Ethereum scam etft
Publish: 2021-05-10 04:26:07
1. 2020 is the first year of proction rection. Everyone turns to BTC, BCH, BSV and other currencies. However, you forget eth. As the king of the public chain, ETH will usher in the big upgrade of 2.0 super version in 2020, switching from the pow mechanism to the POS mechanism. In addition, it will face proction rection in March next year, and its circulation will be reced by 10 times. Its impact is no less than that of bitcoin proction. Since the beginning of the year, the trading volume of eth has grown explosively, and the institutional capital has poured in to preempt the layout. However, the current price of eth is only 260 US dollars. With many super favorable blessings, the market expects eth to usher in a super bull market< In theory, the circulation of next year will be reced by 10 times. In theory, the current price of eth is 260x4 = US $1040 (upgrade + expected price after proction rection)
ring this period, the return comparison between holding spot and ETF fund is as follows:
1. Holding spot makes 4 times of profit
2. Holding Ethereum ETF fund makes 12 times of profit, Up to 30 times (intelligent position adjustment + fund compound interest calculation)
there is no doubt that the Ethereum ETF launched by bitoffer is the best investment choice!
ring this period, the return comparison between holding spot and ETF fund is as follows:
1. Holding spot makes 4 times of profit
2. Holding Ethereum ETF fund makes 12 times of profit, Up to 30 times (intelligent position adjustment + fund compound interest calculation)
there is no doubt that the Ethereum ETF launched by bitoffer is the best investment choice!
2.
First enter the official website, find the corresponding currency in the recharge withdrawal, fill in the corresponding information, and then submit the withdrawal
Trading rules of bitcoin: 1. Trading time: 7 * 24 hours, all year round
2. Account opening: the account opening process is simple. You only need to register with niubitnet and complete the real name authentication to recharge RMB, and at least recharge RMB 100 to start the transaction
Transaction fee: 0.2% for each transaction T + 0 trading mechanism: the stock is t + 1 trading, that is to say, the stock can be bought on the same day and sold on the next trading day. Bitcoin and other digital assets are t + 0 transactions, which can be bought and sold on the same day. And there is no limit on the number of transactions 5. No limit on the rise and fall: the stock has a limit on the rise and fall, while bitcoin and other digital asset transactions have no limit on the rise and fall, for example, bitcoin rose more than 20% in a single day on May 28
6. Trading unit: the minimum number of BTCs that can be bought / sold is 0.001 (about 17 yuan), and there is no buy / sell limit of at least one hand (100 shares)
There is no time limit for cash withdrawal: cash withdrawal at any time, high liquidity The basic principle of transaction: price first, time first. When the commission price is the same, the Commission order with earlier registration time is better than that with later registration time3. In fact, most trading platforms support eth Ethereum trading
4. Ethereum mining software is an Ethereum market display and trading software. Ethereum mining software can recharge and withdraw cash at any time without time limit. Ethereum mining software has the latest and complete market information. Ethereum mining software adopts advanced technology to ensure the safe, fast and stable trading. Using Ethereum mining software can provide you with professional, fast and convenient bitcoin / lightcoin trading services. Ethereum mining software is a good helper for you to buy bitcoin.
5. Ethereum continues to hold for a long time and will rise again this year. Simu has access to the TS tourism chain. If there is no channel, it's better to invest in ether and dog coin.
6. 2020 is the first year of proction rection. Everyone turns to BTC, BCH, BSV and other currencies. However, you forget eth. As the king of the public chain, ETH will usher in the big upgrade of 2.0 super version in 2020, switching from the pow mechanism to the POS mechanism. In addition, it will face proction rection in March next year, and its circulation will be reced by 10 times. Its impact is no less than that of bitcoin proction. Since the beginning of the year, the trading volume of eth has grown explosively, and the institutional capital has poured in to preempt the layout. However, the current price of eth is only 260 US dollars. With many super favorable blessings, the market expects eth to usher in a super bull market< In theory, X2
2. The circulation of next year will decrease 10 times. In theory, X2
3. The current price of eth is 260x4 = US $1040 (upgrade + expected price after proction rection)
ring this period, the return comparison between holding spot and ETF fund is as follows:
1. Holding spot makes 4 times of profit
2. Holding Ethereum ETF fund starts with 12 times of profit, Up to more than 30 times (intelligent position adjustment + fund compound interest calculation)
there is no doubt that the Ethereum ETF launched by bitoffer is the best investment choice!
2. The circulation of next year will decrease 10 times. In theory, X2
3. The current price of eth is 260x4 = US $1040 (upgrade + expected price after proction rection)
ring this period, the return comparison between holding spot and ETF fund is as follows:
1. Holding spot makes 4 times of profit
2. Holding Ethereum ETF fund starts with 12 times of profit, Up to more than 30 times (intelligent position adjustment + fund compound interest calculation)
there is no doubt that the Ethereum ETF launched by bitoffer is the best investment choice!
7. If you want to play the game well, you have to have a way to make money. Each player has his own way to make money. For example, some players of "happy love" will become rich through running business, but how to operate it<
buy at a low price and sell at a high price
it's very easy to get the business running task. There is no qualification requirement. As long as there is a gang, you can get it from the sect master. After receiving the task, a silver note will appear in your backpack, which is the principal of your business! How to do a good job in business is the next thing you need to consider. It's worth noting that at this time you will enter a state of being unable to transmit, and everything will be done step by step with your legs
here's a reminder to all players: at this time, your name has become "XX Gang businessman". This is to tell you that you are doing business for the gang, and no one is allowed to disturb you. However, be careful. Some young swordsmen with bandit temper like to rob businessmen. Although they will lose their popularity, their gangs will increase the money of the corresponding banknotes and commodities. This is a business that can make no loss. So don't expect other young Xia to give up robbing you for fear of popularity. In the process of running a business, you must take good weapons and be ready to accept challenges at any time. Only with strong strength and courage can you defend the glory of the gang
selective buying and selling
there are four kinds of goods for us to buy from the specialty merchants in Chang'an city. The purchase price and selling price of each kind of goods are different. In order to save time and complete the business as quickly as possible, players should use their brains here to selectively purchase several kinds of goods according to the income and earn the maximum price difference
the next step is to run back and forth between several maps with specialty goods suppliers. The purchase prices of different goods vary in different locations. At present, there are two main business routes, one is from Chang'an city to Taohuawu and then to Loulan, the other is from Chang'an city to Kunlun mountain to Wangxian town. Find out your favorite business route and make the most profit for the gang
it's hard to run a business, but the target amount is not enough. Remember to go back to the gang and hand over the task to the master before it's really over. You will be rewarded with money, experience and tribute when you finish running business. You also have the chance to get all kinds of treasures in the gang warehouse!
buy at a low price and sell at a high price
it's very easy to get the business running task. There is no qualification requirement. As long as there is a gang, you can get it from the sect master. After receiving the task, a silver note will appear in your backpack, which is the principal of your business! How to do a good job in business is the next thing you need to consider. It's worth noting that at this time you will enter a state of being unable to transmit, and everything will be done step by step with your legs
here's a reminder to all players: at this time, your name has become "XX Gang businessman". This is to tell you that you are doing business for the gang, and no one is allowed to disturb you. However, be careful. Some young swordsmen with bandit temper like to rob businessmen. Although they will lose their popularity, their gangs will increase the money of the corresponding banknotes and commodities. This is a business that can make no loss. So don't expect other young Xia to give up robbing you for fear of popularity. In the process of running a business, you must take good weapons and be ready to accept challenges at any time. Only with strong strength and courage can you defend the glory of the gang
selective buying and selling
there are four kinds of goods for us to buy from the specialty merchants in Chang'an city. The purchase price and selling price of each kind of goods are different. In order to save time and complete the business as quickly as possible, players should use their brains here to selectively purchase several kinds of goods according to the income and earn the maximum price difference
the next step is to run back and forth between several maps with specialty goods suppliers. The purchase prices of different goods vary in different locations. At present, there are two main business routes, one is from Chang'an city to Taohuawu and then to Loulan, the other is from Chang'an city to Kunlun mountain to Wangxian town. Find out your favorite business route and make the most profit for the gang
it's hard to run a business, but the target amount is not enough. Remember to go back to the gang and hand over the task to the master before it's really over. You will be rewarded with money, experience and tribute when you finish running business. You also have the chance to get all kinds of treasures in the gang warehouse!
8. 1. Yangcheng Lake - Bacheng: eat the most authentic hairy crabs
ask where to eat crabs in Bacheng, any citizen can point out a way. We learned that there are four crab markets and one food street in Bacheng, which is a relatively concentrated place to eat crabs
the crab boat garden in Bacheng is located on Hubin Road by Yangcheng Lake. From Kunshan to Bacheng, just go west along Ma'anshan road and turn right to Hubin Road. Take the highway diners from the exit of the highway Bacheng, along the North West Road has been West to the end, turn right about 1 km road can reach crab Fang Yuan
Xiefang garden is located in the northeast of Yangcheng Lake, beside Xiangshi road. Diners can get off from the exit of Yangcheng Hubei (Bacheng North) of the ring expressway and turn left about 800 meters out of the toll station. The spring and autumn water city crab boat garden has invested about 16 million yuan to build water city catering center, aquatic wholesale market, fishing center and other facilities<
yujiadenghuo catering base is located in Yangcheng Hunan Province, which can be reached from the west to the end along Ma'anshan road. The diners at the exit of Baicheng expressway can walk westward along Chengbei West Road, turn left into Gucheng Road, and then turn into Ma'anshan road to see the lights of fishermen. Fishermen's Lantern investment is 38 million yuan (including 4.2 million yuan for environmental protection), with 46000 square meters of parking space, 2300 meters of catering ship wharf, nearly 100 catering ships, and more than 50% of green coverage
the second market for hairy crabs is also called Bacheng Lake market. You can go north along Weicheng Road, turn to Linhu Road, and go west to Bacheng primary school. The diners who take the expressway take the North West Road to the west, find the Weicheng road and drive north. The second hairy crab trading market has invested 8.5 million yuan in building 139 trading boat docks and 34 catering boats
the food street in Bacheng is mainly operated by the storefronts on both sides of Bajie road and Dayu road. Kunshan diners drive north along Hubin Road and you can see a street full of crab boats. After getting off the expressway, go west to the north of the city and find Hubin Road to find the market. Gourmet street has attracted 89 million yuan of private capital to build 167 business houses, covering a total area of 45500 square meters
of course, if you don't eat crabs in these crab boat intensive crab markets, the old streets in Bacheng town are also a good choice. After eating crab, take a walk in the old street, you can not only eat, but also experience the unique customs of Jiangnan Water Town
some farmhouses and ecological farms scattered in every corner of Baicheng also have authentic hairy crabs. Choose a restaurant you like and try the local farmhouse food. It has a different flavor
recommendation of crab eating restaurant:
a'si crab village in Bacheng, the first sign of crab eating in Yangcheng Lake. The crab village is actually a three story pavilion built by two large barges fixed on the lake. Although it is built on the ship, it is like walking on the ground. The front three floors are all private rooms for eating and seeing the scenery. Behind the crab village are open-air dining places and whole rows of net cages for keeping hairy crabs and fresh Yangcheng Lake aquatic procts. Guests can fish and burn whatever they want< Yangcheng Lake Yangcheng Lake Town: eating crabs on the island, the scenery here is unique
Yangcheng Lake town has two peninsulas, the main island and the lotus island. The annual output of hairy crabs is half of the total output of Yangcheng Lake District. The biggest feature of eating crabs in Yangchenghu town may be that the scenery is better. It's a bit of a paradise to take a motorboat tour of the lake
self driving route: Shanghai Nanjing Expressway Zhengyi hub (the intersection of Shanghai Nanjing Expressway and Suzhou Ring Expressway, turn right) - Suzhou Shanghai Expressway around the city (all the way north) - Shipai hub Yangcheng Hubei exit
3. Yangcheng Lake Weiting Town: eating crabs in food street
Weiting, located in the East Lake of Yangcheng Lake, accounts for one third of the lake area. Walking in the streets of Weiting Town, you can see the "symbol" of hairy crabs everywhere. With a construction area of 56000 square meters, the first phase of the international crab city is the largest specialized market for hairy crabs trading in East China, integrating on-site trading of hairy crabs and domestic and overseas procts, wholesale storage, tourism and catering, and local specialty shopping malls. It is only 20 meters away from the lake, and there is a Weiting hairy crab market with dozens of local crab boats
self driving route: Shanghai - Huning Expressway - entrance and exit of Yangcheng Lake Service Area - Weiting town
ask where to eat crabs in Bacheng, any citizen can point out a way. We learned that there are four crab markets and one food street in Bacheng, which is a relatively concentrated place to eat crabs
the crab boat garden in Bacheng is located on Hubin Road by Yangcheng Lake. From Kunshan to Bacheng, just go west along Ma'anshan road and turn right to Hubin Road. Take the highway diners from the exit of the highway Bacheng, along the North West Road has been West to the end, turn right about 1 km road can reach crab Fang Yuan
Xiefang garden is located in the northeast of Yangcheng Lake, beside Xiangshi road. Diners can get off from the exit of Yangcheng Hubei (Bacheng North) of the ring expressway and turn left about 800 meters out of the toll station. The spring and autumn water city crab boat garden has invested about 16 million yuan to build water city catering center, aquatic wholesale market, fishing center and other facilities<
yujiadenghuo catering base is located in Yangcheng Hunan Province, which can be reached from the west to the end along Ma'anshan road. The diners at the exit of Baicheng expressway can walk westward along Chengbei West Road, turn left into Gucheng Road, and then turn into Ma'anshan road to see the lights of fishermen. Fishermen's Lantern investment is 38 million yuan (including 4.2 million yuan for environmental protection), with 46000 square meters of parking space, 2300 meters of catering ship wharf, nearly 100 catering ships, and more than 50% of green coverage
the second market for hairy crabs is also called Bacheng Lake market. You can go north along Weicheng Road, turn to Linhu Road, and go west to Bacheng primary school. The diners who take the expressway take the North West Road to the west, find the Weicheng road and drive north. The second hairy crab trading market has invested 8.5 million yuan in building 139 trading boat docks and 34 catering boats
the food street in Bacheng is mainly operated by the storefronts on both sides of Bajie road and Dayu road. Kunshan diners drive north along Hubin Road and you can see a street full of crab boats. After getting off the expressway, go west to the north of the city and find Hubin Road to find the market. Gourmet street has attracted 89 million yuan of private capital to build 167 business houses, covering a total area of 45500 square meters
of course, if you don't eat crabs in these crab boat intensive crab markets, the old streets in Bacheng town are also a good choice. After eating crab, take a walk in the old street, you can not only eat, but also experience the unique customs of Jiangnan Water Town
some farmhouses and ecological farms scattered in every corner of Baicheng also have authentic hairy crabs. Choose a restaurant you like and try the local farmhouse food. It has a different flavor
recommendation of crab eating restaurant:
a'si crab village in Bacheng, the first sign of crab eating in Yangcheng Lake. The crab village is actually a three story pavilion built by two large barges fixed on the lake. Although it is built on the ship, it is like walking on the ground. The front three floors are all private rooms for eating and seeing the scenery. Behind the crab village are open-air dining places and whole rows of net cages for keeping hairy crabs and fresh Yangcheng Lake aquatic procts. Guests can fish and burn whatever they want< Yangcheng Lake Yangcheng Lake Town: eating crabs on the island, the scenery here is unique
Yangcheng Lake town has two peninsulas, the main island and the lotus island. The annual output of hairy crabs is half of the total output of Yangcheng Lake District. The biggest feature of eating crabs in Yangchenghu town may be that the scenery is better. It's a bit of a paradise to take a motorboat tour of the lake
self driving route: Shanghai Nanjing Expressway Zhengyi hub (the intersection of Shanghai Nanjing Expressway and Suzhou Ring Expressway, turn right) - Suzhou Shanghai Expressway around the city (all the way north) - Shipai hub Yangcheng Hubei exit
3. Yangcheng Lake Weiting Town: eating crabs in food street
Weiting, located in the East Lake of Yangcheng Lake, accounts for one third of the lake area. Walking in the streets of Weiting Town, you can see the "symbol" of hairy crabs everywhere. With a construction area of 56000 square meters, the first phase of the international crab city is the largest specialized market for hairy crabs trading in East China, integrating on-site trading of hairy crabs and domestic and overseas procts, wholesale storage, tourism and catering, and local specialty shopping malls. It is only 20 meters away from the lake, and there is a Weiting hairy crab market with dozens of local crab boats
self driving route: Shanghai - Huning Expressway - entrance and exit of Yangcheng Lake Service Area - Weiting town
9. Shell [b] è i b ì]
shell coin: generally 2.2 cm long, 1.6 cm wide, flat back shell coin is about 0.8 cm thick, with 12 teeth to 12 teeth, 11 teeth to 12 teeth, and 12 teeth to 13 teeth. There are two parts: decibel pit and under shell. The distance between the first teeth and the second teeth of the shell part is obviously larger than that of the back row teeth. Most of these coins were unearthed from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and Jiahu cultural sites in Luohe, Henan Province. The unearthed coins wrapped in red sand have less damage and less shell corrosion. The shell nest is well preserved and should be unearthed from the Yangshao cultural site in Henan Province. Shell currency is used in Chinese history, and natural shell currency is the earliest currency in the world. Copper shell and lead shell are the earliest metal currency in China and the world
seashells were used as the original currency in the pre Qin period. It is found that shell coins were used as early as the late Xia Dynasty, and were more common in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. In the Shang Dynasty, a kind of tooth shell was common. The back of the shell was often polished or drilled to make it easy to carry. Shellfish is a kind of shellfish growing in the tropical and subtropical shallow sea. It is small, long, colorful, strong and rable, and has become a favorite ornament of primitive residents. Because of its moderate size, easy to carry, easy to count and other characteristics, with the development of social economy and the formation of commodity society, natural shellfish graally acts as the general equivalent of commodity exchange. Materials are: Golden shell, silver shell, copper shell, lead shell, jade shell, stone shell, bone shell, etc. Stone shell and bone shell are used as currency circulation, while copper shell and lead shell are the earliest metal currency in China and the world. Jinbei, Yinbei and Yubei may be mainly used as gifts. After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, shell coins were graally replaced by metal coins, but they were still used in a few areas of Yunnan until the Ming Dynasty
the unit of measurement of Bei coin is "Peng", with five Bei as a string and two strings as a Peng<
Chinese name
shellfish
foreign name
Bei money
type
ancient currency
use
pre Qin period
fast
navigation
function significance
classification of shellfish
historical evolution
in ancient China, the primitive society was about four or five thousand years ago, because of low proctivity and lack of material, The occasional exchange between tribes or families is just barter. With the development of proctive forces and social progress, social material wealth is relatively rich, people's material life needs continue to expand, barter has become increasingly unable to meet the needs of social life, so people need to find the intermediary of exchange. Shellfish is a kind of shellfish growing in tropical and subtropical shallow sea. It is small and exquisite, colorful, strong and rable, and has become a favorite decoration of primitive residents. Because of its moderate size, easy to carry, easy to count and other characteristics, later, with the development of social economy and the formation of commodity society, shellfish as a medium of exchange has become a natural thing, Natural shellfish graally act as the general equivalent of commodity exchange
the original shellfish coin was proced in the Shang Dynasty 3000 years ago. It is the ancestor of the coin. It is a kind of shellfish currency processed from natural seashells. It was unearthed in Fuhao Tomb of Yin Ruins in Henan Province. The age is from the 19th century BC to the 16th century BC, more than 3500 years ago. The processed natural shell coins have grooves on one side. They are smooth and beautiful, small and exquisite, strong and wear-resistant, and easy to carry. This kind of sea coins are mainly proced in the East China Sea, South China Sea and other sea areas in China, reflecting the commercial exchanges of the Shang Dynasty. Its emergence marked the development of social proctive forces at that time. After the original barter stage, there are more and more commodities that can be exchanged. At this time, shell coins appeared and became the intermediary of commodity exchange
before the middle of the Shang Dynasty, the value of shellfish coins was very high. It would be a great honor for the officials to be rewarded with shellfish coins by the king of the Shang Dynasty. With the development of commodity economy at that time, the supply of natural shellfish graally exceeded the demand, so many imitation shellfish appeared at that time, such as stone shellfish, bone shellfish, mussel, green pine shellfish, etc. these kinds of shellfish are small in size, and their length is about 1.2 cm ~ 2.4 cm
in the late Shang Dynasty, copper coins appeared again, and their shapes were similar to those of seashells. Copper shell was unearthed in tombs of the late Shang Dynasty in Anyang, Henan Province and Baode, Shanxi Province. The age of copper shell is about the 14th to 11th century BC. It can be called the earliest metal currency in China. One of the copper coins covered with gold is used as large currency. The unit of measurement of Bei coin is "Peng". The original meaning of the word "Peng" refers to a string or two connected "Bei", which graally evolved into a unit of measurement Generally speaking, two bunches of five or two bunches of ten are regarded as "one friend"< In the Shang Dynasty, seashells were colorful, portable, rable and countable. When human beings entered the primitive society of fishing, hunting, collecting and farming, they were only handed down as ornaments. Because of the regional differences, in order to obtain the needs, it is natural for the tribes to barter. The shell ornament unearthed from the tomb of Yangshao village in Henan Province is about 7000 years old. Obviously, most of these Bedouins were transferred from other coastal tribes to inland exchange, which may proce currency form in exchange
in the slave society of the Xia Dynasty, the merchants and the tribes in the South began to exchange goods, and the number of seashells increased. At the same time, the application scope of seashells also changed from single to multiple. Due to the continuous emergence of commodities, seashells began to have the qualification of commodity exchange as a medium. The shell coins unearthed from the Xia cultural site in Erlitou, Henan Province, witnessed the earliest appearance of the original goods shell in China. As a kind of currency, the large-scale seashells include Huban Baobao, awenshou, shuban Yanbei, snake head Yanbei, etc; Small seashells include freighter, pseudojujube, etc., and freighter is the most common. They grow between the reefs of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. From its shape, most of them are white, hollow, long and thin mouth, many pairs of teeth, back uplift or manual grinding back type, and there are often grinding holes at both ends, which are easy to wear and carry. In terms of the unit of measurement, the more shells there are, the higher the value is, and the less the value is, the lower the value is
from the perspective of its function, shell money is not only a non-metallic natural currency, but also a general equivalent in the pre Qin commodity exchange. Seashells are wealth. Through equal exchange, they can meet the demand and show the degree of wealth. For example, in addition to 755 pieces of sacrificial jade such as guard of honor, tools, articles, ornaments and miscellaneous utensils, there are 7000 shell coins, that is 700 pengbei. According to the inscriptions of Weihe (yintonghe, the ancient bronze ware of warm wine) in the third year of the reign of Gongwang in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qiu Wei used Jinzhang (the jade ritual vessel) worth 80 pengbei to replace 10 fields of zubo, and 700 pengbei for Fuhao could replace nearly 90 fields, which shows the great wealth< From the middle and late Shang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, e to the increase of population, the progress of agriculture, the development of handicraft instry, the frequent trade and other factors, the demand for shellfish surged, and then there appeared such shellfish as stone, bone, clam, pottery and so on. Its value is the same as that of seashells. The value of a seashell or imitation seashell is slightly lower, while the value of zhuyubei is expensive. People use all kinds of shell coins to exchange goods
Xunzi's "Wang Zhi Pian" describes the situation of goods circulation at that time, saying that "walking horses and big dogs in the north, feathers and ivory in the south, rhinoceros pigment in the south, sea fish and sea salt in the East, leather and woolen goods in the west, and oxtail can be bought in the Chinese market. People living in the fields can get wood, people living in the mountains can get aquatic procts, and farmers can get equipment without using knives and axes, Instry and commerce can get food without farming or planting. " Therefore, the prosperity of commerce is e to money. In turn, it promotes proction and economic development. And these varieties of shellfish became the most homogeneous currency in China. This period also gave birth to copper shell coin (a kind of metal imitation shell)
copper shell is the ancestor of metal coins
a small copper shell usually weighs about 5 baht (3 G). Another example is that in a bronze inscription of King li of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it says "punish the girl (i.e. you) 300", that is to say, punish you 150 liang of copper shells. The bronze shells of Shang Dynasty unearthed in Anyang, Henan and Baode, Shanxi are the earliest metal coins in China and the world
in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the three Jin Dynasties (Zhao, Wei, Han) and Qilu also cast copper hollow imitation shells, especially the copper shells cast by the state of Lu. The copper shell of Chu state was mainly made of solid bronze shell (or ant nose coin or ghost face shell) at that time, with the most common character of crying shell. In addition, wenyinbei, together with wuwenjinbei and Yinbei unearthed from the tomb of Zhongshan king in the pre Qin period in Lingshou County, Hebei Province, pioneered the gold and silver coinage in China. More than 1000 pieces of baojinbei were unearthed from the Eastern Zhou tomb in Huixian County, Henan Province, which can be regarded as the originator of Chinese gold coins. From seashells to ornaments, they became diversified, multi-quality, light and heavy goods with different values. Until Qin Dynasty (221 BC) abolished the system of shellfish coins, shellfish coins experienced a long evolution process. They not only played an important role in the prosperity of regional commerce at that time, but also played an important part in the history of Chinese coins
classification of shell coins
shell coins are divided into shell shells, bone shells, stone shells, copper shells, etc., but the most commonly used ones are natural seashells< There are many kinds of natural seashells, such as "freights" (also known as toothed seashells), "pseudojujube seashells", "awenshou seashells" (also known as Dabei, Huban seashells), "lingmuste Torreya conch" and so on. Among them, "freights" are more common. Those with a long tooth groove on the surface are called "scallop teeth" or "scallop lips". The front of the seashells is relatively flat, and the side of the seashells is slightly bulging, In order to be easy to carry, people chiseled small holes on the back of the scallops. In the early days, the holes were relatively small, which was called "small hole type scallops". Later, the holes graally expanded, which was called "large hole type scallops". During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the back of "freights" was almost flat, which was called "freights with grinding back"
"tongfangbei" generally imitates the shape of commodity shells. In the early days, it was similar to the shape of natural shells. After the spring and Autumn period, the inscribed "tongfangbei" was cast in the southern Chu region, which is called wentongbei. Some of its shapes are like ants climbing their noses, while others look like grimaces. Therefore, it is commonly known as "yibiqian" or "grimaces Qian". There are more than 10 kinds of face inscriptions, but their shapes are relatively consistent, It was widely used in southern China. The "ant nose money" was cast in the early Warring States period (5th century BC), while the "ghost face money" was cast in the middle and late Warring States period (4th-3rd century BC). It was one of the most advanced forms of money at that time, except the Chu copper shell, During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, there were also metal shells in northern China, such as "golden shell", "silver shell" and "gilded copper shell". The appearance of "imitation copper shell" was a great thing in the history of currency development in China, which greatly pushed forward the development of currency in China, and was relatively unified with its size, weight and value, Moreover, it can cast a large number of shellfish in situ, and other advantages that can't be compared with "cargo shellfish" and "imitation shellfish" have entered the current market
shell coin: generally 2.2 cm long, 1.6 cm wide, flat back shell coin is about 0.8 cm thick, with 12 teeth to 12 teeth, 11 teeth to 12 teeth, and 12 teeth to 13 teeth. There are two parts: decibel pit and under shell. The distance between the first teeth and the second teeth of the shell part is obviously larger than that of the back row teeth. Most of these coins were unearthed from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and Jiahu cultural sites in Luohe, Henan Province. The unearthed coins wrapped in red sand have less damage and less shell corrosion. The shell nest is well preserved and should be unearthed from the Yangshao cultural site in Henan Province. Shell currency is used in Chinese history, and natural shell currency is the earliest currency in the world. Copper shell and lead shell are the earliest metal currency in China and the world
seashells were used as the original currency in the pre Qin period. It is found that shell coins were used as early as the late Xia Dynasty, and were more common in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. In the Shang Dynasty, a kind of tooth shell was common. The back of the shell was often polished or drilled to make it easy to carry. Shellfish is a kind of shellfish growing in the tropical and subtropical shallow sea. It is small, long, colorful, strong and rable, and has become a favorite ornament of primitive residents. Because of its moderate size, easy to carry, easy to count and other characteristics, with the development of social economy and the formation of commodity society, natural shellfish graally acts as the general equivalent of commodity exchange. Materials are: Golden shell, silver shell, copper shell, lead shell, jade shell, stone shell, bone shell, etc. Stone shell and bone shell are used as currency circulation, while copper shell and lead shell are the earliest metal currency in China and the world. Jinbei, Yinbei and Yubei may be mainly used as gifts. After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, shell coins were graally replaced by metal coins, but they were still used in a few areas of Yunnan until the Ming Dynasty
the unit of measurement of Bei coin is "Peng", with five Bei as a string and two strings as a Peng<
Chinese name
shellfish
foreign name
Bei money
type
ancient currency
use
pre Qin period
fast
navigation
function significance
classification of shellfish
historical evolution
in ancient China, the primitive society was about four or five thousand years ago, because of low proctivity and lack of material, The occasional exchange between tribes or families is just barter. With the development of proctive forces and social progress, social material wealth is relatively rich, people's material life needs continue to expand, barter has become increasingly unable to meet the needs of social life, so people need to find the intermediary of exchange. Shellfish is a kind of shellfish growing in tropical and subtropical shallow sea. It is small and exquisite, colorful, strong and rable, and has become a favorite decoration of primitive residents. Because of its moderate size, easy to carry, easy to count and other characteristics, later, with the development of social economy and the formation of commodity society, shellfish as a medium of exchange has become a natural thing, Natural shellfish graally act as the general equivalent of commodity exchange
the original shellfish coin was proced in the Shang Dynasty 3000 years ago. It is the ancestor of the coin. It is a kind of shellfish currency processed from natural seashells. It was unearthed in Fuhao Tomb of Yin Ruins in Henan Province. The age is from the 19th century BC to the 16th century BC, more than 3500 years ago. The processed natural shell coins have grooves on one side. They are smooth and beautiful, small and exquisite, strong and wear-resistant, and easy to carry. This kind of sea coins are mainly proced in the East China Sea, South China Sea and other sea areas in China, reflecting the commercial exchanges of the Shang Dynasty. Its emergence marked the development of social proctive forces at that time. After the original barter stage, there are more and more commodities that can be exchanged. At this time, shell coins appeared and became the intermediary of commodity exchange
before the middle of the Shang Dynasty, the value of shellfish coins was very high. It would be a great honor for the officials to be rewarded with shellfish coins by the king of the Shang Dynasty. With the development of commodity economy at that time, the supply of natural shellfish graally exceeded the demand, so many imitation shellfish appeared at that time, such as stone shellfish, bone shellfish, mussel, green pine shellfish, etc. these kinds of shellfish are small in size, and their length is about 1.2 cm ~ 2.4 cm
in the late Shang Dynasty, copper coins appeared again, and their shapes were similar to those of seashells. Copper shell was unearthed in tombs of the late Shang Dynasty in Anyang, Henan Province and Baode, Shanxi Province. The age of copper shell is about the 14th to 11th century BC. It can be called the earliest metal currency in China. One of the copper coins covered with gold is used as large currency. The unit of measurement of Bei coin is "Peng". The original meaning of the word "Peng" refers to a string or two connected "Bei", which graally evolved into a unit of measurement Generally speaking, two bunches of five or two bunches of ten are regarded as "one friend"< In the Shang Dynasty, seashells were colorful, portable, rable and countable. When human beings entered the primitive society of fishing, hunting, collecting and farming, they were only handed down as ornaments. Because of the regional differences, in order to obtain the needs, it is natural for the tribes to barter. The shell ornament unearthed from the tomb of Yangshao village in Henan Province is about 7000 years old. Obviously, most of these Bedouins were transferred from other coastal tribes to inland exchange, which may proce currency form in exchange
in the slave society of the Xia Dynasty, the merchants and the tribes in the South began to exchange goods, and the number of seashells increased. At the same time, the application scope of seashells also changed from single to multiple. Due to the continuous emergence of commodities, seashells began to have the qualification of commodity exchange as a medium. The shell coins unearthed from the Xia cultural site in Erlitou, Henan Province, witnessed the earliest appearance of the original goods shell in China. As a kind of currency, the large-scale seashells include Huban Baobao, awenshou, shuban Yanbei, snake head Yanbei, etc; Small seashells include freighter, pseudojujube, etc., and freighter is the most common. They grow between the reefs of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. From its shape, most of them are white, hollow, long and thin mouth, many pairs of teeth, back uplift or manual grinding back type, and there are often grinding holes at both ends, which are easy to wear and carry. In terms of the unit of measurement, the more shells there are, the higher the value is, and the less the value is, the lower the value is
from the perspective of its function, shell money is not only a non-metallic natural currency, but also a general equivalent in the pre Qin commodity exchange. Seashells are wealth. Through equal exchange, they can meet the demand and show the degree of wealth. For example, in addition to 755 pieces of sacrificial jade such as guard of honor, tools, articles, ornaments and miscellaneous utensils, there are 7000 shell coins, that is 700 pengbei. According to the inscriptions of Weihe (yintonghe, the ancient bronze ware of warm wine) in the third year of the reign of Gongwang in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qiu Wei used Jinzhang (the jade ritual vessel) worth 80 pengbei to replace 10 fields of zubo, and 700 pengbei for Fuhao could replace nearly 90 fields, which shows the great wealth< From the middle and late Shang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, e to the increase of population, the progress of agriculture, the development of handicraft instry, the frequent trade and other factors, the demand for shellfish surged, and then there appeared such shellfish as stone, bone, clam, pottery and so on. Its value is the same as that of seashells. The value of a seashell or imitation seashell is slightly lower, while the value of zhuyubei is expensive. People use all kinds of shell coins to exchange goods
Xunzi's "Wang Zhi Pian" describes the situation of goods circulation at that time, saying that "walking horses and big dogs in the north, feathers and ivory in the south, rhinoceros pigment in the south, sea fish and sea salt in the East, leather and woolen goods in the west, and oxtail can be bought in the Chinese market. People living in the fields can get wood, people living in the mountains can get aquatic procts, and farmers can get equipment without using knives and axes, Instry and commerce can get food without farming or planting. " Therefore, the prosperity of commerce is e to money. In turn, it promotes proction and economic development. And these varieties of shellfish became the most homogeneous currency in China. This period also gave birth to copper shell coin (a kind of metal imitation shell)
copper shell is the ancestor of metal coins
a small copper shell usually weighs about 5 baht (3 G). Another example is that in a bronze inscription of King li of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it says "punish the girl (i.e. you) 300", that is to say, punish you 150 liang of copper shells. The bronze shells of Shang Dynasty unearthed in Anyang, Henan and Baode, Shanxi are the earliest metal coins in China and the world
in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the three Jin Dynasties (Zhao, Wei, Han) and Qilu also cast copper hollow imitation shells, especially the copper shells cast by the state of Lu. The copper shell of Chu state was mainly made of solid bronze shell (or ant nose coin or ghost face shell) at that time, with the most common character of crying shell. In addition, wenyinbei, together with wuwenjinbei and Yinbei unearthed from the tomb of Zhongshan king in the pre Qin period in Lingshou County, Hebei Province, pioneered the gold and silver coinage in China. More than 1000 pieces of baojinbei were unearthed from the Eastern Zhou tomb in Huixian County, Henan Province, which can be regarded as the originator of Chinese gold coins. From seashells to ornaments, they became diversified, multi-quality, light and heavy goods with different values. Until Qin Dynasty (221 BC) abolished the system of shellfish coins, shellfish coins experienced a long evolution process. They not only played an important role in the prosperity of regional commerce at that time, but also played an important part in the history of Chinese coins
classification of shell coins
shell coins are divided into shell shells, bone shells, stone shells, copper shells, etc., but the most commonly used ones are natural seashells< There are many kinds of natural seashells, such as "freights" (also known as toothed seashells), "pseudojujube seashells", "awenshou seashells" (also known as Dabei, Huban seashells), "lingmuste Torreya conch" and so on. Among them, "freights" are more common. Those with a long tooth groove on the surface are called "scallop teeth" or "scallop lips". The front of the seashells is relatively flat, and the side of the seashells is slightly bulging, In order to be easy to carry, people chiseled small holes on the back of the scallops. In the early days, the holes were relatively small, which was called "small hole type scallops". Later, the holes graally expanded, which was called "large hole type scallops". During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the back of "freights" was almost flat, which was called "freights with grinding back"
"tongfangbei" generally imitates the shape of commodity shells. In the early days, it was similar to the shape of natural shells. After the spring and Autumn period, the inscribed "tongfangbei" was cast in the southern Chu region, which is called wentongbei. Some of its shapes are like ants climbing their noses, while others look like grimaces. Therefore, it is commonly known as "yibiqian" or "grimaces Qian". There are more than 10 kinds of face inscriptions, but their shapes are relatively consistent, It was widely used in southern China. The "ant nose money" was cast in the early Warring States period (5th century BC), while the "ghost face money" was cast in the middle and late Warring States period (4th-3rd century BC). It was one of the most advanced forms of money at that time, except the Chu copper shell, During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, there were also metal shells in northern China, such as "golden shell", "silver shell" and "gilded copper shell". The appearance of "imitation copper shell" was a great thing in the history of currency development in China, which greatly pushed forward the development of currency in China, and was relatively unified with its size, weight and value, Moreover, it can cast a large number of shellfish in situ, and other advantages that can't be compared with "cargo shellfish" and "imitation shellfish" have entered the current market
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