Ethereum CES
Due to the continuous popularity of bitcoin, people begin to pay close attention to this kind of digital currency. However, people from all walks of life pay more attention to the technical architecture behind bitcoin - blockchain technology, which is considered by many organizations to be the core technology most likely to trigger the fifth round of scientific and technological revolution after steam engine, power, information and Internet technology
bitcoin may fall, while the long-term direction of digital currency is bound to rise, and the rise will be particularly fierce. In 2017, the total market value of global digital currency was only US $647 billion, less than 10% of the global physical gold market value, and less than 0.01% of the total national stock value. AAC is launched at the right time. Miners all know that the earlier they enter, the more tokens they can get and the more profits they can earn. The birth of acute angle cloud will bring huge returns to its partners
2017 can be regarded as the first year of blockchain technology, and 2018 is likely to be the explosive year of blockchain technology. The rapid development of the blockchain technology will probably usher in the explosive growth of acute angle cloud, and the acute angle PC released on ces2018 is likely to become another explosive proct of blockchain
technical characteristics of PTN
full service carrying capacity in the allip era, circuit simulation must be used to solve the transmission of a small amount of TDM services. PTN is to carry traditional services through PWE3 edge to edge pseudo line simulation technology and LSP elastic packet pipeline. PWE3 is a two-layer bearer technology, which encapsulates and adapts ATM Asynchronous transfer mode, Ethernet, low-speed TDM time division multiplexing and other circuit services, and transparently transmits them in PTN network through tunnel. PWE3 is similar to the low order channel protection of SDH, LSP is similar to the high order channel protection of SDH. General packet crossing capability PTN uses a unified general switch, which separates the service processing and service switching, simplifies the network, integrates the functions of data, circuit and optical layer transmission, and realizes packet crossing and statistical multiplexing of various services. QoS capability PTN uses DiffServ differentiated service mechanism to divide data flow into three categories: EF priority forwarding, AF guaranteed forwarding and be best effort. Generally, voice and other delay sensitive services are divided into EF class, bandwidth guarantee is strict, while delay insensitive services such as information intranet are divided into AF class, and services without special requirements for delay and bandwidth such as information extranet are divided into be class. PTN provides targeted QoS for services, meets differentiated needs, and allocates bandwidth on demand. This flexible ground to connection management can provide richer management mode than the traditional circuit connection, and provide more access options for services. The statistical multiplexing capability of bandwidth is higher than the cost performance based on circuit. Network security PTN provides security mechanisms such as authentication, anti retransmission attack, message integrity verification and privacy mechanism to ensure the security of business and network management. The powerful OAM capability PTN also defines a powerful OAM mechanism, which enables the transmission entities of each layer in the network, whether they belong to customers, service providers or operators, to perform fault detection, fault location and performance monitoring tasks, know the integrity and channel conditions of the information received and sent by this layer, and achieve OAM functions similar to SDH, To realize the rapid diagnosis and location of network faults, and ultimately improve the network availability and service quality. The protection mechanism PTN provides a perfect layered protection mode, including 1 + 1 and 1:1 path protection and ring network protection, 1 + 1 and 1:1 path types, similar to 1 + 1 and 1:1 protection in SDH network. Synchronization technology PTN synchronization system is the integration of clock (frequency) synchronization system and time synchronization system. Clock synchronization system includes physical layer synchronization and 1588v2 message synchronization. Ieee1588v2 clock standard has been established, including OC / BC / TC mode, 10GE / Ge / Fe / PPS + TOD clock interface, to meet the requirements of flexible networking. Synchronous Ethernet technology can well support frequency synchronization, and realize synchronization through Ethernet physical layer, which is similar to traditional SDH network< The application of PTN in power network
PTN not only adopts statistical multiplexing and packet crossover, supports layer 2 Ethernet service well, but also has perfect QoS capability, uses advanced packet ring to realize protection switching of service layer less than 50ms, supports TDM service transmission, meets the requirements of real-time and security of power grid, and conforms to the trend of IP based and network convergence of power grid communication network, In the future, a unified transport network will be used to carry different business applications. Based on the characteristics of the current county-level power supply network, the PTN packet transport network with mature domestic technical standards is more suitable for the evolution and development of power communication network than enhanced Ethernet (CE) and router based network. At present, the maximum network side interface rate that PTN technology can provide is only 10Gbit / s, and the ring network capacity is limited. At the same time, e to the impact of convergence time on services, PTN technology is not suitable for long-distance transmission. Therefore, PTN technology is not suitable for the backbone layer of power communication network, and can not meet the demand of the current high-speed growth of service bandwidth of the backbone layer. PTN is embodied in the flexible access, convergence and statistical multiplexing of small granular services. Therefore, PTN is suitable for the convergence layer and access layer. County power supply and 110kV substation set up PTN core layer. 10GE core dispatching layer adopts mesh structure to achieve the purpose of rich optical connection and flexible business dispatching. As the high-speed switching backbone of the network, it can forward data packets quickly; Power supply station and work area set up convergence layer, using 10GE ring network, double node access to the core layer, processing all data from the access layer, and providing uplink to the core layer; Other nodes, such as business stations and patrol stations, set up the Ge rate access layer. Similarly, in principle, two nodes access the upper layer. The access layer provides a large number of access ports to meet the access and service processing strategies of various services, such as TDM, ATM and Ge services. Linear access can be used. Business planning includes business planning. The CES circuit simulation technology in PWE3 is used in PTN, the QoS level is EF, and the packet loading time and jitter buffer time are set smaller. Ethernet service planning. Ethernet services in PTN use E-line Ethernet special line to map into PWE3 for carrying. Monitoring services, distribution network automation, dispatching automation network, conference television and other services are configured as Ethernet special line based on port + VLAN. Through end-to-end tunnel, the Ethernet special line is transmitted to the node port of convergence layer, and PWE3 is encapsulated and restored to realize end-to-end transparent transmission of services. The proportion of such services should not be too high. At the same time, soft switch services with low bandwidth and high delay requirements also adopt this encapsulation method; Be type of QoS level is used in information internal and external networks. When the network is congested, the traffic can be statistically reused to ensure that high priority services come first. Business capacity planning. For access ring, the number of access ring nodes can be planned according to the actual upload capacity of access nodes, the expected expansion index in the future, and the bandwidth capacity of 800 Mbit / s ring network. At the same time, it needs to be combined with the actual topology. Generally, there are no more than 8 access nodes in the service intensive area and no more than 16 nodes in the service sparse area to ensure the service delay performance and time transmission accuracy performance. For the convergence ring, in the case of double node interconnection, the access ring network traffic is generally evenly distributed on two sink nodes, so as to avoid the switching of all services in the access ring when a single node in the access ring fails, and 4-5 nodes are preferred. The traffic flow of each access ring area is connected to the sink layer node nearby. When it is transmitted to the upper layer, it should avoid too many service paths (including protection path) passing through the same intermediate sink node, and avoid the intersection of protection path and main path at a certain intermediate node. The service capacity planning of the core ring is the same as that of the convergence ring
conclusion
under the background of rapid centralization of power information services and mature IP based power communication terminal services, the traditional SDH / MSTP network is no longer suitable for large-scale IP service access. As a new packet oriented transmission network technology, PTN has obvious advantages in carrying IP services, which is very suitable for the integration and transformation of county-level power supply information network and communication network.
For the main engine plant, in addition to absorbing the latest technological achievements, we should focus on the technologies that can be implemented, especially on the "new four modernizations". At this point, Chinese auto companies can be said to be "the first to eat crabs", such as the world's first intelligent cockpit released by SAIC Roewe, and the leading layout of head independent auto companies in the field of electrification
as for the imagination of more remote technologies such as automatic driving and smart city, the main engine plant must deeply integrate with the upstream and downstream instrial chain, waiting for greater technological breakthroughs
? Article / Li Liping
this article comes from the author of auto home, which does not represent the standpoint of auto home
As the beginning of 2020, CES, the 53rd largest consumer electronics exhibition in the world, officially opened in Las Vegas, USA. As the largest and most influential annual exhibition of consumer electronics technology in the world, CES has already become a new window for global high-tech enterprises to show their representative procts and technologies
on the front windshield, ff91 uses projection method to deliver navigation, dashboard and other information, so as to avoid the trouble of looking at the instrument ring driving. In addition, ff91, which is a luxury car, sells for about $200000 in the United States and as much as $2 million in China
who do you think can carry the "flag" of 2020ces
this article comes from the author of car home, which does not represent the standpoint of car home
Automatic driving has become the key point of the next travel era. So far, the world's major car companies and related software and hardware companies have been rubbing their hands, officially entered the "arms race" of automatic driving. In fact, there are always two kinds of insistence on the perception of automatic driving in the instry. One is that Tesla insists on the automatic driving technology realized by the vision system, the other is that most car companies adopt the automatic driving technology realized by lidar
the former relies on visual imaging, which will inevitably have a great performance demand for chip computing power. At present, in addition to the FSD neural network chip developed by Tesla, there is no hardware supplier to mass proce. In this way, for most auto driving companies and suppliers, lidar has become the preferred solution to realize automatic driving. Looking at the market, there are more lidar procts with high line number long ranging and low line number short ranging
on January 7, local time, CES 2020 opened in Las Vegas, USA. At this CES, Hesai technology officially released its own ultra wide angle short range lidar, pandarqt. This heavyweight new proct has attracted a lot of attention as soon as it is released, not only because of the global leading market share of Hesai in robo taxi instry, but also because pandarqt is the first attempt of Hesai to develop a proct with unique performance and relatively low price. The recommended retail price for the 64 line pandarqt is set at $4999
in the actual driving experience, robotaxi equipped with pandar40p and pandar64 has the ability of fully automatic driving, whether it is fully automatic overtaking action, or actively avoiding traffic participants, even in the case of vehicles in front of the shelter, it can still see the traffic light changes and waiting time ahead of time
in addition, as early as 2017, Hesai and the network jointly released the multi-sensor fusion suite Pandora, which is also the only environment awareness suite on the network Apollo platform
Hesai technology, which seems to be quite "young", firmly occupies the trump card position in the laser radar field with its scientific and technological hard power far exceeding that of similar enterprises. Moreover, the deep cooperation with the global autonomous driving enterprises also enables Hesai technology to accumulate a deep technical foundation in the field of autonomous driving
it is also the in-depth cooperation with autonomous driving enterprises that promotes Hesai technology to continue its deep cultivation in the direction of promoting the landing of autonomous driving. Instry experts have said that traditional mechanical radar will hinder the process of automatic driving because of its hardware volume and strict requirements for working environment
faced with the existence of this objective fact, Hesai technology has discovered while developing mechanical radar, and resolutely broke away from the "comfort circle" of mechanical radar advantage, and further opened the door of the next era of lidar with its profound scientific and technological hard power
in 2019, Hesai technology officially launched its third-generation solid-state lidar pandargt3.0. The release of this solid-state lidar directly pushed Hesai technology to the top of the wave, rewriting a new chapter in the application history of lidar in the field of automatic driving
the layout of Hesai technology enterprises in the field of traditional mechanical radar has been described in detail in the previous article, and there are few enterprises in the whole international laser radar field. With the launch of a new generation of Solid-state Radar pandargt3.0, Hesai technology, with its strong scientific and technological hard power, has once again reached the top of the instry pyramid
2020 will be the year when the automatic driving technology will break out, and then the hardware supply market related to automatic driving will break out and grow. At present, the fate of traditional lidar has come to the end. Hesai technology, which has a deep layout in the lidar instry, is likely to dominate the whole automatic driving supply system
this article comes from the author of car home, which does not represent the standpoint of car home
In the 2020 North American CES international consumer electronics exhibition, GAC's pure electric medium-sized SUV aionlx, a new energy company, made a high-profile appearance
the new car has a variety of power options, of which the 60 and 70 versions are equipped with 184 horsepower motor, front wheel drive, battery capacity of 70kwh, NEDC comprehensive range of 503km and 520km respectively; The maximum horsepower of the 80 model motor is 204 HP, and the battery capacity reaches 93kwh. It is also front wheel drive, and the driving range of NEDC under comprehensive working conditions reaches 650km; The 80D model is four-wheel drive, equipped with two motors with maximum horsepower of 204 HP, battery capacity of 93kwh and NEDC comprehensive working condition range of up to 600km
this article comes from the author of car home, which does not represent the standpoint of car home
CES service is the circuit simulation service of TDM. CES service
can simulate SDH, PDH and other circuits. Therefore, SDH and PDH support CES services. In addition, SDH and PDH are a kind of system, they all contain a variety of different rate interfaces
SDH and PDH are not services
PDH mainly includes E1 and T1 interface standards; SDH has STM-1, STM-4 and can reuse stm-n. However, STM-1 (155m optical port) and STM-4 (622m optical port) are widely used at present
Playstation 3 (Playstation 3) is a home game machine developed by Sony Computer Entertainment, which is located in the successor position of Playstation and PlayStation 2 of the same company
and Playstation & 12539; Playstation 2 is often referred to as "PS3" among users. PS3 was first published at E3 video game exhibition in May 2005, and was sold successively in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and the United States in November 2006. The global unified marketing slogan is "play beyond". If you look closely at the logo of PS3, you will find that it seems to be "Playstation 3" instead of "Playstation 3". However, it is not as rumored that n is used for anti-counterfeiting, but because N and n have the same shape, but different sizes. This can also be confirmed by the Title logo of spider man movies<
Introction
the main selling point of Playstation 3 is to provide a home multimedia game console platform, leading players into the era of Blu ray disc and high-quality video. Playstation 3 uses Blu ray disc (BD-ROM) as the main specification of optical drive. It provides high-quality pictures and Dolby sound through HDMI terminal. It can also be downward compatible with CD-ROM and DVD-ROM, including game discs of Playstation and PlayStation 2
with the release of Playstation 3, Sony Computer Entertainment has set up "Playstation network" (PSN) and provided "Playstation store" (PS store) service. PS3 players can purchase previous Playstation games in the PS store through PSN, or download relevant information, trial version and limited game content of PS3 games. In addition, when the Playstation portable player connects with the PS3 through the USB device, the player can download the Playstation Game or some other charged or free game related information, trial version and limited game content from the PS store to the PSP. In addition, the player can also perform the battle function of the PSP game through the PSN
PSN dedicated to Playstation 3 will put in more services in the future, including virtual home for online users. With the powerful online social platform "home", players can communicate with players all over the world and exchange their game experience. Each player will have his own character and room. Players can design their own virtual avatar and decorate the room at will. In the future, players can download the expanded content in PS store, or get special game souvenirs from PS3 Game and put them in "home"< On March 9, 2001, IBM, Sony and Toshiba reached a consensus to jointly develop the processor of the next generation game console
on September 21, 2004, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that the next generation game console will adopt "Blu ray Disc" as the disc format
on December 7, 2004, Sony Computer Entertainment and NVIDIA announced the joint development of image processor for next generation game console
on February 8, 2005, the "cell" CPU architecture jointly developed by IBM, Sony and Toshiba was released
on March 30, 2005, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that the next generation game console will use 512MB XDR memory developed by Toshiba
on May 17, 2005, PlayStation 3 was officially named and released to the public. It is scheled to be sold worldwide in the spring of 2006
on March 15, 2006, e to the uncertainty of Blu ray specification and the delay of HDMI content development, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that Playstation 3 was postponed to be launched in Japan, Europe and North America in November of the same year
the official website of Playstation 3 opened on August 30, 2006
on September 6, 2006, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that the launch date of Playstation 3 in Europe was postponed to March 2007 e to the unsatisfactory output of key Blu ray diode components of Blu ray disc. At the same time, the initial shipment volume in Japan is revised to 100000 units, which is expected to be listed on November 11; The initial shipment volume in North America is 400000 units, which is expected to go on sale on November 17
on November 1, 2006, Hong Kong Sony Computer Entertainment announced that Playstation 3 will be launched in Hong Kong, Taiwan and other regions simultaneously with the United States on November 17, 2006
on November 11, 2006, PlayStation 3 was first put on sale in Japan. The first sale was held at the Tokyo flagship store of Bic Camera, and the first batch of 88400 game consoles were sold out
on November 17, 2006, PlayStation 3 was available for sale in the United States, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Sony Computer Entertainment held its first sale in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong and "Sony digital square" in ximenting, Taipei, Taiwan. In the first sale in both places, 200 in Hong Kong and 300 in Taiwan were sold out< On December 25, 2006, Time magazine listed Playstation 3 as "5 things that wet from buzz to boost"
on December 31, 2006, PlayStation 3 sold 460000 units in Japan
on January 8, 2007, Sony Computer Entertainment said in ces2007 that since its launch in November 2006, PlayStation 3 has sold more than 1 million units worldwide, achieving its goal faster than expected
on March 8, 2007, PlayStation 3 special online social platform "home" was officially released
Playstation 3 is available for sale in Europe, Middle East, Africa and Australia on March 23, 2007
on April 12, 2007, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that it would stop procing 20GB version of Playstation 3 in North America
on May 16, 2007, the global shipment of Playstation 3 reached 5.5 million units
Playstation 3 was put on sale in Korea on June 16, 2007. The 80GB version is priced at won 518000
on July 9, 2007, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that it will rece the price of 60GB version of Playstation 3 in North America by $100 to Us9, and the new 80GB version of Playstation 3 will completely replace the old 60GB model
on July 15, 2007, the sales volume of Playstation 3 in Japan exceeded 1 million units (the number was 101492 units)
on September 15, 2007, the Nikkei News reported that Sony Group will withdraw from the proction of the central processing unit "cell" of Playstation 3 and sell the semiconctor proction machine to Toshiba, which is jointly involved in the development, for 100 billion yen. Subsequently, Sony Group issued a press release saying that there was no specific decision
on September 20, 2007, Sony Computer Entertainment announced the launch of "alshock 3", which combines six axis inction and vibration functions. It is expected to be first launched in Japan in November, and other regions are scheled for spring 2008. Meanwhile, the launch of Playstation 3 dedicated online social platform "home" will be postponed to the first quarter of 2008
on October 5, 2007, Sony Computer Entertainment announced the launch of 40Gb version of Playstation 3 in Europe, which is scheled to be released in late October
on October 9, 2007, Sony Computer Entertainment announced the launch of 40Gb version of Playstation 3 in Japan and Asia, which is scheled to go on sale on November 11 at a price of 39980 yen. Besides piano black, the host computer also provides a new ceramic white color. At the same time, it also announced that the "Dual Shock 3" will also be sold independently on the same day at the price of 5500 yen
on October 18, 2007, Sony Group published the news on its official website that Toshiba, Sony Group and Sony Computer Entertainment will jointly set up a new company for the proction of Playstation 3 "cell / B.E." processor and "RSX" graphics chip, and will sell the semiconctor proction equipment in Kyushu Nagasaki to Toshiba, Toshiba will continue to supply "cell" to Playstation 3 [2]
on October 25, 2007, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that as of the end of September 2007, the global sales of Playstation 3 had reached 5.59 million units
on November 27, 2007, SCE Asia announced the establishment of SCET
on January 7, 2008, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that 1.2 million Playstation 3 will be sold within five weeks of the 2007 Christmas holiday
on January 8, 2008, Sony Computer Entertainment announced in CES that it will launch the function of using Playstation 3 to Blu ray Disc movies and transfer them to Playstation portable. Users can enjoy portable high-definition movies in this way
on January 10, 2008, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that the 20GB and 60GB versions of Playstation 3 will stop proction in Japan, which means that the 20GB and 60GB versions have completed their historical tasks, and there are no more 20GB and 60GB versions on sale in the global market<
detailed specification
CPU
the core of PS3. The central processing unit (CPU) is a "cell" processor jointly developed by SCEI / Sony / IBM / Toshiba in 2000. Cell processor is a heterogeneous multi core processor composed of 1ppe + 8spe, with nine cores operating in parallel<
PowerPC base core frequency 3.2ghz
1 VMX vector unit
512KB L2 cache
7 SPEs (original 8, 1 as a backup to improve chip yield) operating with a single 3.2ghz time pulse, which are used for vector integer and floating-point operations
each SPE can execute two instructions (al issue, 1.2) at the same time, Limited)
each SPE has 128 128 bit SIMD universal registers
each SPE has 256Kb local storage SRAM
floating point computing capability: 218gflops
can't access the main memory directly, so it needs to access the "RSX" (reality synthesizer) jointly developed by SCE and NVIDIA through DMA. The package is similar to that of the mobile display card. Four display memories are integrated on the GPU substrate. The RSX display core is the G70 based on NVIDIA, but the memory bandwidth is only 128bit
image processor operating frequency: 550MHz (controversial, may be 500MHz, However, Sony did not publish the detailed specifications)
floating point computing capacity: 1.8 tflops
Full HD (maximum output 1080p) 1 channel
multi way programmable parallel floating point shader pipelines
memory
main memory: 256MB XDR 3.2ghz
drawing memory: 256MB GDDR3 650MHz
system bandwidth
main memory: 25.6gb/s
Drawing memory: 22.4gb/s
flexio bandwidth: 20GB / S (cell to RSX), 15GB / S (RSX to cell)
Nanqiao chip bus bandwidth: 2.5gb/s in both directions
floating point computing power
2 tflops
sound effect
Dolby Digital 5.1ch, DTS, lpcm, etc.
audio and video output
support 480i, 480p, 720p, 1080i 1080p
HDMI 1.3 output terminal × 1 (originally only 60GB version was equipped as standard, but the official website announced on September 22, 2006 that 20GB was also equipped)
AV multi output terminal × 1
optical fiber output terminal × 1
CD
only for reading
CD:
Playstation: Playstation / PlayStation 2 CD-ROM
CD-DA: CD-DA (ROM), CD-R, CD-RW
SACD: SACD hybrid (CD layer), SACD HD
aldisc: aldisc (sound side / DVD side)
DVD:
Playstation: PlayStation 2 DVD-ROM
DVD Video: DVD-ROM, DVD-ROM ± R、DVD ± RW
Blu ray Disc:
Playstation: Playstation 3 BD-ROM
BD Video: BD-ROM, BD-R, BD-RE
BD-ROM read speed: 2x (CLV), constant transmission speed of 78mbps (9mbytes / sec)
storage and input / output interface
2.5-inch hard disk slot
Memory Stick: Standard / o, pro × 1
SD: Standard / Mini × 1
CompactFlash：Type I、II × 1
USB：USB 2.0 × 4 (two 40Gb versions) (both in the front)
model and pricing
in September 2006, Sony Computer Entertainment announced the price in Japan at the Tokyo video game show, which was significantly lower than that in North America, while the price in Asia was also lower than expected, with Hong Kong being the lowest in the world
23 March 2007, pl