The founder of Ethereum said to start over
Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, is a Russian
at the end of 2013, vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, released the first edition white paper of Ethereum and launched the project. From July 24, 2014, Ethereum has carried out a 42 day pre-sale of Ethereum coins. In early 2016, Ethereum's technology was recognized by the market, and its price began to soar, attracting a large number of people other than developers to enter Ethereum's world. Two of China's three major bitcoin exchanges, huocoin.com and okcoin.com, both officially launched Ethereum on May 31, 2017
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in 2011, butrin began to realize bitcoin under the influence of his father when he was 17 years old in high school. Butrin showed a strong interest in this new thing. In order to better understand this fully distributed currency, butrin began to read bitcoin forum and technical materials. He wrote bitcoin blog articles to earn bitcoin, although his hourly salary was only $2 an hour
when he made 20 BTCs, he took 8.5 to buy a shirt. But he realized at that time that if thousands of people from all over the world join the bitcoin community, an independent financial system can be created, and the application of blockchain is not limited to cryptocurrency, but applicable to all walks of life. Since then, Butlin has been working in this direction
in late 2011, butrin graally became famous in the community. A man from Romania invited him to co-founder bitcoin magazine and serve as the chief writer
bitcoin is a digital currency designed by Nakamoto in 2009. The identity of its founder "Nakamoto" has always been a mystery. Rumors about "father of bitcoin" involve from the US National Security Agency to financial experts, and also give bitcoin a mysterious aura. Matcha exchange can find out more about Ethereum bitcoin
There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road
from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain
1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0
however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts
first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network
the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis
to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively
(1) fragmentation technology
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved
however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization
(2) lightning network
lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain
however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel
only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain
another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost
Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactionsthe above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network
Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event
Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident
(1) what does Dao meanbefore introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized
autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
(2) the infamous Dao event
however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event
refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days
unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13
this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart
to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions
in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"
Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stabilityskycoin also includes the cancellation of mining incentives, the development of energy-saving customized hardware, the realization of transaction speed comparable to visa's similar projects, and the creation of a safer and more efficient Internet
the above achievements are realized thanks to the five robust component cores of skycoin ecosystem:
skycoin: a fast and secure currency supported by bandwidth
skywire: a truly decentralized mesh network
skyminer: hardware facilities to realize the real decentralized mesh network of skywire
fiber: an open decentralized blockchain network
skysuite: distributed application suite< The founder of skycoin is one of the earliest developers of bitcoin. Skycoin was founded eight years ago to create a new decentralized network. He is currently a consultant for several cryptocurrency projects. Synth has a background in mathematics, distributed systems and symbolic logic< br />✨ Houwu Chen, founder of
houwu is one of the developers of Ethereum and the author of the oblelisk white paper on the decentralized consensus protocol of skycoin distributed network and cryptocurrency. He studied for a doctorate in Tsinghua University.
first, expand the scope of integrity candidate nodes to 5% of all nodes, and randomly select consensus and accounting nodes from the candidate pool according to the time task. The larger the scope of nodes involved in the consensus, the less likely it is to commit joint crimes< Second, select nodes based on bit-r reputation value. Bit-r reputation value is the behavior portrait and historical transaction record of each user and node, which cannot be merged and transferred like token, so the feasibility of joint evil between nodes is small.
Recently, a & lt; The 27 year old founder of ether coin made a profit of $1.1 billion; The news of, caused the hot discussion of broad netizens, make boiling on the net. We know that with the development of society, digital currency has emerged in all currencies. The largest digital currency is bitcoin. Bitcoin has risen from less than one cent at the beginning to more than 300000 yuan now, with a huge increase. After bitcoin, it is the second largest digital currency, ether coin, which was launched in 2015 and is now up a lot. So who is the founder? What does he do
The founder of vitalik buterin is a 27 year old programmer who created ethercoin in 2013 and launched ethercoin in 2015. He is a Russian Canadian{ RRRRR}the above are my views on this issue. They are purely personal views and are for reference only. If you have any different views, you can leave a message in the comment area for discussion
logocentrism is another name of Western metaphysics, which is Derrida's general ruling on western philosophy by inheriting Heidegger's ideas. As the name suggests, logocentrism is a structure centered on logos, so we should first understand & quot; Logos & quot;
& quot; Logos & quot; From ancient Greek, for λ In the first volume of the history of Greek philosophy, gersley, a famous historian of philosophy, analyzed in detail the usage of the word "oyos" in philosophy, literature, history and other documents before the fifth century B.C., and summed up ten meanings: (1) anything spoken or written 2) Things mentioned and related to value, such as evaluation and reputation 3) The inner consideration of the soul, such as thought and reasoning 4) Develop from what is said or written to cause, reason or argument 5) And & quot; Empty talk& quot; Excuse & quot; On the contrary, & quot; The real logos & quot; It is the truth of things 6) Scale, propriety 7) Correspondence, proportion 8) General principle or rule, which is a relatively late usage 9) The ability of reason, such as the difference between man and animals, is that man has logos 10) Definition or formula to express the essence of things.
later generations mainly from & quot; Rationality& quot; Truth& quot; Law & quot; Even & quot; Logic & quot; To grasp & quot; Logos & quot; In Heidegger's being and time, this meaning is not groundless, but it is not its original meaning; Logos & quot; Far away from the basis of existentialism, & quot; Logos is experienced as a ready-made thing and interpreted as a ready-made thing; Similarly, the existential shown by logos also has the meaning of being; Therefore, he wants to put & quot; Logos & quot; From & quot; Logic & quot; In his opinion, he thought that "the first is to liberate and restore its original meaning"; Logos & quot; The original meaning is & quot; Talk & quot; Or & quot; Speaking & quot;, Its verb form is legein and its root is 1eg. The basic meaning of 1eg is & quot; Talk & quot Speech is the basic link of human being's Dasein, which forms the whole meaning of Dasein. It links human being's Dasein as a whole in the way of articulation; Heidegger's later period (from the introction to metaphysics in the transitional period) was not satisfied with the analysis of logos as & quot; Talk & quot;, Therefore, it continues to trace its origin, and holds that its original meaning is & quot; Aggregation & quot;, Gathering brings the miscellaneous and mutually exclusive things into the presence. Speech is also a kind of gathering, which makes all things gather into one and show up; Logos & quot; It is not only the omnipresent operation of being, but also the omnipresent operation of language; Aggregation & quot; To explain & quot; Logos & quot; And use & quot; Talk & quot; Explanation & quot; Logos & quot; Although there are differences between existentialism and ontology, they do not change the two core meanings, that is, to refer to & quot; at the same time; Speech & quot The speech of Dasein or being) and & quot; Presence & quot;, In & quot; Logos & quot; Derrida agrees with Heidegger's research that the pursuit of logos is the pursuit of all presence through speech; However, Derrida believes that & quot; Logos & quot; No matter it is in the normal sense & quot; Rationality & quot; Or & quot; Logic & quot; Or Heidegger insisted successively & quot; Talk & quot; And & quot; Aggregation & quot; In all kinds of metaphysical systems, there is always an unchanging presence as the center of its construction system. Derrida has a good summary of this in the opening of structure, symbol and game in the discourse of Human Sciences: there is a desire for center throughout the history of metaphysics, Different centers organize different structures; The history of the whole concept of structure must be regarded as a series of activities in which the center replaces the center, just like a chain of centers. The center obtains different forms and names in a way of successive emergence and mutual coordination. The history of metaphysics, like the whole history of the west, is the history of these metaphors and metonymies, It can be proved that all these names related to the basis, principle or center indicate an unchanging presence -- Eidos [essence], arche [origin], telos [purpose], Energia [energy], ousia [presence], existence [existence], substance [entity], Suiet [subject], Aletheia [Truth], Transcendentalite, conscience, Dieu, homine and so on; The historical manifestations of these presence are as follows: & quot; The presence of things as Eidos facing eyes, as entity / essence / existence, as temporal presence of present or moving point, as self presence of thinking, consciousness and subjectivity, as common presence of self and others; Derrida's philosophy is just a response to these various modes of presence. He re grasps logos from the perspective of signifying activity, that is, Heidegger's interpretation of logos from the perspective of ontology; Presence & quot; Interpretation is examined at the linguistic level (this is mainly influenced by Saussure, later on in detail): the so-called presence means that the signified is separated from the signifier. In the movement of signs, the signifier is originally indivisible, but metaphysics can make the signifier self erase and make the signified appear, and further regard the signified as the unchanging center and the basis of determination, In order to construct metaphysical edifice, Derrida called it & quot; A priori reference & quot According to Derrida, Heidegger's & quot; Logos & quot; Heidegger liberated language from logic, but constrained language in the presence of logos. Therefore, Derrida wanted to liberate language from logos (no matter what kind of logos it is) and classify it as the game's & quot; Words & quot In Derrida's opinion, logocentrism contains two rather contradictory views: first, it is a sound centered concept, namely phonocentrism. In the phenomenon of expressing meaning with symbols, the medium of sound is superior to that of words. Sound is internal and closest to meaning, while words are external, It can only approach meaning through sound circuitously, which is an ideological tradition based on Western phonetic characters. Secondly, in the activity of care, the sound must be hidden and self erased, so that the meaning can be completely and directly present. This is what Derrida called & quot; Metaphysics of presence & quot In this regard, sound centralism is attached to logos centralism, which serves for logos centralism. The only reason for its existence is to let logos lose its superiority when it is present