor. The Byzantine advantage of the late emperors was that the garbage soldiers were cheap (halberds and spearmen), while the Armored Cavalry, which consumed a lot of gold, was strong but unlikely to proce a lot. Spain, which also consumes a lot of gold to have combat effectiveness, will suffer more if it goes to fight against Byzantine garbage soldiers. But Spain has hegemonic science and technology, and the peasants have great fighting power. If we can rely on various fortifications to consume the garbage soldiers of the other side, and then the peasants are not afraid of death to build castles and turrets, and push them to the enemy's home, we believe that Byzantium has no way to defeat the enemy.

9. Financial tsunami has landed in many countries around the world. Facing the possible economic recession, the world is taking measures to rescue the market. In the case of China's GDP growth rate of only 9% in the third quarter, what is the trend of China's economy in the future? I would like to make a few comments. The economic downturn is hard to reverse, according to data released by the National Bureau of statistics on the 20th, GDP in the first three quarters increased by 9.9% year-on-year, down 2.3 percentage points from the same period last year. On this basis, GDP growth in the third quarter is only 9%. So many people are worried about the trend of China's economy in the fourth quarter and 2009. In fact, the economic downturn has been quite serious. According to the earlier report, the growth rate of electricity consumption in September has dropped to 3%, and that from January to September has dropped to 9.9%. According to the empirical value, the economic growth rate corresponding to this level of electricity consumption should be at least below 9%. The main problem is the decline in the contribution of exports and investment, of which the contribution of exports decreased by 0.9 points. Now it seems that the economic downturn is intensifying, and it is difficult to judge when it will bottom out, because there is a risk of a hard landing for China's economy in the future. Once it happens, it may be a long time. There will be a lag period from the financial turmoil to the sharp decline of global aggregate demand, so the middle of next year will be a very difficult period. Four major factors affect the inflation pressure. Domestic CPI rose by 4.6% in September, 0.3 percentage point lower than last month; PPI rose 9.1%, down 1.0 percentage points from last month. What's the inflation situation in the fourth quarter and 2009 after the double falls of PPI and CPI? In fact, CPI decline is mainly e to the disappearance of tail factors, while PPI decline is mainly e to the recent sharp decline in the international commodity market. At present, the pressure of domestic inflation has eased, and inflation is expected to continue to fall in the fourth quarter, but there is great uncertainty about inflation in 2009. The unprecedented rescue plan of western countries is always the potential source of inflation in the medium and long term. From the domestic point of view, several factors should be noted: 1. Whether the prices of primary procts such as energy and grain will rise after shocks. If there is no new instrial bright spot in the U.S. economy, there are only three possible directions: consumer credit, emerging markets, energy and other resource markets. As a result, the commodity market rebounded, thus giving a new impetus to PPI. 2. The weakening of fiscal capacity will force the government to relax price control, thus releasing the long-standing inflationary pressure. 3. After the collapse of a large number of manufacturing enterprises, there will be new inflationary pressure on the supply side of manufactured goods. 4. The expansionary monetary policy and expansionary fiscal policy that have to be adopted will promote the price rise from the level of money supply. The biggest pressure on enterprises is the sharp drop in external demand. In the first three quarters, the added value of instries above designated size increased by 15.2% year-on-year, 3.3 percentage points lower than that in the same period of last year, including an increase of 11.4% in September. This data reflects the aggravation of the deterioration of the business situation of enterprises, and it is a high probability event that the growth rate returns to the single digit. Enterprises are facing four major pressures: exchange rate appreciation, rising raw material costs, rising labor costs, and sudden drop in external demand. If the European and American economies fall into a deep recession, it will be fatal for a country whose exports already account for 40% of GDP. Now, it seems that exports remained stable in the third quarter, mainly e to the continuation of orders in the first half of the year. However, from January to September, the U.S. financial crisis has not spread from the market to the real economy, and the U.S. economy has maintained a growth rate of 2%. But in late September, after the Lehman incident, the feeling was obviously different. The firewall between the market and the real economy was broken. In the next few quarters, the U.S. economy will enter a significant recession, the spillover effect will affect the world, and China's exports are not optimistic. It is likely to fall back to single digit growth in the first half of next year. By the end of September 2008, the balance of China's foreign exchange reserves was US $1.9 trillion, up 32.92% year on year. In September, foreign exchange reserves increased by US $21.4 billion, far lower than the trade surplus of US $29.3 billion that month. On the whole, the capital inflows in July, August and September dropped sharply. After the financial tsunami, the withdrawal of international capital from emerging markets should be a trend, and it is happening. With the deleveraging of the US economy, consumer credit will shrink sharply, and the economic prospects of the corresponding emerging market export model are pessimistic. At the same time, it is also an important factor to sell off assets and withdraw a large amount of capital to make up for the losses of the home country's financial institutions and meet the requirements of deleveraging financial adjustment. If the trend continues, we can't rule out the months when China's foreign reserves declined after the middle of 2009. In fact, in 2007, China's economy has come to the end of an existing economic model, and there has been an obvious turning point in the progress of labor proctivity. Before the emergence of China's new model, the appreciation space of RMB real exchange rate has been exhausted. Overseas countries are most aware of this. Singapore's one-year non deliverable RMB exchange rate has shown a significant discount. The possibility of devaluation of RMB exchange rate in 2009 is increasing. China's manufacturing instry is very fragile. How much impact does the global economic slowdown have on China's manufacturing instry? In my opinion, this is catastrophic. Because China's manufacturing instry is a big in and big out structure, resources and markets are in the hands of the United States and Europe. On the one hand, China's manufacturing instry has to bear the pressure of imported inflation such as rising raw material prices; On the other hand, China's manufacturing instry is unable to move the cost pressure out, because the pricing power of global manufactured goods is not in China, although China is known as "world factory" or "world workshop". However, both ends of the value chain of modern manufacturing instry are not controlled by China, and high value-added fields such as R & D, raw material procurement, brand design, sales channel management, after-sales service, retail monopoly giants are in the hands of the United States and Europe. China's manufacturing instry is only working with orders, not directly facing the final consumers. This kind of structure is very fragile, resources and market are squeezed in both directions, and a large number of enterprises are bound to close down. To extend the instrial value chain, is there any new growth point to support the economy in China? To solve this problem, it is necessary to reform hard to see and create new economic growth points. From a macro perspective, it is mainly to adjust the structure of investment and consumption, and firmly turn to an economy dominated by domestic consumption by accelerating the reform of the price formation mechanism of resource procts and factors, and by accelerating the adjustment of wealth distribution among residents, governments, enterprises and residents. At the micro level, the so-called transformation and upgrading of enterprises are not accurate. They are not driving our labor-intensive enterprises away or moving them in. None of these can solve the problem. The problem of China's manufacturing instry is that it is at the low end of the value distribution chain and is being slaughtered in the international division of labor. Therefore, the key to the problem is to extend the instrial value chain. Only by extending to both ends, such as raw material procurement, R & D, logistics, warehousing, sales network and brand, can modern manufacturing and modern service instries be created, thus reaching the agreement with the macro objectives.