Regional chain Ethereum

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what is Ethereum:

Ethereum is an innovation based on the application of technologies and concepts in bitcoin to computers. Ethereum itself imitates a lot of bitcoin technology to maintain the computer platform. Blockchain technology is one of them
Ethereum platform can safely run any program users want

advantages of Ethereum over other competitive currencies before Ethereum appeared, some digital currencies imitated bitcoin. However, these projects have their own shortcomings, they can only support one or several specific applications at the same time< However, the reason why Ethereum can surpass the limitations of these projects in the past is because of the core idea of Ethereum

what Ethereum wants to implement is a blockchain protocol with built-in programming language. Since it supports programming language, in theory, any blockchain application can be defined with this language, and then run on Ethereum's blockchain protocol as an application

The design of Ethereum is very flexible and adaptable

Ethereum target sets the advantages of blockchain technology, in order to add the advantages of blockchain, such as decentralization, openness and security, to almost all computing fields

blockchain applications of Ethereum

Ethereum has many blockchain applications, such as digital applications of gold and stocks, financial derivatives applications, DNS and digital authentication, etc

Ethereum has achieved more than 100 blockchain applications by many start-ups

Ethereum has also been closely watched by some financial institutions, banking consortia (such as R3), as well as large companies like Samsung, Deloitte, RWE and IBM. As a result, a number of blockchain applications such as simplified and automated financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, and gift cards designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions have emerged

the relationship between Ethereum and blockchain:

Ethereum is a programmable blockchain

Ethereum does not give users a series of preset operations (such as bitcoin transaction), but allows users to create complex operations according to their own wishes

in this way, Ethereum can be used as a platform for various types of decentralized blockchain applications, including but not limited to cryptocurrency

like other blockchains, Ethereum also has a peer-to-peer network protocol. Ethereum blockchain database is maintained and updated by many nodes connected to the network. Each network node runs the Ethereum simulator and executes the same instructions. Therefore, people sometimes call Ethereum "world computer"

3. Ethereum blockchain has exposed three major problems, and its founder vitalik buterin has been unable to interpret them for a long time. The first is the low performance and TPS of Ethereum blockchain as a whole; The second is that resources are not isolated. The event of cryptokitties virtual cat once occupied 20% of the traffic of the whole Ethereum, which directly caused Ethereum network users unable to carry out timely transactions, which is the biggest pain point of resources not isolated; The third problem lies in the embodiment of Ethereum's governance structure. As a decentralized distributed ledger, the founder team of Ethereum has dominated its network development in the past. The over centralized governance mode has led to the bifurcation of eth, etc and ETF in Ethereum, and the Ethereum community is now in a state of fragmented governance. In the view of Ma Haobo, founder and CEO of "aelf", all kinds of disadvantages of Ethereum are unacceptable. Therefore, the positioning of "aelf" is born for the next generation of decentralized underlying computing platform of Ethereum, which focuses on solving the problems of insufficient performance, non isolation of resources and governance structure of Ethereum.

4. Ethereum, ETH for short. At the end of 2013, vitalik released the white paper of Ethereum, and in July 2014, the pre-sale of Ethereum began. At that time, insiders called this kind of token issue "crowdfunding". Through the 42 day pre-sale, the Ethereum team raised more than 30000 bitcoins through the pre-sale of 60102216 Ethernet coins; In addition, the early contributors who participated in the development before the pre-sale and the developers who have been engaged in project research for a long time are allocated according to 9.9% of the total amount of Ethernet coins sold at that time. So when Ethereum was officially released, there were more than 72 million Ethereum coins. After the end of Ethereum's pre-sale, it uses the proof of work mechanism POW for mining, and rewards the miners according to 26% of the total amount issued at that time every year. In October 2014, Ethereum reced the block output time from 60 seconds to 12 seconds, and now it is basically stable at 15 seconds, with 5 etheric coins awarded for each block
although the pow mining mechanism is adopted, the block out mechanism of Ethereum is different from that of bitcoin. Due to the short block time of Ethereum, Ethereum is easy to form isolated blocks. Isolated blocks refer to the blocks that are not on the longest chain. Bitcoin's isolated blocks have no block rewards, but in Ethereum, isolated blocks can be referenced. The referenced isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", and their packaged data will also be recorded in the blockchain. Unlike bitcoin, Ethereum's TERT block has a reward, and each TERT block can get a reward of 4.375 Ethernet coins at most
Ethereum is a programmable and Turing complete blockchain development platform, which is equivalent to a decentralized global computer. In a programming system, there are usually some virtual machines to compile and execute. Java has JVM. In Ethereum, there is also Ethereum's virtual machine EVM, which can execute any complex algorithm code. Developers can use existing programming languages such as JavaScript or Python to create their own applications on Ethereum. Through Ethereum's virtual machine, you can easily issue digital assets, write smart contracts, set up and run decentralized applications, and set up decentralized autonomous organizations
eth is also known as the internal fuel of Ethereum. Unlike currency digital assets, Ethereum is not only used for transfer, but also for payment of smart contracts
in order to prevent the Ethereum blockchain from being full of junk contracts and junk applications, and to establish and run smart contracts on Ethereum, you must use eth to pay for smart contracts. For example, when you transfer your newly created digital assets on the Ethereum blockchain, you need to use eth to pay the handling fee instead of your newly created digital assets.

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Blockchain 1.0 era usually refers to the development stage of blockchain application represented by bitcoin from 2009 to 2014. They are mainly committed to solving the problem of decentralization of currency and means of payment; After 2014, developers pay more and more attention to solve the technical and scalability problems of bitcoin. At the end of 2013, vitalik buterin released Ethereum white paper "Ethereum: next generation smart contract and decentralized application platform", which introced smart contract into blockchain and opened the application of blockchain outside the currency field, thus opening the era of blockchain 2.0< The so-called smart contract is actually a kind of computer contract that can be automatically executed based on prescribed trigger rules. It can also be regarded as a digital version of traditional contract. It was proposed by interdisciplinary legal scholar and cryptography researcher Nick Szabo more than 20 years ago. This technology was once not used in the actual instry because of the lack of programmable digital system and related technologies, until the emergence of blockchain technology and Ethereum provided a trusted execution environment for it

compared with bitcoin, Ethereum is a complete scripting language of Turing, which supports developers to create and publish arbitrary decentralized applications on the platform. Since its birth, there have been more than 200 decentralized applications based on Ethereum in the world

the chief researcher of bitwindow blockchain said: in the era of blockchain 2.0 represented by Ethereum, blockchain technology has graally expanded from the field of currency and payment to the field of finance. With the development of technology and the wider application of blockchain, the era of blockchain 3.0 beyond the monetary and financial fields will be around the corner. This article is excerpted from bitwindow. China's professional blockchain and digital currency instry analyzes the media, and adheres to a neutral, objective and dialectical attitude to understand and interpret the latest trends of blockchain and digital currency

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1. Litcoin (LTC) is an improved version of digital currency inspired by bitcoin (BTC). It was designed and implemented by a programmer who worked in Google. It was released on November 9, 2011. Lightcoin and bitcoin have the same implementation principle in technology, but the creation and transfer of lightcoin is based on an open source encryption protocol, which is not managed by any central organization

2. Sunshine coin (SSC for short) is sponsored by Liu Chunyang, vice president of Jinhua express delivery Association of Zhejiang Province, instrial entrepreneur and philanthropist of express delivery instry. As a legal person, Zhejiang Dongyang Yueyin Technology Co., Ltd. is registered with the formal instry and Commerce Bureau, with a registered capital of 10 million yuan. With this as the backing and support, the sunshine elite team affiliated to the company launched the first virtual coin sunshine coin

The English name of Vicat is onecoin, which is a kind of Internet virtual currency term created by the government and is suspected of pyramid selling fraud

in 2017, CCTV announced the list of 350 fund pyramid schemes, with Vicat in the list

in May 2018, Zhuzhou County Procuratorate of Hunan Province prosecuted the last four suspects involved in the third batch of the "3.15" Vicat money online pyramid scheme case supervised by the Ministry of public security to the court

4. Amazon coin

Amazon announced in early February 2013 that it is expected to launch Amazon coins in the United States in May 2013. Amazon coins is a new virtual currency that allows U.S. users to buy apps, games and props in the kindle fire. Amazon will provide tens of millions of US dollars of Amazon coins at that time to let users try and consume the apps, games and props in the app on the kindle fire for free

5. Eth is a kind of digital token of Ethereum, which is regarded as "bitcoin version 2.0". It adopts the blockchain technology "Ethereum", which is different from bitcoin. It is an open-source public blockchain platform with intelligent contract results, and a resonance network composed of thousands of computers around the world. Developers need to pay eth to support the application. Like other digital currencies, ether currency can be bought and sold on the trading platform

7. < UL >

the first stage: the basic theory of blockchain technology is suitable for students who have various needs for blockchain technology. It is the most comprehensive and up-to-date curriculum system at present. With the rapid appreciation of bitcoin, blockchain technology has become more and more sought after and studied by people from all walks of life, Or from the perspective of technology research and development, this set of courses are very suitable for you to download and learn. Schele: Lesson 1 ICO & amp; EOS understands the risks of ICO and ICO projects, How to judge whether an ICO is reliable lesson 2 the past and present of bitcoin blockchain understand the origin and related background knowledge of bitcoin and blockchain lesson 3 cryptography master the necessary knowledge of blockchain related cryptography lesson 4 bitcoin transaction in-depth discussion of what happened behind bitcoin transaction lesson 5 block generation and link in-depth discussion of how blockchain is generated Lesson 6 bifurcation principle of blockchain and how to operate the coins in hand before and after the bifurcation Lesson 7 how does the wallet know how much money I have and how to hold the coins in hand more safely Lesson 8 mining understanding the history and principle of mining, Experience mining in bitcoin regression test environment Lesson 9 blockchain security, understand the security problems of blockchain, how to "steal" other people's money Lesson 10 smart contract learn the principle of blockchain 2.0 smart contract, understand how the smart contract is written and run

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stage 2: introction to blockchain technology research and development, Blockchain technology is a very popular new technology at present, which is highly praised by large IT companies and experts all over the world. Not long ago, the blockchain technology platform enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) announced its formal establishment, and nearly 30 giants including JPMorgan Chase, Microsoft and Intel joined in. Extremely optimistic about the future of Ethereum. At present, the term blockchain is very popular, but few people really understand blockchain technology. If you no longer want to be a onlooker, you are welcome to learn this course. After learning this course, you can master the following contents: deeply master the blockchain technology, understand what mining is, learn how to build your own blockchain network, how to publish your own applications on your own blockchain network or enterprise Ethernet network, and how to write smart contracts, Blockchain technology applications. This course is based on practical teaching, mainly teaching front-line practical skills, to ensure that students can quickly learn to apply! Timetable: 1. Introction to blockchain 1.1 introction to blockchain technology 1.2 blockchain platform, Ethereum, an open source blockchain technology platform 1.3 Ethereum working principle, Ethereum virtual machine, account 1.4 what can Ethereum do, Blockchain technology application appreciation 1.5 Ethereum white paper 2. Client installation and operation 2.1 client installation 2.2 Ethereum account creation and management 2.3 multi signature account 2.4 Ethereum 3. Ethereum network 3.1 Ethernet network type 3.2 building local private network, User defined Genesis block 3.3 mining on local private network 4. Introction to smart contract programming 4.1 Ethereum multiple private nodes networking 4.2 multiple nodes, Introction to writing, deploying and using smart contracts 4.3 introction to development language solidy 4.4 introction to building development environment 4.5 basic variable types 5.solidy complex variable types 5.1 enumeration 5.2 structure 5.3 mapping 5.4 delete 5.5 common attributes and methods of block and transaction 6.solidy method 6.1 anonymous method 6.2 modifier 7.solidy inheritance and event 8.solidid Y programming practice 8.1 smart contract -- "vote" 9.solidy programming practice 9.1 smart contract -- "create your own token" 9.2 smart contract -- "public auction" 10.decentralized application DAPP project practice 10.1 Ethereum Web3 interface 10.2 building Ethereum online wallet 10.3 building the development framework of truss on Windows

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Level 3 In addition to video tutorials, we have also collected a number of classic e-books for students to learn and understand the knowledge of blockchain technology. These e-books are expensive, and published relatively new, reading format is very rich, not just PDF kind, suitable for mobile phone installation of common reading software. Lesson schele: 1. How blockchain will redefine the world; 2. Blockchain Society: decoding global application and investment cases of blockchain; 3. Blockchain Revolution: how bitcoin underlying technology changes currency, technology and technology Business and the world 4. Blockchain: from digital currency to credit society 5. Blockchain: technology driven finance 6. Blockchain: Reshaping economy and the world 7. Illustrated blockchain 8. The age of artificial intelligence, A book reads block chain finance "(Internet plus era enterprise management real battle Series) 9." block chain technology guide "10." block chain: define the new pattern of future finance and economy "11." business block chain: open a new era of encryption economy "12." Accenture ":" block chain + "13." bitcoin "

8. If you want to invest, it is recommended to consider whether you are optimistic about this instry first, because bitcoin, a kind of digital currency, has no real value, only collection value, and all the speculation prices are relatively high. If you want to invest, you should first choose a reliable old platform with good reputation, so that at least the money will not disappear out of thin air. You can take a look at AEX and fire coin, It has been more than 6 years and has a good reputation. For long-term investment, you can go to AEX for money management

9. Ethereum is also a proct of blockchain 2.0, which is an open intelligent contract complete solution. Bitcoin is the most important application of blockchain 1.0, which completes currency and payment transactions well. But when we need to record and transfer more complex asset types, we need the third step - a more powerful scripting system - to finally achieve Turing completeness (the ability to run any currency, protocol or blockchain). Ethereum is a blockchain based project, which aims to provide a Turing complete scripting language and Turing complete platform

blockchain 1.0 mainly refers to bitcoin. Blockchain 2.0 extends to all assets, while blockchain 3.0 goes beyond currency, finance, even commerce, and all areas of our lives, including politics, social relations, ecation, medical care, etc. According to the prediction and conception of people in the instry, the era of blockchain 3.0 will be realized in the next five years. At that time, blockchain will be recognized and accepted by all the public like the Internet, thus completely subverting our lives

McKinsey has submitted a technical report on blockchain to the Federal Insurance Advisory Committee of the United States. The report calls 2009-2016 the "Dark Age" and believes that all blockchain solutions ring this period are based on bitcoin, and the new era of blockchain will begin in 2016. At that time, the application of blockchain will become unprecedented. Applying an original sentence in McKinsey report: Based on the current development speed of blockchain, we believe that blockchain solutions may realize their full potential in the next five years.

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Regional chain game is a kind of activity project that adds regional chain in the game

1. On April 23, 2018, Tencent will release its first blockchain game, code named "Z". It aims to combine blockchain with games to improve the playability and authenticity of entertainment

2. The significance of regional chain game is as follows:

① through Tencent blockchain technology and operation resources, connecting the asset side of core enterprises and the capital side of financial institutions, it can help to improve the efficiency of capital allocation, enhance liquidity, support the supply chain of small and micro enterprises, rece social financing costs, and support the real economy

② at the same time, taking the accounts receivable from core enterprises as the underlying assets, we can realize the circulation of creditor's rights certificates through Tencent blockchain, and ensure that the relevant information can not be tampered with, can not be repeatedly financed, and can be traced

extended data

the regional chain is based on the relevant details of the game

in the game, if you want to tamper with the whole blockchain, you need to modify more than 51% of the data, so that the system can believe that the other 49% of the ledger information is "a minority that can't match". These books are basically controlled by indivial indivials all over the world, so it is almost impossible to tamper with the regional chain in the game. In the game, the characteristics of the regional chain are as follows:

1. Decentralization: because the account book is recorded and held by everyone together, the blockchain technology does not need a central server or a third-party organization, and everyone's computers, mobile phones and other equipment are part of the account book

2. Transparency: the account books of all participants are open and transparent, and information is shared

3. Security: since everyone has the same global ledger, the destruction of indivial ledger will not affect the whole. It's meaningless to tamper with the information of a single account book, because it doesn't match other people's account books