Ethereum 360
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There is an essential difference between ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road
from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain
1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0
however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts
first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network
the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis
to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively
(1) fragmentation technology
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved
however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization
(2) lightning network
lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain
however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel
only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain
another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost
Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactionsthe above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network
Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event
Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident
(1) what does Dao meanbefore introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized
autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
(2) the infamous Dao event
however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event
refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days
unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13
this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart
to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions
in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"
Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stabilityin this process, bitcoin cash also tries its best to ride a roller coaster, which reminds people of Ethereum classic. Comparing bitcoin cash with Ethereum classic, will bitcoin cash become the next bitcoin classic
their similarities are all e to different concepts. A new type of blockchain asset, which is proced by a hard fork, has been separated from the main chain and has gone to an independent development path. They have also experienced price roller coaster fluctuations. They have inherited the mantle of the original chain and changed little. But there are also many differences:
1. Different backgrounds:
in June 2016, the Dao, the world's largest Ethereum project, was stolen from 3.6 million ethereums, with the direct market value as high as US $60 million, which was fatal to the Ethereum community just starting at that time. Vitalik buterin, the founder, and most of the community think that this can't be done. The community decided to roll back the Ethereum transaction through online voting. A small number of people in the Ethereum community think that this violates the irreversible principle of the blockchain and is a violation of the rules. They continue to adhere to the development of the original Ethereum chain, and the Ethereum classic is born and goes to the road of independent development<
bitcoin cash is the proct of the three-year debate over bitcoin expansion. On the one hand, some community members and developers who insist on large blocks are tired of endless debates. Although the New York consensus on community consensus scheme has won a phased victory, the future is still uncertain, and supporters of large blocks hope to move towards an independent development path; On the other hand, the community support rate of large blocks is also very high. Although the Bu expansion scheme often appears bugs, it still gets 40% of the computing power support of the whole network. Bitcoin cash is born out of the Bu expansion scheme, which continues the original intention of Nakamoto's design of bitcoin and makes certain changes in technology. It is a new technology attempt. In this context, bitcoin cash came into being to adapt to the development trend of the times
2. Different attention and influence
the predecessor of bitcoin cash is bitcoin, the Ruan Sheng brothers of bitcoin, and bitcoin is the global digital currency hegemony. After the separation of bitcoin from cash and main chain, bitcoin and bitcoin have taken different development paths. Bitcoin cash can be said to be born with the golden key. As soon as it comes out, it has won extensive attention from the community and become the focus of community discussion. News is flying all over the world, and many mainstream trading platforms at home and abroad also choose to support it. After a short period of adjustment, the price graally returned to rationality. The municipal government once ranked in the top three and still ranks in the fourth
Ethereum is the predecessor of Ethereum classic. Ethereum only ranked second in the global digital currency this year. In 2016, its popularity and community influence were not too high. The Ethereum classic split out is not optimistic by the community. There are few online platforms, and the price is plummeting all the way. The attention and influence of Ethereum classic in the community has not been high. The Municipal People's government has been unable to enter the top ten. There are no opportunities for community discussion and media attention. After several rounds of outbreak, the Municipal People's government has only ranked ninth
to sum up, bitcoin cash and Ethereum classics are different in terms of attention, community influence and historical background. The future development of bitcoin cash will be better. If the bitcoin community is still in constant infighting, does not want to make progress and refuses to change, bitcoin cash will have a chance to shake the dominant position of bitcoin, Instead.
it is a new encrypted digital asset launched by viabtc based on bitcoin ABC scheme, which can be regarded as a bifurcated or competitive currency of bitcoin BTC
generally, as the main virtual currency, bitcoin's rising value will drive the price of other corresponding currencies to rise. Of course, as an investment proct similar to stocks, there are certain risks.
EOS can be understood as enterprise operation system, which is a blockchain operating system designed for commercial distributed applications. EOS is a new blockchain architecture, which aims to extend the performance of distributed applications. Note that it is not a currency like bitcoin and Ethereum, but a token based on the EOS software project, known as blockchain 3.0. The main features of EOS are as follows:
1. EOS is a bit similar to Microsoft's windows platform. By creating a developer friendly underlying platform of blockchain, it supports multiple applications running at the same time and provides the underlying template for the development of DAPP
2. EOS solves the problems of delay and data throughput by means of parallel chain and dpos. EOS can process thousands of data per second, while bitcoin has about 7 transactions per second, and Ethereum has 30-40 transactions per second
3. There is no service charge for EOS, and the general audience is more extensive. The network and computing resources needed to develop DAPP on EOS are allocated according to the proportion of EOS owned by developers. When you have EOS, it is equivalent to having computer resources. With the development of DAPP, you can lease your EOS to others. From this point alone, EOS has a wide range of value. To put it simply, if you have an EOS, it is equivalent to having a set of rent to collect rent for others, or having a piece of land to rent for others to build a house< br />
seeing the problem you mentioned, it's normal that there is a difference of 0.05. The money will not be less than you. In fact, when the fund company's system carries out liquidation and turns the proceeds to be carried forward into shares, sometimes some small changes will not be transferred to you at the same time. This is a system problem. But it doesn't mean that there is no transfer in the past. Income doesn't mean that it doesn't exist. This part will still exist in the account and accumulate with the next income. When redeeming, this part of income will also be redeemed. Your question is too professional for most people to know. In addition, you study so carefully that most people can't find out...