Ethereum hard fork, February 27, 2019
a brief history of etheric Classics (etc)
etheric classics began with an unfortunate event
in May 2016, the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) held a token sale with the goal of establishing a blockchain based venture capital to fund future decentralized applications (dapps) in the Ethereum ecosystem
basically, Dao is a complex smart contract that operates in a decentralized way - computer code that automatically performs tasks between multiple parties when conditions are met
despite its ambitious goals and successful token sales, Dao's code has a major vulnerability that allows attackers to steal eth from decentralized organizations
the attacker took advantage of this vulnerability in June 2016, triggering the infamous Dao hacking event, and maliciously stole eth worth about US $50 million
there is no doubt that Dao hacking has shocked Ethereum community and made eth price drop from $20 to $13
after the Dao hacking, the Ethereum community has to choose from three options
< UL >do nothing and try to bear the consequences of the attack
start soft bifurcation to recover funds
deploy a hard fork to recover the lost eth
both soft and hard bifurcations are significant network upgrades. However, soft fork allows users who are not upgraded to communicate with upgraded users, while hard fork is not backward compatible with previous versions
as developers realize that deploying soft forks will expose the network to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, Ethereum community decides to initiate hard forks to recover the funds lost in Dao hacking attacks
although this scheme is supported by most people, a small number of people in Ethereum community oppose it. They think that "code is the law" and blockchain network should be unchangeable
the failure of both sides to reach an agreement on the solution eventually led to the fragmentation of Ethereum blockchain
those who tried to recover the lost eth chose the hard fork and opened the Ethereum (ETH) blockchain as we know it today, while another group stayed on the original Ethereum classic (etc) chain
what problems does ethereal classic solve Ethernet classic (etc) is a blockchain platform that allows developers to deploy smart contracts and dapps although this function is the same as Ethereum (ETH), etc blockchain has two main differences first of all, Ethereum classic community opposes tampering with distributed ledger and supports the view that "blockchain network cannot and should not be modified" secondly, although there is no rigid upper limit on the total supply of eth, it is allowed to create 230 million etc at most by adopting the monetary policy of constant supply as a bonus item, ethereal classic launched Atlantis hard bifurcation last year to increase the interaction with Ethereum and improve the privacy protection of transactions through ZK snarks the trading platforms recommended by ethereal classic etc are: Fire coin, okex, AAX, etc
although the price of Ethereum continues to decline, there are still many investment opportunities. Nowadays, many people invest in Ethereum through virtual currency trading in the realm Kingdom, which is not affected by the rise and fall of prices, but also can invest less money in the shortest time to obtain more income.
Q: What is bitcoin bifurcation and why
A: the reason why bitcoin bifurcates is that the underlying technology of bitcoin is blockchain. Some people begin to think that bitcoin's block capacity is too small and there are always congestion. So they ask for bitcoin's upgrade and expansion. Some people think that bitcoin's function is too single and its future development is not optimistic, So these people ask bitcoin to have the function of building DAPP (decentralized application), and some support it, while others oppose it. This kind of divergence can be understood as the bifurcation of bitcoin
Q: the classification of bitcoin bifurcation
A: there are two kinds of bifurcations of bitcoin, one is soft bifurcations, the other is hard bifurcations, so what is soft bifurcations
Q: the formation principle of soft bifurcation
A: soft fork refers to optimizing and modifying bugs in the original bitcoin network to improve the capacity of the block, such as 2m, 4m or 8m, 16m. The segwit lightning network is the mainstream solution, which is equivalent to a traffic jam on the main road, and the development team will build an auxiliary road to help the main road to divert congestion
this is a mild solution, which can make the original bitcoin network compatible with the network after soft bifurcation, and the main transaction of bitcoin is still on the main chain
Q: disadvantages of soft bifurcation
A: of course, there are disadvantages of soft bifurcation, that is, it can only solve the temporary congestion problem, and after the implementation of soft bifurcation, it can only keep the network unobstructed for a few years. In the future, it needs continuous expansion, which has an impact on the stability of the system
Q: what is hard bifurcation and its formation principle
A: another solution is hard fork, which means to upgrade the bitcoin system again, change the height of the block completely in the form of code, and take bitcoin unlimited as the mainstream solution. Generally speaking, it is equivalent to a traffic jam on the main road. We directly abandon this road and find a place to build a three-dimensional transportation hub on the ground and underground. All new cars use this transportation system, which changes the block size of the bitcoin network and optimizes the processing speed of the network
Q: what are the disadvantages of hard bifurcation
A: but hard bifurcations also have disadvantages, that is, they are not compatible with the original bitcoin system, which requires all people in the bitcoin network to support hard bifurcations. If some people do not support hard bifurcations, there will be two versions of bitcoin network, which will proce two bitcoins. The blockchains of the two bitcoins form a competitive relationship, This kind of internal friction will lead to greater price volatility and uncertainty of bitcoin's future situation
Q: a classic case of bitcoin bifurcation
A: Eth and etc are typical cases of hard bifurcation. The Dao project is a crowdfunding project initiated by slock.it, a blockchain Internet of things company. It was officially released in May 2016. As of June of that year, the Dao project has raised more than $160 million. It wasn't long before the Dao project was targeted by hackers. Because of the huge loopholes in the smart contract, the Dao project was transferred to ether coin with a market value of 50 million US dollars
in order to recover the assets of many investors and stop the panic, vitalik buterin, the founder of Ethereum, finally proposed the idea of hard bifurcation, and finally completed the hard bifurcation in block 1920000 of Ethereum through a majority vote of the community, rolling back all the Ethereum coins occupied by hackers
even though Ethereum hard bifurcates into two chains, some people who believe in the tamper proof property of blockchain still stay on the original chain of Ethereum classic. Today, Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum classic (etc) are ranked in the top 20 in the global cryptocurrency market value, which is one of the reasons why they are regarded as classic cases in the field of hard bifurcations
Q: the difference and influence between soft bifurcation and hard bifurcation
A: for users, soft forking will not proce new bitcoin currency. They only need to understand the transaction mode and K-line characteristics of bitcoin. They only need a mainstream wallet of bitcoin
hard bifurcation will generate new currencies, and there may be more than one new currency. Once the core code of bitcoin is modified and the core code of bitcoin is reconstructed, there may be a second time for the first time, and btc1 and btc23456789 may all happen. Users will be confused. Which kind of coin would be better for me to trade? What kind of bitcoin do I use to pay for a large circulation range? In short, users with dyschooia will crash. Moreover, users need to download wallets of different hard bifurcated systems, which brings complex operation to save and pay bitcoin
however, correspondingly, the user's right to choose has also increased. You can choose the bitcoin code developed by the development team you like and trust. When the bifurcations of bitcoin are not clear, when the soft bifurcations start to activate and the computing power starts to vote, the best way for users to deal with it is to wait and see. Don't recharge and extract bitcoin in the process of bifurcation
in addition, soft fork will change the settlement mode of bitcoin all nodes, and some small settlement will be confirmed by the third party node, namely settlement channel. The settlement channel may incur part of the service charge. Similar to the role and business model of UnionPay
what is bitcoin bifurcation? The difference and influence of soft bifurcation and hard bifurcation
In the discussion of blockchain, bitcoin and other digital currencies, we often hear the word "bifurcation". So what is bifurcation? What is the effect of bifurcation
blockchain
before talking about bifurcation, popularize a little knowledge of blockchain, so as to help us understand what bifurcation is more easily (if you don't have any concept of blockchain, please read my previous articles, which are all popular words to help you understand what blockchain is)
blockchain, as the name suggests, is a chain composed of blocks. Of course, this kind of chain is just a figurative metaphor. To put it bluntly, data blocks are connected orderly. In bitcoin, the transaction records of bitcoin are stored in the block. The size of the block and the space occupied by the transaction records determine how many transactions can be stored in a block. These transaction records are packaged into blocks, and then the blocks are connected one by one to form a blockchain
We know that bitcoin software, like other software, needs to be updated and modified regularly in order to make it better. So a new version will appear, but not everyone will download the new version, so one miner will run the old version, and some will run the new version. If the old and new versions are not compatible, the blockchain will bifurcate. Because there may be differences between the version blocks and the old version blocks, they cannot be connected to the same blockchain, so there will be two or even more chains, which is called bifurcation
soft forking
soft forking refers to that when the new consensus rules are released, nodes that have not been upgraded will proce illegal blocks because they do not know the new consensus rules, resulting in temporary forking. This kind of bifurcation will be graally repaired with the upgrading of nodes
hard fork
hard fork refers to the permanent divergence of the blockchain. After the release of the new consensus rules, some nodes that have not been upgraded cannot verify the blocks proced by the upgraded nodes, and usually hard fork occurs. Therefore, in the field of digital currency, hard bifurcation often leads to the emergence of new currencies. For example, the hard bifurcation of Ethereum led to the emergence of eth
What is bifurcation? What is bitcoin bifurcationafter Ethereum bifurcates into etheric fog, the two will exist and develop together< br />
to put it simply: if you are only the holder of eth, you don't need to make any preparation for this upgrade.
2. Mr. Buffett went from a 100000 dollar private placement supported by relatives and friends to a large financial group integrating banking and insurance. He is not so much an investor as a financial entrepreneur.
3 The second point is that China can't get Warren Buffett's investment performance, and it can't get Warren Buffett's financial management wisdom. There are policy reasons as well as personal reasons.
4. The name of Warren Buffett's company is Berkshire Hathaway. The stock price of his company is about 200000 US dollars per share. You can check it on your own network or financial website
from the traditional monetary incentive is through the current salary incentive, which is effective for short-term incentive, but in the long run, such monetary incentive has no effect. If the currency is changed into a kind of deferred cash currency, this contradiction can be well solved
the cash currency account is an internal recognized cash account opened by the enterprise for each employee on the teamtoken platform. The corresponding relationship between cash currency and RMB is 1:1. The enterprise can use the unlimited wealth of the enterprise in the future to help the current rapid development and use the unlimited power of the future to ensure the current steady rise by issuing cash currency to employees
for example, if an employee's salary is 10000 yuan, the enterprise can pay 2000 yuan in cash to the employee every month, and a will withdraw or purchase material benefits at a certain time point in the future (set by the enterprise), so as to achieve the effect of internal and external incentives on the employee without immediately increasing the current cost of the enterprise. This is the innovative monetary incentive for employees
the creator of teamtoken employee wallet is the enterprise management software cloud (SaaS) with incentive as the core. The core value is to provide each employee with an employee wallet, so that each employee has his own integral account, cash currency account, virtual stock account, option account, enterprise annuity account, etc, It also provides an application ecology with incentive as the core, including team collaboration software, performance management software, CRM software, etc. these software are also the data source of employees' wallets, so that collaboration, performance, sales and other work can reflect the recognition of employees' work in real time, and reward corresponding points, cash, stocks or options, etc, Make management more incentive effect. The navigation and authority settings are clear, multi-functional and in-depth, suitable for large, medium and small enterprises. Open port, which can be embedded in nailing and enterprise wechat. It mainly helps enterprises to motivate employees from the following aspects:
1. Let every employee have three accounts that dynamically store incentive value
1. Integral account (quantitative process, recognition feedback) integral account, recognition feedback
quantitative process, recognition of incentives, points obtained through behavior, task, report, performance, etc., points can be used as the basis for reward, user-defined points standards meet the needs of enterprise personalized points reward, multidimensional points statistics, 360 degree comprehensive analysis
2. Cash account (reward achievement, medium and short-term incentive)
enterprises issue digital currency (token) to motivate employees, and cash currency can withdraw cash, purchase benefits, subscribe virtual shares, etc. in the future. It can be applied to performance bonus, Commission Award, special award, year-end award and other scenarios. Cash currency is issued with enterprise credit as endorsement. Enterprises use future funds to motivate current employees<
consumption right
employees purchase welfare goods through "consumption right + cash currency" or "consumption right + points", and the consumption right is obtained through rewards
consumption right is like the "food ticket" in the era of planned economy, which is the key for enterprises to release welfare in a planned way
withdrawal right
generally speaking, employees can apply for withdrawal faster with withdrawal right, The enterprise controls the timing, amount and group of cash cash by issuing the right of withdrawal. The management of the right of withdrawal has a great relationship with the cash flow of the enterprise, and it is issued by the enterprise according to its own situation
subscription right
only employees holding the subscription right can subscribe for the virtual equity issued by the company. Enterprises control the group, quantity and opportunity of holding the virtual equity by issuing the subscription right. Employees holding the virtual equity are the key training objects. Generally speaking, only employees with long-term incentive can be issued the subscription right
3. Stock account (talent retention, long-term incentive)
the purpose of virtual stock is to retain talent (long-term incentive), and the virtual stock corresponds to the dividend right. Employees obtain the virtual equity of the enterprise through enterprise reward or their own subscription of virtual stock, and enjoy the right of weighted dividend every year. Virtual stock can also be used as the pre holding mode of restricted stock of core executives and co founders
4. Work application tools: get through cash coins and points, and quantify and reward work achievements in time
task collaboration: task management, quantitative scoring of task quantity, task difficulty and completion quality with comprehensive points
performance management: get through performance and cash reward
CRM (to be launched soon): quantify customer management and sales management with points, and reward work performance with cash reward
blockchain +, Store employee's digital assets in the enterprise
the enterprise issues cash coins for employee incentive, cash currency account book, record employee's cash coin transfer record and equity registration, which are used as the company's equity register
welfare mall
thousands of welfare goods are put on the shelves with one click, and employees purchase benefits through points and cash currency
it will be a trend for enterprises to use monetary incentive.