GitHub Ethereum
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about the variability of blockchain
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eth, if most people agree to modify the chain, that is, variability, then they can modify the blockchain records and contracts
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etc, blockchain records and contracts can't be modified, that is, they can't be tampered with
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here are the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods
The advantage of -
variability is that people can make timely changes to make the right decisions. Therefore, modifying the specification is more practical than finding loopholes
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non modifiability means that no matter how smart people are at that time, it is impossible not to make mistakes. Therefore, when problems arise in this scheme, it is best to find and solve the loopholes through the existing legal framework
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differences in development
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eth, whether it is intentionally arranged or since its birth, the core decisions of blockchain are made by Ethereum foundation with the participation of the community and most of them are developed by it
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etc, the decision-making of blockchain is mainly decided by the feedback of three loose, collaborative teams with community participation
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in any case, anyone can put forward improvement suggestions for the two kinds of blockchains. This is the benefit of open source, and it is also very common. You will find that developers of the two chains communicate with each other through GitHub and reddit. I hope to improve the frequency of communication in order to achieve the common goal
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about compatibility
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at present, the two kinds of blockchains are compatible with each other. Contracts or applications written by eth can be applied on etc, and vice versa
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eth, focusing on ewasm, is committed to providing a platform for more and more developers, while the issue of contract security is secondary, such as viper
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etc focuses on making developers create more secure contracts, such as viper, iohk research, at the cost of consuming the number of potential developers
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it's obvious that both chains can accept each other, regardless of whether their wishes are the same or not. My view is that the number of developers is not necessarily related to the quality of the proct
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about the transaction speed
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eth, the average is 25 seconds, which will be shortened after upgrading
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etc, with an average time of 14 seconds, maintained at 10-14 seconds after upgrade, according to ecip-1010 and ecip-1036 protocols
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about the block capacity
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eth, with the daily trading volume of eth graally reaching 5 million, the block capacity is graally saturated. This situation is similar to the recent transaction cost of bitcoin. This problem can be solved by expanding the block capacity by increasing the default fuel limit
ETC， At present, there is still a lot of room for block capacity. As more and more people accept etc, the block capacity will also increase, just like eth
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about community
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eth, mainly discuss on reddit
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etc, mainly discuss on slack
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about monetary policy
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eth, the planned supply is growing steadily, resulting in an average inflation of 3% in eth blockchain in its life cycle
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etc, before 2025, inflation will reach 3%, and then the total supply will reach 200 million etc, and then there will be deflation
As for the regional distribution of trading volume, China accounts for 20%, South Korea 25% and the United States 25% In etc, China accounts for 50%, South Korea 25% and the United States 10% About securities, at present, investors do not have the option to trade securities. Recently, one of eth's ETFs, trading open-end index funds, was denied by the regulators -
etc owns etc trading trust, which allows investors to own etc instead of the asset itself
Dahua blockchain is a book published by Tsinghua University Press in September 2019, written by Zhang Yingping. This book is a blockchain book that comprehensively explains bitcoin, Ethereum, super ledger and EOS, a blockchain development guide from engineer basic skills, development language to smart contract development, and a blockchain engineer guide from technology, project to career development planning
"Dahua blockchain"
"Dahua blockchain" is a blockchain book that pays equal attention to theory and practice, easy to understand and professional. The blockchain technology guide (the first three chapters) mainly explains the concept of blockchain, blockchain applications, bitcoin, Ethereum, super ledger, EOS and other mainstream blockchain technologies. Through learning, each reader can fully understand the implementation principles of mainstream blockchain technologies and understand the future development trend of blockchain. The practical part of development (the last two chapters) starts from the basic skills of blockchain, simulates the development of real blockchain projects, and explains in detail the design, development and deployment of smart contract and DAPP. Through learning, every reader can master the development of blockchain
reviewing the financing of EOS, we not only set many records of ICO, but also a significant milestone in the whole history of open market financing. During the 350 day subscription cycle, 200000 people participated in ICO, accumulating 7.2 million ether coins. According to the market price of the day, the total amount reached US $4.3 billion, which is close to the total IPO amount of Google (US $2.7 billion) and twitter (US $2.1 billion). It is the largest ICO in history so far. It's very worthwhile to make a comprehensive summary. I very much hope that what I write can penetrate the surface of the facts, catch the essence hidden behind, and become a part of historical records
EOS's ICO uses Ethereum's smart contract to complete the automatic subscription and allocation of funds. There is no middleman, and there is no role of investment bank and underwriter of traditional securities listing. This is a primary market. The total number of EOS coins is 1 billion, of which 900 million are distributed to subscribers and 100 million are reserved by block.one. All the funds obtained from the subscription belong to block.one company. Meanwhile, according to the subscription agreement, these funds directly become the profits of the company, and there is no other responsibility and obligation relationship with the subscribers, nor the responsibility and obligation to maintain and develop the EOS software and network. The main network of EOS will be launched by the loosely organized technology forum community, The network operation funds are automatically generated by the code rules, and new EOS tokens are issued to pay to the block procer nodes
in the process of ICO, the secondary market (exchange) is fully opened at the same time. After the completion of the subscription in the primary market, the general financing will enter the secondary market for a period of time. However, the financing cycle is as long as 350 days. The obtained Ethereum EOS token can enter the secondary market for circulation on the same day, resulting in a large number of turnover transactions, The prices of the two markets fluctuated simultaneously
after the end of ICO, the total market value of EOS was US $11 billion, ranking fifth in the list of digital currencies. BCH (US $17 billion), which is closer to fourth place, is more than twice as big as ripple (US $24 billion), which is third place. Compared with the total funding of $4.3 billion, according to the popular view of ICO, it is only three times as much
make: * * [geth] error 1
there is no such directory, or the directory has insufficient permissions
1. Server programming: in the past, if you used C or C + + to do those things, go is very suitable, such as processing logs, data packaging, virtual machine processing, file system and so on
2, distributed system, database agent, middleware: for example, etcd
3. Network programming: at present, this area is the most widely used, including web application, API Application, download application, and the built-in net / HTTP package of go basically realizes all the network functions we usually use
4. Development of cloud platform: at present, many foreign cloud platforms are developing with go, and the well-known seven cattle cloud, Huawei cloud and so on all have procts that are developed with go and open source
5. Blockchain: at present, there is a saying that technical practitioners regard go language as the development language of blockchain instry. If you learn the blockchain technology, you will find that many blockchain systems and applications are developed with go. For example, ehtereum is the most famous public chain at present, and fabric is the most famous alliance chain at present. Both of them have go language versions, and go ehtereum is the version officially recommended by Ethereum
Many projects in the later stage of
are implemented by go language. This process is simpler than other languages, which also leads to the emergence of a large number of go language native development projects< br />
It depends on the electricity bill, and the efficiency of mining
the most efficient is Claymore on GitHub. The algorithm is very good, but the author has 2%
because of the wall, the download of GitHub will often have problems
< P > I modified the code to remove the author's extraction. Students who want to mine can try Claymore, Give a link to the network disk ~ students who are inconvenient in GitHub can download it from the network disk, double-click the EXE file ~ but remember to change the account to your own ~network cloud link - Claymore algorithm optimization version
Constantinople includes five different Ethereum improvement proposals (EIPs), which were completed on August 31. Once released on Ethereum, these proposals will permanently change the blockchain through a series of new backward compatible upgrades
this means that the nodes of the computer network running the Ethereum software must be updated with the whole system, or continue to run as separate blockchain entities
the system wide upgrade has caused quite a lot of dramatic events in the past, which should be more formally referred to as "hard fork". Most notably, when some users disagree with this change, it may lead to two different versions of the same blockchain running at the same time. At present, if you want to invest in Ethereum, you can trade in the bitnet exchange.
in front of the article: the video version is slightly different from the text version. If you want to see my affectionate interpretation, please see the video version (meow understands blockchain phase 22 | sharding: Ethereum is too slow, "disk" him!), The logic of thinking is strange. Please see the extended version
recently, Ethereum has shown an overwhelming positive trend e to the Constantinople upgrade, while Ethereum's upgrade road is like upgrading and fighting monsters, falling into rabbithole. No one knows how deep the hole is. Since it is a long way to go, it is of vital importance to make every step well and accurately. After overcoming this difficulty, Ethereum's next technical difficulty, sharding fragmentation, has been put on the table again. This issue of "meow understands blockchain" will take you into sharding, the magic weapon that makes Ethereum fast
what is sharding
slicing technology is not a new concept. At first, it is an optimization scheme for large central database. Specifically, it divides the data in large database into many shards according to certain rules, and then stores these data in different servers to rece the data access pressure of each server, So as to improve the performance of the whole database system
let's take a small popular example:
for example, meituan, Didi taxi and other software that we often use can be divided according to the "city". Because the data of different cities do not need to communicate, the data of different cities can be stored in different databases, so that the database server can be deployed to the nearest node from the corresponding city, Can also improve the speed of access, why not do it
from the above examples, we should have a preliminary understanding of the concept of fragmentation. What about fragmentation in blockchain scenarios
taking Ethereum fragmentation as an example, in the original single chain system, the overall performance of the public chain depends on the performance of a single node. After fragmentation, each node only needs to undertake the work of the whole network, and each fragmentation works in parallel. According to vitalik, each shard is like a separate galaxy, and each fragmentation is like an independent universe, In this way, the efficiency will be improved naturally! Originally, the total network TPS of Ethereum chain was about 20. Now, if it is increased to 100 pieces, the total network TPS can be increased to 2000. Similarly, the total network capacity will be increased to 100 times of the original
"each node only needs to undertake part of the work of the whole network", which will lead to several major problems. 1. How to determine which piece of work this node is responsible for? 2. Which transactions should be classified into which segments? 3. Does each node only need to store its own transaction information (ledger)
according to the implementation of the above problems, we can divide the fragmentation into three types: network fragmentation, transaction fragmentation and state fragmentation
Network fragmentation: how to divide the nodes of the whole network into different partitions
transaction segmentation: how to divide the whole network transactions into different segments
State fragmentation: how to make each node only maintain the account book in its own fragmentation without affecting the security of the whole system
the difference and connection between main chain and fragmentation chain
we have understood the types of fragmentation, so what's the difference between main chain and shard chain
turn left | turn right
the realization of Ethereum fragmentation is a long process. Even vitalik himself said that it will be graally realized by stages. We'd better look forward to whether fragmentation can move from theory to practice