South Korea Ethereum hackers

1.

a brief history of etheric Classics (etc)

etheric classics began with an unfortunate event

in May 2016, the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) held a token sale with the goal of establishing a blockchain based venture capital to fund future decentralized applications (dapps) in the Ethereum ecosystem

basically, Dao is a complex smart contract that operates in a decentralized way - computer code that automatically performs tasks between multiple parties when conditions are met

despite its ambitious goals and successful token sales, Dao's code has a major vulnerability that allows attackers to steal eth from decentralized organizations

the attacker took advantage of this vulnerability in June 2016, triggering the infamous Dao hacking event, and maliciously stole eth worth about US $50 million

there is no doubt that Dao hacking has shocked Ethereum community and made eth price drop from $20 to $13

after the Dao hacking, the Ethereum community has to choose from three options

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do nothing and try to bear the consequences of the attack; Or

start soft bifurcation to recover funds; Or

deploy a hard fork to recover the lost eth

both soft and hard bifurcations are significant network upgrades. However, soft fork allows users who are not upgraded to communicate with upgraded users, while hard fork is not backward compatible with previous versions

as developers realize that deploying soft forks will expose the network to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, Ethereum community decides to initiate hard forks to recover the funds lost in Dao hacking attacks

although this scheme is supported by most people, a small number of people in Ethereum community oppose it. They think that "code is the law" and blockchain network should be unchangeable

the failure of both sides to reach an agreement on the solution eventually led to the fragmentation of Ethereum blockchain

those who tried to recover the lost eth chose the hard fork and opened the Ethereum (ETH) blockchain as we know it today, while another group stayed on the original Ethereum classic (etc) chain

what problems does ethereal classic solve

Ethernet classic (etc) is a blockchain platform that allows developers to deploy smart contracts and dapps

although this function is the same as Ethereum (ETH), etc blockchain has two main differences

first of all, Ethereum classic community opposes tampering with distributed ledger and supports the view that "blockchain network cannot and should not be modified"

secondly, although there is no rigid upper limit on the total supply of eth, it is allowed to create 230 million etc at most by adopting the monetary policy of constant supply

as a bonus item, ethereal classic launched Atlantis hard bifurcation last year to increase the interaction with Ethereum and improve the privacy protection of transactions through ZK snarks

the trading platforms recommended by etc

hot money, okex, AAX, etc

4.

The idea of Ethereum was born in 2013. Vitalik buterin ˙ When he was a programmer in the bitcoin community, he suggested to the core developers of bitcoin to develop a language for application developers to facilitate the development of various applications. Bitcoin core developers disagree. So God V decided to develop a new platform for this purpose

V God wrote the white paper of etheric currency in 2013, in which he explained the goal of building a decentralized program. In 2014, we got development funds through crowdfunding, so we developed the Ethernet system< (better digital currency trading platform "currency exchange")

since its birth, it has carried out four hard bifurcations so far

for the first time, in order to adjust the difficulty

released a stable version of "homeland" for the second time

for the fourth time, in order to prevent DDoS and rece weight

there is only the third hard fork, because of the hacker attack, and forced to fork. This is the Dao event

On July 30, 2015, v-god and Ethereum Foundation created the first smart contract platform and designed the Dao Ethereum contract

on April 30, 2016, the Dao smart contract was officially deployed, and the world's largest crowdfunding was completed, reaching an amazing $150 million As an aside, the biggest crowdfunding event in time is EOS crowdfunding, which has reached an even more amazing $5 billion!)

on June 17, 2016, the Dao was attacked by hackers, who stole about 50 million US dollars of Ethernet currency, and the price also plummeted from US $20 to US $15, causing great harm to Ethereum. In order to recover the loss of investors, the community finally decided to hard fork

therefore, on July 20, 2016, at the block height of 1920000, the hard branching was successful, and the new chain is called Ethereum eth, while the original chain is now Ethereum classic etc

5. This begins with a hermit named "Nakamoto Tsung"
on November 1, 2008, the hermit named "Nakamoto Tsung" watched the sky at night. Seeing that the time was ripe, he announced his new idea of issuing an electronic currency called "bitcoin" on a secret cryptography forum

then, in 2009, bitcoin was born
for a while, there were rumors all over the world:
"what is bitcoin?"
"what's the magic power of bitcoin?"
"can it compare with traditional currency?"

it's just a hermit's "masterpiece left behind". Why did it make such a big stir in the world<

it turns out that this bitcoin has risked the world's great injustice, escaped the high-ranking government control, and set up a "small autonomy" on its own:
bitcoin no longer needs to be issued by a specific institution, but is generated through a set of "institutions" designed by Nakamoto Tsung, which is based on a specific algorithm and through a large number of calculations. Regardless of the world, as long as you have a computer, access system, and operate the "organ", you can become a "coin digger"

a thousand waves were aroused for a while, and an undercurrent was set off in the river and Lake: men, women, old and young were yearning to invest in the "money digging fever"<
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but since ancient times, unique martial arts skills have come out, and most of the onlookers will see through them, but fengmaolingjiao is the one who really understands the mystery

in the same way, this "coin digger" who creates miracles is not something ordinary people can do at will. Even if everyone has a computer and computing tools, it depends on talent and hard work to generate a new bitcoin

if every "digger" wants to dig bitcoin, he has to go into many "mechanisms" of Nakamoto Tsung and use computers to solve a complex mathematical problem through huge calculation. This is far from enough. Whether we can understand the secret is not only related to the ability of the "coin digger", because the "mechanism" will automatically adjust the difficulty of the questions, so that the whole system will get a qualified answer every 10 minutes, while the vast army of "coin diggers" are crazy computing. Who can understand the secret depends on the nature

it's like buying lottery tickets. Everyone is crazy to generate various combinations of numbers with computing tools in hand. Whoever can guess the same string as the big prize will be the winner

in the end, the lucky person who was lucky enough to get a specific solution successfully created a bitcoin, and the reward for him was a total of 50 bitcoins

at this time, someone will ask, is bitcoin hard to get out of the endless mining
this is the true wisdom of Nakamoto's seclusion

like all kinds of gold, silver, iron and copper veins, bitcoin will be g out one day. A total of 21 million mathematical problems have been designed in the "mechanism" and 21 million corresponding qualified answers have been matched. In other words, the upper limit of bitcoin mining is controlled at 21 million
Where is the mystery

we know that the reason why the government calls the wind and the rain is precisely because it has the power to issue currency. Increasing and recing issuance are "fierce moves" to regulate the economy

and Nakamoto's restriction on the total amount of bitcoin has cut off the way for bitcoin market to be regulated, which is obviously the opposite

which is better? There are two schools in the world:
"supporters" think that eliminating intervention is a sign of social progress
the "losers" feel that fixed aggregate may lead to deflation, which in turn will lead to a series of market weakness and "bone breaking" of the overall economy
the merits and demerits will be left to future generations

since there is a reward for digging coins and the total amount is limited, isn't the mine going to be g through in just a few days
How could the "mechanism" that he had painstakingly researched be easily manipulated by the world<

Nakamoto has two rules under the "agency" neutrality:

first, the more bitcoin, the less reward
- when the total amount reaches 10.5 million hours (50% of 21 million), the reward will be halved to 25. When the total amount reached 15.75 million (5.25 million new output, or 50% of 1050), the bounty was further halved to 12.5. And so on

secondly, the more the total number of "coin diggers", the lower the efficiency
in this way, bitcoin will be proced more slowly in the later stage. According to the plan, from the birth of bitcoin in 2009, mining will last more than 100 years, and it will not reach the upper limit until 2140
today, the total amount of bitcoin mined out in the world is just over 16 million

all of the above are just a set of "mechanisms" carefully arranged by master Nakamoto. There is another set of "mechanisms" with such precision

bitcoin is a rare thing in the world, so how to trade it? How to manage
after living in seclusion for many years, Nakamoto studied cryptography, a unique security process for bitcoin circulation

the transaction behind bitcoin is very complicated. Bitcoin can generate bitcoin addresses randomly, and each address has a corresponding private key, which is equivalent to the bank card number and the corresponding password. Only when you have both can you manage your money
but is the complexity of this address comparable to that of ordinary bank cards

how confidential is the bitcoin address
each address is made up of a string of letters and numbers about 33 bits long, always starting with 1 or 3
how many such random addresses are there? The answer is: probably more than the sand on earth
it's not easy to break such a complex "secret protection system"

in this way, with the second "organ" blessing of Nakamoto Tsung, bitcoin circulation has more security than ordinary currency

it's no wonder that with the advent of bitcoin, the currency world is shaking, and a new fight is in the dark

bitcoin, like countless secret lone Rangers, grows savagely under the authority of the government. According to the legend, bitcoin is free (decentralized, tax-free, regulatory free), strong (relying on P2P network, external can not be closed), omnipresent (cross-border, borderless), and anonymous

you can understand, "freedom", "coming and going without name" and "omnipresent", which means that bitcoin can not only be tracked and supervised by the government, but also grow wildly in the world. It's a great way for hackers to blackmail
moreover, since last year, bitcoin has been rising wildly, and hackers all over the Internet know this information well

there is no doubt that bitcoin is a safe and profitable way to blackmail

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or like this< But all the martial arts in the world are strong. Bitcoin also has weaknesses

there are three pithy formulas:
first, bitcoin network is not broken, and trading platform is fragile
Second, the "black market" trading, speculation rampant, price roller coaster day by day
thirdly, it is difficult for ordinary people to understand the secrets of nature because of their profound martial arts
in particular, the third point is that although the Kung Fu is good, the threshold is too high, which is lamentable

then, if you look at China today, where is bitcoin going
to be fair, in the eyes of the mother of the central bank, it is not too much to say that bitcoin is a barbaric growth: in the past year, with the devaluation of RMB, bitcoin has once again become the target of investors' speculation, and its value has increased by 120%

smart passers-by have already seen through everything
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coupled with the emerging bitcoin virus, it seems that it is time for bitcoin to be subject to a wave of regulation.

6.

at present, the vast majority of digital currency transactions are concted in exchanges. Among the numerous exchanges, bitfinex, binance, okex and so on are well-known

However, bitcoin and other digital currencies, as decentralized assets, have to be traded in a centralized exchange, which seems to have hidden contradictions and dangers

1. Problems and challenges of stock exchanges=“ https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/fd039245d688d43fdf16c83b761ed21b0ff43bbf ">

in February 2014, Mt. GOx, the world's largest bitcoin exchange at that time, was stolen 850000 bitcoins, and the price of bitcoin suffered a" cliff "crash on that day. Later, it was revealed that Mt. GOx was in fact a thief, and only 7000 bitcoins were actually stolen

in August 2016, bitfinex, the largest U.S. dollar bitcoin trading platform, suffered a security vulnerability, resulting in the theft of 120000 bitcoins, which was worth $65 million at that time. If converted into the price in December 2017, it would be worth nearly $2 billion

on December 19, 2017, South Korea's youbit exchange was attacked by hackers and lost 4000 bitcoins, and the exchange declared bankruptcy

on December 21, 2017, the Ukrainian liqui exchange was stolen 60000 bitcoins, and the unit price of bitcoin plummeted by US $2000

in 2018, such a drama will only continue

in addition to the threat of hackers, traditional exchanges also have some inherent shortcomings, such as lack of supervision and inefficiency. The security of the exchange for investors can only rely on its own credit, and the cost of running is very low. The stock exchange is regulated at the national level, but there is no such sword of Damocles on the top of the digital currency exchange. Moreover, in an exchange, the same order can only be submitted to one exchange. After the user places an order, the funds used for the transaction will be frozen and can only wait for the completion or cancellation of the transaction. These are undoubtedly inefficient

All in all, the problems of exchanges are the problems of centralization

2. Decentralization of exchanges=“ https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/86d6277f9e2f070889a173c9e224b899a801f257 ">

(1) the progress of the exchange itself

the upgrade of security means is various. At present, the best use is cold wallet, that is, to keep the digital currency in the offline U disk. At the end of 2017, when the YouTube exchange was attacked, 75% of its assets were withdrawn into the cold purse in time to avoid greater losses. However, it seems to be a helpless way to protect the online assets by offline means. Of course, there should be many other methods, which will not be repeated here

(2) the representative of cross ledger transaction is ripple network, and the operating company is ripple labs, which is a semi centralized system. Ripple is a decentralized clearing agreement. In order to solve the high cost and delay of inter-bank clearing, its base currency is XRP. Ripple network can connect all kinds of assets, such as US dollar, RMB, Japanese yen, bitcoin, etc. to its own network. In this system, U.S. dollars or bitcoin can be converted into reborn currency, and then reborn currency can circulate freely in the network, just as a highway is built between various assets. Due to the support of major banking institutions, the reborn currency achieved nearly 300 times growth in 2017

(3) decentralized exchange

some teams try to use blockchain technology to build a decentralized exchange. This kind of decentralized exchange, to some extent, is an extension of cross ledger trading

bitshares is the most representative of early rising projects. It builds a blockchain development platform with servers scattered all over the world. Even if some of them are attacked, the system will not collapse. Anyone can transfer money and borrow money freely on this platform, and can also quickly build a centralized exchange based on this platform. In order to ensure stable value, bitstocks also require three times of digital assets as collateral. At present, bitstocks are running fairly well

later, with the development of Ethereum and smart contract, the x x protocol came into being. This is an open protocol running in the Ethereum blockchain and a decentralized exchange in the Ethereum ecosystem. The agreement has attracted many investors. At present, it has completed financing and started to build open source software tools and infrastructure. Of course, there are many competitors. Ether Delta, IDEX and oasis DEX are trying to provide similar functions. Moreover, it is a smart contract system based on Ethereum, which only supports erc20 token. If other smart contract public chains start to rise, the demand will be reced

in addition, there are some teams that are entering, such as the domestic road seal agreement, looping (LRC) in English. They adopted a design similar to the X protocol, and also introced a fast payment function similar to the lightning network. It is characterized by trying to match multiple exchanges, the user's order can be broadcast to multiple exchanges, and completed by different exchanges. Moreover, the user can still use the account funds after placing an order, and the user's behavior of transferring part or all of the funds is equivalent to partial or total cancellation. To some extent, it improves the breadth and timeliness of the transaction. However, this system seems to have damaged the "power" of the existing exchanges. Whether we can persuade everyone to play together will be a difficult problem

At present, there is still a long way to go for the construction of decentralized exchange. In 3-5 years, traditional exchange will still be the main battlefield of digital currency

However, in the future, it is worth looking forward to let the decentralized digital currency get rid of the shackles of centralization

7. Freundlich adsorption equation can be applied to both monolayer adsorption and heterogeneous surface adsorption. Freundlich adsorption equation, as an empirical adsorption isotherm of heterogeneous surface, can well describe the adsorption mechanism of heterogeneous surface, and is more suitable for low concentration adsorption. It can well explain the experimental results in a wider concentration range. However, the disadvantage of Freundlich adsorption equation is that it can not get a maximum adsorption capacity and estimate the adsorption beyond the concentration range of parameters

8. According to the current real-time exchange rate: 1 THB = 0.2013 RMB yuan, the transaction price is subject to the bank counter<
anonymous user's reply
according to the price of Ethereum / Ethereum eth of China bitcoin chbtc on May 4, one Ethereum / Ethereum eth is about 62 RMB. Anonymous user's reply
the current latest currency exchange: 1 RMB = 0.1584 US dollars, and the transaction price is subject to the bank counter<
anonymous user's reply
at present, the price of Ethereum is about $200. Ethereum is a digital currency next only to bitcoin and has a good investment value. The price will definitely rise sharply in the future. Anonymous user's reply
some institutions predicted that Ethereum will rise to $2500 by the end of the year, but it seems unlikely in the current market
domain Kingdom's latest Ethereum price is $166, down 16% from yesterday
although the price of Ethereum continues to decline, there are still many investment opportunities
nowadays, many people invest in Ethereum through virtual currency trading in the realm Kingdom, which is not affected by the rise and fall of prices, but also can invest less money in the shortest time to obtain more profits
- knowledge about the historical trend of bitcoin - in history, bitcoin has experienced three ups and downs
when? What is the reason? I cut it out today
for the first time, bitcoin soared from US $0.75 to US $30 in just two months from April to June in 2011 to 2013. After careful calculation, compared with us $0.0076 when bitcoin was born, it increased by 40000 times. It's too scary
then why does it suddenly rise from 0.75 to $30? It turned out that bitcoin and sterling exchange trading platform went online in those two months
then some mainstream newspapers in the United States began to report on bitcoin, and as soon as the news came out, global investors simply flocked to join the ranks of speculation
at that time, the value of bitcoin was not very obvious. These people had nothing to do when they were full
from June to November of the same year, bitcoin fell from $30 to $2, which was frightening when it rose and even more frightening when it fell, with a 93% decline. It is estimated that the newly added small white vegetables will be scared to death
the root cause of such a sharp decline may be related to the hacker attack on Mt. GOx, the world's largest bitcoin trading platform, in June 2011
hackers certainly won't let go of the rise
from 2013 to 2015, from January to December 2013, bitcoin rose from $13 to $1147, an 88 fold increase
compared with the birth price, it has increased by more than one million times
ring this period of time, hacker attacks also occurred, causing price callback
however, it is still bullish and keeps the price of 1000 US dollars
the main reason for the rise is that the debt crisis in Cyprus has triggered a crisis of trust in traditional financial institutions
then, in the second half of 2013, some European countries introced policies that are beneficial to bitcoin. Well, more and more people know about bitcoin
naturally, speculators will not let go of this opportunity
as soon as these speculators appear, I know that there is nothing good about it. It's not easy to rise, but it's plummeting again
from December 2013 to January 2015, bitcoin dropped from $1166 to $170, a drop of 85%
the reason for the sharp drop is probably related to the notice on preventing bitcoin risks issued by the five ministries and commissions of the central government in December 2013
because bitcoin plummeted 92.5% in 83 days after the announcement
at that time, digital currency was not as influential as it is now< So prevention is right
the third sharp rise and fall, from 2017 to now this period is the most important two years of bitcoin, because bitcoin rose from $789 to $19878 in one year of 2017
24 times increase
compared with the birth price of bitcoin, it has increased by 20 million times
reason: in this year, the underlying technology of bitcoin, blockchain technology, rose strongly, driving the value of bitcoin soaring
at the same time, the outbreak of Ethereum's ICO triggered a surge in bitcoin
twenty thousand dollars has made many people become local tyrants overnight
it's not just speculators. People on the earth know about bitcoin, which will surely attract more vampires and the murderous eyes of many countries
No, it is estimated that a long bear market rarely seen in the history of bitcoin will come
since December 17, bitcoin has been in a bear market, falling from $20000 to more than $6000
the decline of 60% makes many people begin to doubt their life
there are many reasons for this decline. Global regulation has become stricter, exchanges have been attacked all the time, and the vulnerable hearts of investors are under heavy pressure
Ethereum exchange rate for RMB Ethereum Network & quot

the above is the relevant Q & A of "Ethereum exchange rate for RMB - Ethereum network". I hope it is helpful to

9. After investigation and confirmation by professional network security companies, gatecoin, a bitcoin platform, publicly declared that its system had been hacked and 15% of its digital asset deposits had been stolen

another platform closed down e to hacker intrusion. Is bitcoin still in spring< Bitcoin (BTC): originally proposed by Nakamoto, it belongs to a kind of digital currency. It is based on a specific algorithm and generated through a large number of calculations. Therefore, the issuance of bitcoin is not manipulated by any government, bank, organization or indivial. The total number of bitcoins is very limited. In the past four years, there were only less than 10.5 million, and in the future, the total number of bitcoins will always be limited to 21 million

Hot Wallet: it can be connected to the Internet, has strong circulation, can be used for daily consumption, and is vulnerable to hackers

cold Wallet: it won't connect to the Internet and has poor circulation, but it is not easy to be attacked by hackers

gatecain explained in an official article that the server intrusion occurred between May 9 and May 12. On the night of May 9, the service was interrupted e to the restart of a server. Associated with the time node, I strongly feel that the hacker intrusion event has an indispensable relationship with this service interruption

on the evening of May 13, gatecoin detected some suspicious transactions, so it immediately suspended the service for investigation to prevent more unauthorized access to Eth and BTC hot wallets<

loss

the hacking incident caused huge losses to gatecoin, with 185000 Ethernet coins and 250 bitcoins, with a total value of US $2 million, accounting for 15% of gatecoin's total digital assets

the security company investigated and found the hackers' Ethernet and bitcoin addresses, and gatecoin is raising funds to make up for the losses

Wright coin, Ruitai coin, doggy coin, Ethereum, bitstock and other digital currencies are also excellent.

10. I don't know where the landlord said that he was attacked by hackers, but it's not impossible. Although blockchain is very popular at present, there is no absolute security for anything, even bitcoin