Ethereum TPS speed per second
Publish: 2021-05-08 14:57:24
1. After detailed calculation by the wikilink team, at present, the transaction confirmation speed of wikilink can reach 1000 + TPS, far faster than that of ethereum. At the same time, wikilink will adopt the side chain architecture, each application will have its own independent side chain, and the application data will be independent of each other. The side chain will register its hash on the main chain every other period of time, so as to ensure the side chain from rollback attack.
2. Ethereum can be said to be a very successful currency in technology. In a short period of time, it has formed a trend of convergence. No matter in the technical level or in the market level, it has received global support, and the applications developed around it are emerging in an endless stream. At present, its price has been hovering at 3000 yuan for nearly half a month. I believe that with the progress of the bifurcation, its price is likely to exceed 4000 yuan by the end of the year. As the second largest market value of blockchain projects and bitcoin projects, its value is obviously likely to rise
Ethereum uses fog computing. The data processing and applications of fog computing are concentrated in the devices at the edge of the network, rather than almost all stored in the cloud, which is an extension concept of cloud computing, which is more in line with the spirit of decentralization of blockchain. If all the storage and operations still stay on the centralized server, then it will not be a real blockchain
recently, the hot "ethereal cat" on Ethereum network has led to the congestion of Ethereum network. The problem is that the TPS concurrency per second of Ethereum is too low. The emergence of ethereumfog with fog computing will break the embarrassing situation of Ethereum network congestion, and add powerful decentralized storage and additional computing power to the chain
the concept of fog computing may be unfamiliar to many chain friends, but it is the most important aspect of ether fog to attract investors. In fact, I have heard about the concept of fog computing for a long time, and I have always thought that fog computing is the future development direction. When it comes to fog computing, we should start with cloud computing. In fact, the cloud computing we see now evolves from the cluster of independent servers, that is, from the original centralized independent servers to large server clusters, but in the final analysis, it is still a form of centralized computing. Compared with cloud computing, which is the evolution of centralized computing, fog computing is to share computing tasks with various computing power devices around us, and realize the evolution of decentralized and distributed computing, which coincides with the philosophy of blockchain itself.
Ethereum uses fog computing. The data processing and applications of fog computing are concentrated in the devices at the edge of the network, rather than almost all stored in the cloud, which is an extension concept of cloud computing, which is more in line with the spirit of decentralization of blockchain. If all the storage and operations still stay on the centralized server, then it will not be a real blockchain
recently, the hot "ethereal cat" on Ethereum network has led to the congestion of Ethereum network. The problem is that the TPS concurrency per second of Ethereum is too low. The emergence of ethereumfog with fog computing will break the embarrassing situation of Ethereum network congestion, and add powerful decentralized storage and additional computing power to the chain
the concept of fog computing may be unfamiliar to many chain friends, but it is the most important aspect of ether fog to attract investors. In fact, I have heard about the concept of fog computing for a long time, and I have always thought that fog computing is the future development direction. When it comes to fog computing, we should start with cloud computing. In fact, the cloud computing we see now evolves from the cluster of independent servers, that is, from the original centralized independent servers to large server clusters, but in the final analysis, it is still a form of centralized computing. Compared with cloud computing, which is the evolution of centralized computing, fog computing is to share computing tasks with various computing power devices around us, and realize the evolution of decentralized and distributed computing, which coincides with the philosophy of blockchain itself.
3. Is the first cooperation part still short of one sentence?
4. Don't say ether, even when big pie trading, there are risks. If you want to rece the risk, you need to find a reliable platform and a reliable team, so as to minimize the risk.
5. Network btc123, this website I often use
you can find a trading website on btc123, and then find their official QQ group on the website. If you add a QQ group, you can receive a lot of messages, but there are also many false messages. You can judge for yourself. Or search QQ group with bitcoin keyword directly on QQ
there is also a discussion area on btc-e. if you want to watch others chat there, the news will be very fast.
you can find a trading website on btc123, and then find their official QQ group on the website. If you add a QQ group, you can receive a lot of messages, but there are also many false messages. You can judge for yourself. Or search QQ group with bitcoin keyword directly on QQ
there is also a discussion area on btc-e. if you want to watch others chat there, the news will be very fast.
6. Connection: all performance indicators are calculated in seconds. Difference:
throughput is an indicator of data layer, which refers to the amount of data successfully transmitted by the system in unit time. TPS is an indicator of network protocol layer, which refers to the number of transactions successfully completed in one second. Computer is commonly known as computer, It is a kind of electronic computing machine for high-speed calculation, which can carry out numerical calculation, logical calculation and memory. It is a modern intelligent electronic device that can run according to the program and process massive data automatically and at high speed. A computer which is composed of hardware system and software system and has no software installed is called bare metal
it can be divided into supercomputer, instrial control computer, network computer, personal computer and embedded computer. The more advanced computers are biological computer, photon computer, quantum computer and neural network computer. Protein computer, etc< The computing speed of today's computer system has reached trillions of times per second, and that of microcomputer can reach hundreds of millions of times per second, which makes a large number of complex scientific computing problems solved. For example, the calculation of satellite orbit, large dams, 24-hour weather forecast, etc. in the past, manual calculation took several years or decades, but now it takes only a few days or even minutes to complete by computer
the development of science and technology, especially the development of cutting-edge science and technology, requires highly accurate calculation. The reason why the computer-controlled missile can hit the predetermined target accurately is inseparable from the accurate calculation of the computer. Generally, computers can have more than ten or even dozens of significant digits (binary), and the calculation accuracy can be from a few thousandths to a few millionths, which is beyond the reach of any calculation tool
with the increasing storage capacity of computer, more and more information can be stored. The computer can not only calculate, but also save the data, programs, intermediate results and final results for users to call at any time; It can also carry out arithmetic operation and logic operation, even reasoning and proof for all kinds of information (such as video, language, text, graphics, images, music, etc.) through coding technology
the internal operation of the computer is controlled automatically according to the program that people have programmed in advance. According to the needs of solving the problem, the user designs the operation steps and programs in advance. The computer operates in strict accordance with the steps specified in the program. The whole process does not need manual intervention and is automatically executed, which has achieved the user's expected results
supercomputers are usually composed of hundreds, thousands or even more processors, which can calculate large and complex tasks that ordinary PC and server cannot complete. Supercomputer is a kind of computer with the strongest function, the fastest computing speed and the largest storage capacity. It is an important symbol of the national scientific and technological development level and comprehensive national strength
supercomputer has the strongest parallel computing capability, which is mainly used for scientific computing. It undertakes large-scale and high-speed computing tasks in the fields of meteorology, military, energy, aerospace, exploration, etc
in terms of structure, although supercomputers and servers may be multiprocessor systems, there is no substantial difference between them, modern supercomputers mostly use cluster systems and pay more attention to the performance of floating-point operations, which can be seen as a high-performance server focusing on scientific computing, and the price is very expensive
the power consumption of general supercomputers is quite large, and the electricity cost is thousands in a second. The CPU of supercomputers has at least 50 cores, which is about 10 times that of home computers, and the processing speed is also quite fast, but this kind of CPU can not be purchased, and the price is tens of millions.
throughput is an indicator of data layer, which refers to the amount of data successfully transmitted by the system in unit time. TPS is an indicator of network protocol layer, which refers to the number of transactions successfully completed in one second. Computer is commonly known as computer, It is a kind of electronic computing machine for high-speed calculation, which can carry out numerical calculation, logical calculation and memory. It is a modern intelligent electronic device that can run according to the program and process massive data automatically and at high speed. A computer which is composed of hardware system and software system and has no software installed is called bare metal
it can be divided into supercomputer, instrial control computer, network computer, personal computer and embedded computer. The more advanced computers are biological computer, photon computer, quantum computer and neural network computer. Protein computer, etc< The computing speed of today's computer system has reached trillions of times per second, and that of microcomputer can reach hundreds of millions of times per second, which makes a large number of complex scientific computing problems solved. For example, the calculation of satellite orbit, large dams, 24-hour weather forecast, etc. in the past, manual calculation took several years or decades, but now it takes only a few days or even minutes to complete by computer
the development of science and technology, especially the development of cutting-edge science and technology, requires highly accurate calculation. The reason why the computer-controlled missile can hit the predetermined target accurately is inseparable from the accurate calculation of the computer. Generally, computers can have more than ten or even dozens of significant digits (binary), and the calculation accuracy can be from a few thousandths to a few millionths, which is beyond the reach of any calculation tool
with the increasing storage capacity of computer, more and more information can be stored. The computer can not only calculate, but also save the data, programs, intermediate results and final results for users to call at any time; It can also carry out arithmetic operation and logic operation, even reasoning and proof for all kinds of information (such as video, language, text, graphics, images, music, etc.) through coding technology
the internal operation of the computer is controlled automatically according to the program that people have programmed in advance. According to the needs of solving the problem, the user designs the operation steps and programs in advance. The computer operates in strict accordance with the steps specified in the program. The whole process does not need manual intervention and is automatically executed, which has achieved the user's expected results
supercomputers are usually composed of hundreds, thousands or even more processors, which can calculate large and complex tasks that ordinary PC and server cannot complete. Supercomputer is a kind of computer with the strongest function, the fastest computing speed and the largest storage capacity. It is an important symbol of the national scientific and technological development level and comprehensive national strength
supercomputer has the strongest parallel computing capability, which is mainly used for scientific computing. It undertakes large-scale and high-speed computing tasks in the fields of meteorology, military, energy, aerospace, exploration, etc
in terms of structure, although supercomputers and servers may be multiprocessor systems, there is no substantial difference between them, modern supercomputers mostly use cluster systems and pay more attention to the performance of floating-point operations, which can be seen as a high-performance server focusing on scientific computing, and the price is very expensive
the power consumption of general supercomputers is quite large, and the electricity cost is thousands in a second. The CPU of supercomputers has at least 50 cores, which is about 10 times that of home computers, and the processing speed is also quite fast, but this kind of CPU can not be purchased, and the price is tens of millions.
7. Connection: all performance indicators are calculated in seconds
difference:
throughput is an indicator of the data layer, which refers to the amount of data successfully transmitted by the system in unit time, and in MB, GB, etc.
TPS is an indicator of the network protocol layer, which refers to the number of transactions successfully completed in one second
throughput is a common concept, It can be used to measure network performance or software performance
TPS is usually only used in LoadRunner tools, and generally only used to measure software performance
difference:
throughput is an indicator of the data layer, which refers to the amount of data successfully transmitted by the system in unit time, and in MB, GB, etc.
TPS is an indicator of the network protocol layer, which refers to the number of transactions successfully completed in one second
throughput is a common concept, It can be used to measure network performance or software performance
TPS is usually only used in LoadRunner tools, and generally only used to measure software performance
8. All capacitors contain ESR and ESL, both of which have obvious influence on transient response. The output voltage seen ring an increased current load transient is similar to that shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 on the right: the voltage on both sides of the capacitor decreases e to the Vout after the load step increases, which strongly depends on the rise time of the load transient: the faster the load changes, the greater the "spike" of the output voltage waveform generated by the ESL. The time of the peak is very narrow, because the inctor only generates a voltage in response to the changing current, which can be obtained by the following formula:
V = LDI / dt
when the load current reaches a new value (IL2), the voltage peak of ESL ends. The shorter the rise time of load current transient, the greater the influence of inctance. The ESR and ESL of large capacity ceramic capacitors are very low. They are usually used at the pins of devices, and these devices have corresponding requirements for fast rising load transients
the ESR of the output capacitor will cause the voltage to decrease regardless of whether the capacitor is supplying current or absorbing current (represented by "ESR step" on the waveform). In particular, it should be noted that the "ESR step" here refers to the DC voltage change at the regulated output when the load transients. This means that ESR becomes a key factor when designing for the maximum allowable voltage tolerance range that the regulated voltage must meet
in the time interval before the current source of the voltage regulator is adjusted to a new value by the control loop, the partial voltage on both sides of the ESR reces the output voltage (ring this period, the discharge charge of cout will also be reced correspondingly)
since these factors cause the regulated output voltage to fall below the rated value, the feedback from the output voltage to the error amplifier makes the current source ireg fully open, thus forcing the output voltage to return to the rated voltage. The output voltage will rise and overshoot beyond the rated value. At this time, as the loop continues to adjust, the output voltage will be adjusted to decrease. In this case, the loop behavior accurately reflects the phase margin (loop stability). One is well compensated and the phase margin is greater than 40 ° In this case, a transient will disappear rapidly, and only a large offset will be included in the transient (as shown in Figure 2). A relatively small phase margin will result in an additional "ring cycle" in the loop establishment behavior. The waveform in Figure 2 shows a "best case" description of stability, but it is not typical
when the control loop reaches a new steady state (the current supplied by the regulator's current source is IL2), the output capacitor stops supplying current to the circuit again.
Figure 2 on the right: the voltage on both sides of the capacitor decreases e to the Vout after the load step increases, which strongly depends on the rise time of the load transient: the faster the load changes, the greater the "spike" of the output voltage waveform generated by the ESL. The time of the peak is very narrow, because the inctor only generates a voltage in response to the changing current, which can be obtained by the following formula:
V = LDI / dt
when the load current reaches a new value (IL2), the voltage peak of ESL ends. The shorter the rise time of load current transient, the greater the influence of inctance. The ESR and ESL of large capacity ceramic capacitors are very low. They are usually used at the pins of devices, and these devices have corresponding requirements for fast rising load transients
the ESR of the output capacitor will cause the voltage to decrease regardless of whether the capacitor is supplying current or absorbing current (represented by "ESR step" on the waveform). In particular, it should be noted that the "ESR step" here refers to the DC voltage change at the regulated output when the load transients. This means that ESR becomes a key factor when designing for the maximum allowable voltage tolerance range that the regulated voltage must meet
in the time interval before the current source of the voltage regulator is adjusted to a new value by the control loop, the partial voltage on both sides of the ESR reces the output voltage (ring this period, the discharge charge of cout will also be reced correspondingly)
since these factors cause the regulated output voltage to fall below the rated value, the feedback from the output voltage to the error amplifier makes the current source ireg fully open, thus forcing the output voltage to return to the rated voltage. The output voltage will rise and overshoot beyond the rated value. At this time, as the loop continues to adjust, the output voltage will be adjusted to decrease. In this case, the loop behavior accurately reflects the phase margin (loop stability). One is well compensated and the phase margin is greater than 40 ° In this case, a transient will disappear rapidly, and only a large offset will be included in the transient (as shown in Figure 2). A relatively small phase margin will result in an additional "ring cycle" in the loop establishment behavior. The waveform in Figure 2 shows a "best case" description of stability, but it is not typical
when the control loop reaches a new steady state (the current supplied by the regulator's current source is IL2), the output capacitor stops supplying current to the circuit again.
9.
bus line: 256, about 5.4km
1. Walk about 190m from shisanwei road to Sanjing Street Station of shisanwei road
2. Take 256, pass 9 stops, and reach tiantianugong station
3. Walk about 390m to Xinbei station of Shenhe District, Shenyang City
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