Hard division of Ethereum Constantinople agreement
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
Let me tell you the answer first: No
or don't invest all of bitcoin. Let me give you a brief analysis
first of all, let's talk about 100000 yuan. If the 100000 yuan is a windfall, we suggest that you allin invest in bitcoin, which may be several times more when you take it out at the end of this year. There will be another windfall
if the 100000 yuan is a year-end bonus, you can consider investing half of it in blockchain and bitcoin
if the 100000 yuan deposit is your hard-earned money, you must be cautious in your investment, so first of all, you are not recommended to invest in blockchain
in fact, your question tells me two basic facts: 1. You are Xiao of blockchain / currency circle; 2. You have a little deposit and want to manage money, or you need to make some money
so from my point of view, I don't recommend you to buy bitcoin or make any other blockchain investment, because there is a saying that a person can't make money beyond his cognition, and the blockchain world is beyond your cognition for you, and the coin circle is basically an extension or part of the financial system. And the financial system is the most cruel and ruthless world. When you want to make money, you should also think that there are hundreds of thousands of people, millions of people who have the same ideas as you, so as to drive them into this bloody and merciless market. So you ask yourself, can you make sure you make money
first pour a basin of cold water on you, and then answer your questions seriously. Let's take a look at the historical trend of bitcoin
I feel optimistic that the recovery may come slowly, the Federal Reserve's move may be the beginning of financial release, and the capital market may recover slowly. As a small part of the financial market, the blockchain world may also recover
from the perspective of investment, bitcoin in the blockchain world is not only the genesis currency, but also the mainstream currency that accounts for the vast majority of the total market value at present. Therefore, if you really want to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin is the best choice
however, please note that from the perspective of professional investment advice, risks should always be shared. Exclusive bitcoin will be taken off by a currency, and it will also fall miserably. So please consider holding other mainstream currencies, such as BoChang coin, which is known as "the last good heart of the blockchain", which is also the most powerful counter trend growth currency in the bear market of the currency circle. For a long time, when the mother of other currencies, including bitcoin, didn't know each other, BoChang was the only currency that was growing slightly, which was a miracle
another example is Ethereum. Although Ethereum's hard fork has been delayed for a long time, the arrival of Constantinople's hard fork upgrade will make Ethereum the most eye-catching star in a short time. At this time, the investment can be regarded as low-level market entry, and you can make a profit by waiting for high-level investment
finally, back to my answer, if you don't even know wave field, bitcoin, Constantinople hard fork and other words, how can you determine whether you can make a sum of money in the world of currency. So this in itself is a very high risk thing
a strange capital market will swallow up all your savings. Although some people get rich overnight, they are a few people after all. If you are sure to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin can be invested. However, from the perspective of risk sharing, please buy some other mainstream currencies to minimize the risk. Finally, I wish you a happy investment and a big fortune in the year of the pig. Please be cautious in your investment
is to read more about the various currencies or project's white paper. I pay attention to my WeChat official account: "Nanjing block chain" can get thousands of white papers free of charge, so that you will have a better understanding of the chain world. p>
Let me tell you the answer first: No
or don't invest all of bitcoin. Let me give you a brief analysis
first of all, if your principal is a windfall, I suggest you allin invest in bitcoin, which may be several times more when you take it out at the end of this year. There will be another windfall
if your principal is a year-end bonus, you can consider investing half in blockchain and bitcoin
if your principal is your hard-earned money, you must be cautious in your investment, so first of all, it is not recommended that you invest in blockchain
in fact, your question tells me two basic facts: 1. You are Xiao of blockchain / currency circle; 2. You have a little deposit and want to manage money, or you need to make some money
so from my point of view, I don't recommend you to buy bitcoin or make any other blockchain investment, because there is a saying that a person can't make money beyond his cognition, and the blockchain world is beyond your cognition for you, and the coin circle is basically an extension or part of the financial system. And the financial system is the most cruel and ruthless world. When you want to make money, you should also think that there are hundreds of thousands of people, millions of people who have the same ideas as you, so as to drive them into this bloody and merciless market. So you ask yourself, can you make sure you make money
first pour a basin of cold water on you, and then answer your questions seriously. Let's take a look at the historical trend of bitcoin
I feel optimistic that the recovery may come slowly, the Federal Reserve's move may be the beginning of financial release, and the capital market may recover slowly. As a small part of the financial market, the blockchain world may also recover
from the perspective of investment, bitcoin in the blockchain world is not only the genesis currency, but also the mainstream currency that accounts for the vast majority of the total market value at present. Therefore, if you really want to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin is the best choice
however, please note that from the perspective of professional investment advice, risks should always be shared. Exclusive bitcoin will be taken off by a currency, and it will also fall miserably. So please consider holding other mainstream currencies, such as BoChang coin, which is known as "the last good heart of the blockchain", which is also the most powerful counter trend growth currency in the bear market of the currency circle. For a long time, when the mother of other currencies, including bitcoin, didn't know each other, BoChang was the only currency that was growing slightly, which was a miracle
another example is Ethereum. Although Ethereum's hard fork has been delayed for a long time, the arrival of Constantinople's hard fork upgrade will make Ethereum the most eye-catching star in a short time. At this time, the investment can be regarded as low-level market entry, and you can make a profit by waiting for high-level investment
finally, back to my answer, if you don't even know wave field, bitcoin, Constantinople hard fork and other words, how can you determine whether you can make a sum of money in the world of currency. So this in itself is a very high risk thing
a strange capital market will swallow up all your savings. Although some people get rich overnight, they are a few people after all. If you are sure to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin can be invested. However, from the perspective of risk sharing, please buy some other mainstream currencies to minimize the risk. Finally, I wish you a happy investment and a big fortune in the year of the pig. Please be cautious in your investment
is to read more about the various currencies or project's white paper. I pay attention to my WeChat official account: "Nanjing block chain" can get thousands of white papers free of charge, so that you will have a better understanding of the chain world. p>
The
Ethereum mining
Berlin hard fork will mark the end of the metropolitan era. This is a key stage in Ethereum's history, which is divided into two stages (Byzantine and Constantinople), including several branches, including Atlantis, Istanbul, and finally reached its peak in Berlin
In the name of Almighty God, Her Majesty the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the queen of India, Her Majesty the emperor of Germany and the king of Prussia, Her Majesty the emperor of Austria and the king of Bohemia and the king of the saints of Hungary, Her Majesty the king of Spain and the Regent queen of the kingdom of Spain, the president of the French Republic and His Majesty the king of Italy, His Majesty the king of the Netherlands, the Grand Duke of Luxembourg and other places, his Majesty the all Russian emperor and His Majesty the Ottoman emperor are deeply willing to conclude a convention as a fixed system, which aims to ensure the free use of the Suez Sea Canal by all countries at any time, so as to make the organization of navigation of the canal granted by his Majesty the Ottoman emperor on February 22, 1866 (2zilkade 1282) more complete, And agreed to the concession given by his Highness the governor of Egypt; To this end, the plenipotentiaries of all parties agree to the following:
Article 1
the Suez maritime canal shall be open to all merchant ships or warships flying the flag of any country in wartime as in peacetime
therefore, the contracting parties agree not to interfere in the free use of the canal in wartime as in peacetime
the canal should never be restricted by blockade
Article 2
the contracting parties consider that the freshwater canal is an indispensable part of the maritime canal, and note the commitment of his Highness the governor of Egypt to the international Suez Canal Company on the river canal; This commitment was embodied in the Convention of 18 March 1863, which contains a preamble and four articles
the contracting parties guarantee that they will not interfere in the safety of the canal and its tributaries, nor hinder the use of the canal< Article 3 the contracting parties undertake to respect the factories, facilities, buildings and works belonging to the maritime and river canals< Article 4 according to Article 1 of this treaty, the Tongyang Canal, as a free channel in wartime, shall be open to warships of belligerent countries. The contracting parties agree that there shall be no acts of war or hostility within the canal and its ports and within the three mile radius of those ports, or with the purpose of impeding the free navigation of the canal, even if the Ottoman Empire is a belligerent party
warships of warring parties should not load or store military provisions in the canal and its ports unless they have special needs. The above warships shall pass through the canal as soon as possible in accordance with the regulations in force, and shall not stop at any place except when it is necessary for official business
the ration of stay of the warship at port said and Suez berths shall not exceed 24 hours, except in case of disaster. If you are in trouble, you must leave as soon as possible. There should be a 24-hour interval between the departure of a belligerent vessel from a port and the departure of an enemy vessel< Article 5 in wartime, the warring parties are not allowed to load or unload troops, arms or military materials in the canal and its ports. However, if there is a sudden obstacle to the canal, it is possible to load and unload troops of no more than 1000 people and corresponding quantities of military materials
Article 6
captured vessels shall comply in all respects with the same regulations as warships of belligerent parties< Article 7 the contracting parties are not allowed to berth any warships on the surface of the canal (including timsar lake and bituo Lake)
however, the contracting parties may stay in port said and PORT SUEZ with no more than two warships per country
the warring parties are not allowed to use this right< Article 8 the representatives of the States parties to this treaty in Egypt shall have the responsibility to supervise the implementation of this treaty. In case of any event threatening the safety or free navigation of the canal, the meeting shall be convened by three representatives and presided over by the chief representative to provide necessary proof. The representatives informed the Egyptian government of the dangers observed so that it could take appropriate measures to ensure the safety and free navigation of the canal. Delegates meet annually to monitor the implementation of the treaty
the above meeting shall be held under the chairmanship of a special committee designated by the Ottoman government for the meeting. Members of the governor's Government may also attend and preside in the absence of member Osman
especially when there are actions or meetings on both sides of the canal that affect or hinder the freedom and safety of navigation, the representatives should ask to stop them< Article 9 the Egyptian government shall take necessary measures to ensure the implementation of this treaty within the scope of powers granted by the Turkish emperor and under the conditions stipulated in this treaty
if the Egyptian government does not have enough power, it should make a request to the Ottoman Imperial Government, and the imperial government should take the necessary measures, inform the signing countries of the London declaration of March 7, 1885, and discuss the issue with them if necessary< The provisions of articles 4, 5, 7 and 8 shall not prejudice the measures taken in accordance with the provisions of this article< Similarly, the provisions of articles 4, 5, 7 and 8 shall not hinder the measures taken by his Majesty the emperor of Turkey and his Royal Highness the governor of Egypt on his behalf and within the scope of the powers granted by the emperor of Turkey to defend Egypt and maintain public order
if his Majesty the emperor of Turkey or his Royal Highness the governor of Egypt considers it necessary to take special measures not provided for in this article, the Ottoman Imperial Government shall notify the signing countries of the London declaration of the special measures
the above four provisions are also understood as never impeding the measures taken by the Ottoman Empire Government to ensure its other properties on the east coast of the red sea with its own forces< Article 11
the measures taken under Articles 9 and 10 of this treaty shall not hinder the free use of the canal. In the same case, the construction of permanent fortifications in violation of Article 8 shall be prohibited< Article 12 in accordance with the principle of Equality Concerning the free use of the canal, which is one of the basic conditions of this treaty, the contracting parties agree that they will never attempt to seize the territorial and commercial interests or privileges concerning the canal in any international agreement that may be signed in the future. However, Turkey's rights should be preserved as a state to which the territory belongs< Article 13 the sovereignty of his Majesty the emperor of Turkey and the power and immunity of his Royal Highness the governor of Egypt granted by the emperor of Turkey shall in no way be affected, except for the obligations expressly stipulated in this treaty< Article 14 the contracting parties agree that the commitments arising under this treaty shall not be limited by the term of the international Suez Canal Company lease act< Article 15
the provisions of this treaty shall not hinder the current effective health measures in Egypt< Article 16 the contracting parties undertake to notify the states that have not yet signed this treaty and invite them to accede to it< Article 17 this treaty is subject to ratification. The instruments of ratification shall be exchanged in Constantinople as soon as possible within one month. ①
Disillusionment of the dream of dominating the Suez Canal. People's mood is like the brilliant sunshine, and their faces are filled with the joy of success. After a while, the crowd cheered and people yelled, "here we are! Here we are It turns out that port said is about to usher in the first ship through the Suez Canal. After 10 years of hard work, the Suez Canal was finally officially opened to navigation
The Suez Canal, 172.5 km long, is located in the northeast of Egypt and the west side of Sinai Peninsula. It connects the Mediterranean Sea in the north, the Red Sea in the south, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa. It is an international shipping waterway with the most economic value and strategic position in the world today. In today's world, the Suez Canal ranks first in terms of the number of countries that use it, the number of navigable vessels and the volume of freight. With its opening, the voyage from Europe to India has been shortened by half, and the voyage from Marseille to Mum has been shortened by 5940 kmas early as 4000 years ago, the ancient Egyptian pharaozostris once g a canal on the tributary of the Nile River. This is where Phoenician voyagers set out on their first circum African voyage in the 7th century BC. Later generations called this canal the Pharaonic canal. But in the 8th century, Caliph Ali Mansu ordered it to be blocked out of military considerations. From then on, the canal of the pharaoh was forgotten
In May 1798, Napoleon led the expeditionary army to land in Alexandria, Egypt, and quickly occupied the whole of Egypt. He personally led many engineers to look for the remains of the ancient canal, and even concted a lot of field surveys, preparing to dig another canal here. Unfortunately, e to serious errors in the survey, they believed that the sea level of the red sea was 10 meters higher than that of the Mediterranean Sea, so it was almost impossible to dig a canal here. Soon, e to the change of the political situation in France, Napoleon was eager to return home and seize power, so the canal digging was delayed In the first half of the 19th century, with the more and more urgent demands of capitalist countries for foreign aggression, Britain, France and other countries were eager to open the channel from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, and the issue of digging canals was put on the agenda again. In order to strengthen its power in the Middle East and fight for hegemony in the Indian Ocean, France sent Le SEPs, once French consul general in Alexandria, to the Governor General's office in Cairo in 1854. He gave a lot of gifts and finally cheated Egypt's governor general said of his trust. France obtained the privilege of building and using the Suez Canal. The two sides signed the "lease contract on the construction and use of the Suez Canal" and decided to establish the "international Suez Canal Company", with assets of 200 million francs. At that time, the contract stipulated that the French lease period of the canal area was 99 years, and after the expiration, the canal was owned by the Egyptian government; The Egyptian government must provide all the land and labor needed to dig the canal free of charge; The company has the right to import the machinery needed for the canal project free of charge, and Egypt will receive 15% of the net profit. This contract is obviously disadvantageous to Egypt. The long lease term, less profit and ty-free import will affect Egypt's fiscal revenue, especially the regulation that the land needed for digging the canal will be owned by the company, which makes Egypt's future lurking with a huge crisis At first, Britain was very worried that its hegemony in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean would be affected, so it tried to block the construction of the canal. Later, the Crimean War and the Indian people's uprising broke out. Britain also felt the necessity of digging canals, and soon acquiesced to it In the spring of 1859, with the attention of many countries, the construction of the Suez Canal was finally broken, and hundreds of thousands of Egyptian laborers participated in the construction of this great project. The canal adopts the design scheme of Egyptian engineer Nantes, which is mainly to open an artificial canal which is basically vertical from north to south, and three lakes are used in the middle, which can save money. However, the northern part of the canal is saline, and the middle part is desert, which is quite difficult to dig. Saline soil is very hard, in the case of extremely lack of machinery and equipment at that time, it is not easy to excavate it by manual means. Under the scorching sun in the desert, tens of thousands of labors keep working. First of all, we have to solve the problem of water use. How can we find so much fresh water in the desert? To this end, the engineer tried every means, and finally had to dig a Nile diversion canal to bring fresh water while digging the canal. In this way, wherever the canal is built, the canal will be built. In fact, the amount of work has doubled. Even in the southern part of the lake area, because the lake water is too shallow, the construction must first drain the lake water, and then dig the bottom of the lake, the difficulty is still not smallin the next ten summers, under the scorching sun, the countless northeastern Egyptian workers used to shovel and dig the most primitive tools such as hoes and spades, even some people simply g and basked them in basket. Because they have to enre the scorching sunshine in the desert of North Africa all the year round, they all bare their upper body. Their dark skin and protruding ribs are very eye-catching. French capitalists employed thousands of Egyptian migrant workers and forced them to work in extreme heat, hunger and hard work. They also had poor food, no necessary medicine when they were sick, and were in the same situation as the Egyptian workers who built the pyramids of the Pharaohs more than 4000 years ago. They worked hard all day long, and their overwork, hunger and disease killed 120000 of them. Therefore, the Suez canal can be said to be built by Egyptian workers with numerous bones. It is also a historical witness of the oppression of the Egyptian people by western colonists
with the opening of Suez Canal, its important strategic position and economic value are more and more recognized by the world, so the competition for canal management is becoming increasingly fierce. The Suez Canal was of great significance to the British Empire, which was expanding to the outside world. Therefore, Britain tried every means to take it as its own. In November 1874, the Egyptian government had to decide to sell 44% of its shares in Suez Canal Company. After hearing the news, Britain tried to prevent Egypt from selling shares to France. At the same time, British Prime Minister Disraeli borrowed money and quickly bought these stocks into his own hands without the discussion of Parliament and the consent of the cabinet. Later, in February 1875, when the British Parliament discussed the issue, the parliament gladly approved the sale of the great profits that Disraeli had handled. Since then, the management of Suez Canal belongs to Britain and France
In 1882, the British invaded Egypt and occupied the whole canal area in an attempt to monopolize the Suez Canal. As the Suez Canal has become an important international waterway, governments all over the world pay close attention to its navigation and safety. Under the unanimous opposition of western countries, Britain was forced to sign the Constantinople convention with France, Germany, Russia and other countries in October of 1aaaa, which promised that the Suez canal would be free to open to the merchant ships or warships of any country in wartime as in peacetime, and no country would be allowed to blockade or fight in the canal waters. In this way, the British attempt to monopolize the canal did not come true. This situation of joint management by Britain and France has been maintained for nearly a century After the end of World War II, after years of struggle by the Egyptian people, the Suez Canal, soaked with the sweat and bitterness of the Egyptian people, finally returned to the hands of the Egyptian people and played a better role