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virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currencies, such as online currency of Internet company, q-coin of Tencent company, q-point and voucher of Shanda company, micro currency launched by Sina (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver grain (used for bixue Qingtian game), and popular digital currencies in 2013 include bitcoin, Laite coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, etc Barbecue coins, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bars, red coins, prime coins. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum". According to the notice and announcement issued by the people's Bank of China and other departments, virtual currency is not issued by the monetary authority, has no legal compensation and mandatory monetary attributes, and is not a real currency

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In 1956, Chairman Mao Zedong originally planned to set up the China Commission on the peaceful use of atomic energy. Song renqiong was in charge of the work, coordinating all aspects of work, and carrying out research and utilization of nuclear energy in China. Zhou Enlai talked to song renqiong. In the conversation, song renqiong gave his proposal to Premier Zhou Enlai, "the nuclear research committee talks much more about the exchanges between the committees. For example, if China is really determined to build its own atomic bomb as soon as possible, I suggest the central government consider setting up an entity's Ministry of instry to carry out practical research, testing and manufacturing, By the Ministry of instry to grasp the whole, will be able to quickly build their own atomic bomb! It is better not to adopt a system that separates research from manufacturing. "
after this talk, song renqiong first took up the post of China Commission on the peaceful uses of atomic energy to carry out work. After Premier Zhou Enlai personally reported to Chairman Mao Zedong his talk with song renqiong and song renqiong's proposal, the Central Committee adopted the proposal and decided to abolish the Committee on the peaceful use of atomic energy and establish a new special Ministry of instry to achieve a one-stop process from research and experiment to proction. In 1960, song renqiong went to Guangzhou to meet with the president and reported on the plan for the first atomic bomb to explode in 64. Later, the central government transferred song renqiong to work in Northeast China. Premier Zhou asked song who was suitable to be minister. Song renqiong replied, "Comrade Liu Jie can be minister. He knows clearly from beginning to end the plan for the 64 year bombing set by the Ministry of second machinery. If the central government thinks it is OK to transfer the troops to another post." The reason why Liu Jie is recommended as minister is based on the principle of grasping through the whole process (there should be no interruption in the middle to re understand the situation)
Song renqiong's proposal selected a good leader for the Ministry of second machinery, and also became a system for R & D and manufacturing of several major military projects in China. Liu Jie's excellent leadership has made China's atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb, missile, satellite and nuclear submarine successful as soon as possible, which has greatly saved precious time and manpower, material resources and money, as well as possible repeated investment (including manpower, time and money)< From 1956 to 1960, Liu Jie was the Vice Minister of the Ministry of second machinery and Deputy Secretary of the Party group. From 1960 to 1967, he was Minister of the second Ministry of machinery and Secretary of the party leading group. The main task of the second engineering department is to develop nuclear weapons. The second engineering department is the nickname of the Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics
when Liu Jie was Vice Minister of Geology and Secretary of the Party group, he found the first uranium mine in China. At the beginning of 1959, great progress has been made in the first batch of major projects, such as the Baotou nuclear fuel element plant in Inner Mongolia, the Lanzhou uranium enrichment plant in Gansu, and the Jiuquan atomic energy complex in Gansu. China urgently needs the Soviet side to provide technical information for the proction of atomic bombs as soon as possible. After the nuclear fuel plant is completed and the fission material is proced, it can be put into the proction of weapons, The first nuclear test was carried out in 1962< However, e to the delay of the Soviet Union in fulfilling the core content of the "new technology agreement for national defense" -- providing atomic bomb teaching models and materials -- and the coordination of the Ministry of second machinery, the reply given by the Soviet side is that the opinions put forward by the Chinese side are reasonable and necessary, but it is necessary to supplement and modify the contents of the "new technology agreement for national defense.", Therefore, it is also up to the Chinese government to formally propose to the Soviet Union to send a delegation to the Soviet Union to negotiate and solve relevant problems
in this case, in late June, China formed a delegation headed by song renqiong, ready to leave for the Soviet Union. At this time, a bad news spread from Moscow to Beijing< One day at the end of June 1959, Zhou Enlai's secretary, Ma Lie, called Liu Jie, Deputy Minister of the second level department, saying that there was a top secret document related to the nuclear issue and asked him to have a look at it immediately. Liu Jie rushed to get a car. It turned out to be a letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, signed on June 20, 1959, and sent to Zhou Enlai's office by the counselor of the Soviet embassy in China on June 26, 1959. At this time, the main leaders of the central committee went to Lushan for a meeting. Zhou Enlai asked Liu Jie to have a look first
the content of the letter is roughly as follows: the Minister of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering of China requested that samples of the atomic bomb and technical information on the design of the bomb should be transmitted to China at that time. This request was just in time for the Geneva conference to draw up an agreement on banning the testing of nuclear weapons, and just in time for the upcoming summit of the government, Considering that if Western countries learn that the Soviet Union has handed over samples of nuclear weapons and technical information on their designs to China, they are likely to seriously undermine the efforts of socialist countries to strive for peace and ease national defense tensions. Therefore, under the conditions at that time, we had to postpone providing China with samples and technical information of atomic bombs. How to act together in the future will be determined by the development of the situation two years later...
Liu Jie took the letter, read it silently, remember it silently, read it again and read it again. Because this kind of top secret can't be taken away or copied. At that time, I was used to it. I usually read it twice. As long as it's not long, I can write it down. Liu Jie returned the letter to Ma Lie, saying that he had written it down
after reading the letter, Liu Jie's first thought was: because the Soviet Union was negotiating with the United States, Britain and other western countries to ban nuclear tests, Khrushchev and Eisenhower were going to hold talks at Camp David. The Soviet Union found these two reasons, saying that two years later, in fact, it was indefinitely delaying aid to China
after returning to the Ministry, Liu Jie immediately told song renqiong what he meant. The Party group held a meeting to study it and made an estimate: it seems that from this letter on, the possibility of the Soviet Union's assistance to China in the aspect of atomic bomb is no longer great
but what about this letter? After all, it was a letter from the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Song renqiong asked Nie Rongzhen, who had a meeting in Lushan, on the phone. Nie Rongzhen felt that the matter was important and asked song renqiong, Liu Jie and Wan Yi to report to the main leaders of the Central Committee on Lushan Mountain. After listening to the report, Nie Rongzhen said: "if the Soviet Union does not give it, we will do it ourselves." Zhou Enlai's final opinion is: "the central government has studied it, and we will ignore it. If he doesn't give it, we'll do it ourselves, start from scratch, and prepare to build an atomic bomb in eight years. " In order to remember the special day of June 1959, the code name of China's first atomic bomb project was later determined as "596"
under the organization of Liu Jie, a group of students and even outstanding scientists who are determined to serve the motherland and returned from overseas in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China have stepped into the gate of the Chinese Academy of materials, which is casting the national nuclear shield. As the Minister of the second Machinery Department, Liu Jie is facing unprecedented pressure and difficulties
in the 1960s, the "two bombs" research and development base was located in the plateau pastoral area with an altitude of more than 3000 meters. In winter, it was covered with snow and sand. The lowest temperature is 40 degrees below zero. You have to wear cotton padded clothes for eight or nine months in a year“ If you are hungry, drink bitterly. " General Zhang Aiping described the difficult conditions of the experimental base at that time“ Grass, blue sky, tent for home; Deep mountain and gorge, unique cave "
with a strong sense of national pride and responsibility, Wanming construction army started with three tents, built factories, built railways and built roads. At the same time, we should cultivate highland barley and yam eggs, raise cattle and sheep, and supplement the shortage of supplies
at that time, what Liu Jie faced was not only the harsh natural environment, but also the increasingly severe international situation. In June 1959, the Soviet Union tore up the agreement on new technology for national defense, which provided China with teaching models and drawings of atomic bombs. In 1960, all technical experts were withdrawn, making the initial research and development work even worse< In addition, the development of nuclear weapons is a huge system engineering, involving many disciplines and departments. When breaking through the "two bombs", 26 ministries (commissions) including the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of metallurgy, the Ministry of chemical instry, the Ministry of communications, the Ministry of water and electricity, all branches of the PLA, 20 provinces, autonomous regions, more than 900 factories, enterprises, scientific research institutes, and colleges and universities participated in tackling key problems and battles. Under the excellent leadership of Liu Jie, all the work carried out smoothly. The whole country has made great efforts to do a good job in the research and development of nuclear weapons
all over the country gave him strong support and sent his elites to the nuclear instry one after another; The nuclear instry system and nuclear test base have always cooperated closely with the Chinese Academy of physics. It is with this spirit of cooperation of the whole country and one mind that China's nuclear cause can be invincible
in the early 1960s, when life was extremely hard and difficult, the central leadership gave Liu Jie strong support. They expressed deep concern for the nuclear cause: Premier Zhou invited the representatives of scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences to Beijing for a meal of meat; Marshal Nie Rongzhen, who was ill, had raised money from the military regions for the supply of the hospital; In the case of famine, the state grain department transferred tens of thousands of Jin of soybeans from all over the country; In September 1958, after the first batch of college graates arrived, Deng Jiaxian, the "baby doctor", took these young people who had just left school to learn from the most basic three books< In April 1960, the theoretical design of the atomic bomb officially began, and by the end of the year, the outline of the principle of China's first atomic bomb had been outlined. At the same time of theoretical design, detonation experiments were also carried out in the suburbs of Beijing
while vigorously developing the atomic bomb, Chinese scientists have begun to explore the principle of hydrogen bomb since the end of 1960. At that time, Liu Jie, Minister of the Ministry of second machinery, and Qian Sanqiang, Vice Minister of the Ministry of second machinery, entrusted the task of studying the hydrogen bomb to Huang Zuqia, Yu Min, he Zuoxiu and others who worked in the Institute of atomic energy
start from scratch. At that time, the equipment was too simple. Apart from some tables and chairs, there were only a few rulers and a blackboard. But we have the biggest advantage: our young scientists and technicians have a burning heart to revitalize the nation. Based on their profound theoretical foundation, they began to carry out basic research on the properties of thermonuclear materials and thermonuclear reaction mechanism
under the wise leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the strong support of the people of the whole country, the arous efforts of the Chinese Academy of engineering physics have finally ushered in an earth shaking sound in Chinese history! This is an exciting and unforgettable moment for all Chinese people. At 3:00 p.m. on October 16, 1964, in the vast desert of Northwest China, there was a loud bang, and a huge mushroom like smoke cloud was raised. The thunder that shocked the world announced to the world: the era of bullying in China is over
after the successful explosion of the first atomic bomb, the team engaged in the preliminary exploration of hydrogen bomb theory transferred to the theory department of the Chinese Academy of physics, and joined with the scientific and technological team there to form a strong scientific research fist. The scientific research building of the theory department is brightly lit every night. In order to figure out a problem, Liu Jie often works all night; The reports of Peng Huanwu, Deng Jiaxian, Zhou Guangzhao, Huang Zuqia, Yu Min and other scientists are one after another, and the lecture hall is often crowded< On December 28, 1966, the hydrogen bomb principle test was successful; At 7:00 a.m. on June 17, 1967, the air force's Xu Kejiang crew piloted No. 72 bomber to conct an air drop test of hydrogen bomb. Over the silent Gobi desert, an extremely magical and spectacular "sun" Rose instantly. The hydrogen bomb test was successful again
from the first atomic bomb test to the breakthrough of hydrogen bomb principle, it took more than seven years for the United States, four years for the Soviet Union, four and a half years for Britain, and only two years and two months for China. It's an event that has shocked the world

Li Siguang, Mao Yisheng, Tong Dizhou, Hua Luogeng, Qian Xuesen, Chen Jingrun, Deng Jiaxian< Qian Sanqiang (1913-1992)
born in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province in 1913, male, CPC member, nuclear physicist, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences< After graating from the Department of physics of Tsinghua University in 1936, he went to the Curie Laboratory of the University of Paris in France and the laboratory of nuclear chemistry of the French Academy to engage in the research of nuclear physics, and obtained a doctor's degree. In 1946, he was awarded the title of Henry & Chen of the French Academy of Sciences; Debar microphysics
prize. After returning to China in 1948, he successively served as professor of Physics Department of Tsinghua University, director of Institute of atomic energy of Peking Research Institute, director of Institute of modern physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (later changed to Institute of atomic energy), director of Planning Bureau, deputy secretary general, Vice Minister of second Engineering Department, vice president of Chinese Academy of Sciences, President of Chinese physical society, honorary president of Chinese nuclear society, and specially invited consultant of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 19
died in 1992
one of the pioneers and founders of China's atomic energy instry. In the 1950s, he led the construction of China's first heavy water type atomic reaction
reactor and the first cyclotron, as well as a number of important instruments and equipment. The research work of reactor physics, reactor engineering technology, brazing chemistry, radiobiology, radioisotope preparation, high-energy accelerator technology, controlled thermonuclear fusion and so on in China has been carried out successively. After the Soviet government stopped its technical assistance to China, on the one hand, it quickly selected a group of outstanding nuclear science and technology experts to the second Ministry of machinery to be directly responsible for tackling key tasks in all aspects of atomic bomb development; on the other hand, it organized joint tackling with relevant leaders of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Many key technologies have been solved in time, making important contributions to the successful development of the first atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb. As early as 1960, the theoretical and experimental research groups of neutron physics organized by the Institute of atomic energy carried out the pre research work of hydrogen bomb, which made theoretical preparation for the research of hydrogen bomb, and contributed to the development of hydrogen bomb in China only two years and eight months after the explosion of the first atomic bomb< Qian Ji (1917-1983)
born in Jintan City, Jiangsu Province in 1917, male, member of the Communist Party of China, expert in space technology and space physics
graated from normal college of Central University in 1943. Since 1949, he has successively served as deputy director and director of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and business director of the second satellite design institute. Since 1968, he has successively served as director of the overall satellite design department, vice president of the Fifth Research Institute and deputy director of the science and Technology Commission. Director of China Society of Astronautics, vice chairman of China Society of space sciences. He died in 1983
one of the pioneers of space technology in China. Lead the theoretical research of satellite overall, structure, antenna and environment simulation. Responsible for
and organizing the development of small thermal vacuum environment simulation test equipment, medium and small centrifuges and shaking table equipment. Responsible for leading the research and development of space physical detection instruments, tracking and positioning and data processing equipment for sounding
rocket head, and obtaining abundant test data. We have participated in
and worked out the development plan of interplanetary navigation, put forward a number of new technology pre research topics related to the development of artificial satellites, and made a lot of pioneering work for the early development of China's space technology. In 1965, he put forward the
report of "China's first man-made satellite plan". We organized the preparation of the outline of China's satellite series development plan, organized and put forward the pre research projects, and laid a preliminary technical foundation for the development of man-made satellites. He is responsible for the establishment of the satellite overall design organization and is the overall director of the
scheme of China's first satellite dongfanghong-1. At the same time, we have done a lot of technical and organizational leadership work for the development of recoverable satellites. In 1964, he won the second prize of national science and technology progress award. In 1985, he won the special prize of national science and technology progress award< Yao Tongbin (1922-1968)
born in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province in 1922, male, member of the Communist Party of China, expert in metallurgy and aerospace materials
graated from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1945, went to study in the Department of instrial metallurgy of Birmingham University in 1947, obtained a bachelor's degree in 1951, and worked as a researcher and assistant professor in the Foundry Research Office of Metallurgy Department of Ahern University of technology in 1954. After returning to China in 1957, he served as a researcher, director and director of the materials research office of the first branch of the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of national defense. He died in 1968
as the first generation of aerospace material technology experts and technology leaders in China, he has made great achievements in the research on viscosity and fluidity of metals and alloys in modern metallurgy. In 1962, we organized and formulated the research direction of materials and technology of the Fifth Academy of national defense, and arranged the advance research of materials and technology according to the requirement of "materials
should go first". In the four years before and after that, in addition to putting forward a large number of research projects to the domestic brother
units, he carried out more than 500 research projects in the Institute. To lead and guide the research on the fabrication and brazing process of manganese based brazing alloys, and to develop the domestic No.1 and No.2 manganese based brazing alloys, and to replace the old welding structures of liquid
rocket engines in China with brazing structures. Presided over the research on the vibration fatigue damage of liquid rocket engine materials and the vibration fatigue damage of liquid rocket
welded structure, and applied it to the development of the model, which played a guiding role in the design of rocket components,
material selection and manufacturing. He is rigorous in his studies and sets an example, making important contributions to the cultivation of scientific research personnel and the construction of work style. In 1985, he won the special prize of national science and technology progress award< Zhao Jiuzhang (1907-1968)
born in Wuxing County, Zhejiang Province in 1907, male, geophysicist, member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics, Tsinghua University in 1933. In 1935, he went to Germany to study meteorology. In 1938, he received a doctor's degree and returned to China in the same year. Professor of southwest United University, director of Institute of meteorology, Academia Sinica. After the founding of the people's Republic of China,
served as director of Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, President of Satellite Design Institute, President of China Meteorological Society and President of China geophysical society. He died in 1968
one of the advocates and founders of China's satellite instry. Since 1957, he has actively advocated the development of China's own
artificial satellites. In August 1958, the Chinese Academy of Sciences set up an artificial earth satellite research and development group, of which he was the principal. In October of the same year,
put forward the important proposal that "China's development of man-made satellites should take the road of self-reliance, from small to large, from low level to high level". Under his leadership, he pioneered the research of using meteorological rockets and sounding rockets for high-altitude exploration, explored the direction of satellite development, prepared to build an environmental simulation laboratory, carried out research on telemetry and tracking technology, and established a space science and technology team. In 2004, according to the development of domestic means of delivery, he put forward the proposal to carry out the research and development of man-made earth satellites. He played an important role in the formulation of the development plan and specific exploration scheme of China's
satellite series, the determination of China's first man-made earth satellite, recoverable satellite and other general
body scheme, and the development of key technologies. Under his leadership, he also completed the research projects of ground
earthquake observation and shock wave propagation law of nuclear explosion test, as well as the physical phenomena of warhead re-entry into the atmosphere. In 1985, he won the national science and technology progress award< Deng Jiaxian (1924-1986)
born in Huaining County, Anhui Province in 1924, male, CPC member, nuclear physicist, member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics of southwest United University in 1945, and then taught in Peking University. In October 1948, he studied in the Department of physics, Pure University, USA. in 1950, he received a doctor's degree in physics and returned to China in the same year. He has successively served as research assistant and associate researcher of Institute of modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, director of theory department of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering, vice president and President of the Ninth Research Institute, vice director of science and Technology Committee of science and Technology Commission of national defense, vice director of science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of nuclear instry, etc. Member of the 12th CPC Central Committee. He died in 1986
in the research of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, he led the basic theoretical research of detonation physics, hydrodynamics, equation of state, neutron transport, etc., carried out a large number of simulation calculation and analysis of the physical process of atomic bomb, and took the first step of China's independent research on nuclear weapons. Lead to complete the theoretical scheme of atomic bomb, and participate in guiding the detonation simulation test of nuclear test. After the success of the atomic bomb test, we immediately organized forces to explore the design principle of hydrogen bomb and select technical approaches. He won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1982, two special prizes of national science and Technology Progress Award in 1985, the title of national labor model in 1986, and one special prize of national science and Technology Progress Award in 1987 and 19
89 respectively< Wang Ganchang (1907-1998)
born in Changshu County, Jiangsu Province in 1907, male, CPC member, nuclear physicist, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics, Tsinghua University in 1929. In 1930, he went to Berlin University to study abroad. In 1934, he received his Ph.D.
, and returned to China in the same year. He was a professor of Shandong University and Zhejiang University. Since May 1950, he has successively served as a researcher and deputy director of Institute of modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, deputy director of Dubner Joint Nuclear Research Institute, deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering, deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering, deputy director of the second Ministry of mechanical engineering and director of the Institute of atomic energy, and deputy director of the science and Technology Commission of the Ministry of nuclear instry, Vice chairman of the 2nd National Committee of China Association of science and technology, vice chairman of China Physical Society, first chairman of China Nuclear Society, member of the Standing Committee of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th National People's Congress. He died in 1998
he is one of the main scientific and technological leaders in the development of nuclear weapons and a pioneer in the research and experiment of nuclear weapons. During the development of the
nuclear weapon, he directed and participated in the development of China's atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb. He was the chief member of the Technical Committee for cold test of atomic bomb, guiding China's first underground nuclear test, leading and organizing China's second and third underground nuclear tests
he presided over and directed the detonation physics test, explosive technology, near-field nuclear explosion detection, anti electromagnetic interference, anti nuclear reinforcement technology and optical simulation nuclear explosion test, etc. In 1964, he and the famous Soviet scientist bassov independently put forward the new concept of laser inertial confinement fusion. He is the founder of inertial confinement fusion research in China. Actively promote the establishment of
the Joint Laboratory of high power laser physics, and has been guiding the research of inertial confinement fusion. Actively guide the atomic energy research
Institute to carry out the research of electron beam pumped hydrogen fluoride laser. In 1982, he won the first prize of National Natural Science Award, and in 1985, he won two special prizes of national science and technology progress award< Peng Huanwu (1915 -)
born in Macheng City, Hubei Province in 1915, male, physicist, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences
graated from the Department of physics of Tsinghua University in 1935. In 1938, he went to Edinburgh University to study abroad, engaged in theoretical research on solid state physics and quantum field theory, and obtained Ph.D. and Ph.D. of science. 1945 and N & 8226; Born was awarded the McDougal bretzban prize by the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was elected to the Royal Irish Academy of Sciences in 1948. Back in 1947