Ethereum test network
Publish: 2021-04-14 20:51:59
1. When it comes to money, mining is indispensable. In ethereum network, if you want to get Ethereum, you also need to mine it. When it comes to mining, there must be a consensus mechanism
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
2.
Eth is the Federal Institute of technology of Zurich, located in Zurich, Switzerland. It is a world-renowned top research university. For many years, it has ranked first in European universities and enjoys the reputation of "the first university in Europe". It ranks sixth in the world in the comprehensive ranking of QS World Universities in 2020
The Federal Institute of technology in Zurich was founded by the Swiss Federation in 1854 and began to teach as a technical college in 1855. Initially, it consisted of six faculties of architecture, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, chemistry and forestry, as well as an organization integrating mathematics, natural sciences, literature, social sciences and politicsthe Federal Institute of technology of Zurich ranked 9th in the world in the 2016 QS World University comprehensive ranking; In 2017, QS ranked the eighth in the world; Ranked 10th in the world in the comprehensive ranking of QS World Universities in 2018; Ranked 7th in the world in the comprehensive ranking of QS World Universities in 2019; In 2020, QS ranked the sixth in the world
the development status of eth
the Swiss Federal Institute of technology was established by the Swiss Federal Government in 1855 for the needs of national instrialization, which is a Federal University. It is not only for its own development, but also for the whole country, Europe and even the world to engage in scientific research. At the beginning, the university only had civil engineering, forest science, mechanical engineering and chemistry, and then added humanities, sociology and political science
the school has 26000 teachers and students from more than 100 countries in 16 departments, and its teaching and research fields include architecture, engineering, mathematics, natural science, social science and management science. For eth, the number of students enrolled and tuition fees are not considered at all. With the support of the federal government, the college receives as much as 9.2 billion Swiss francs a year for ecation, which does not include the use of property management and new teaching facilities
the college has also received up to 3 billion Swiss francs from third-party funding and its own technology transformation. All these funds are used for school running and scientific research, or most of them are directly used for more than 20000 students and 500 professors (full-time equivalent personnel of more than 9000 person years)
Even so, ETH continues to say that it is short of money in its annual reports in recent two years, and the reason is very simple. In order to compete with other institutions (universities), our independence is the most important, so we need a long-term sustainable financial supportlast year, we expanded the enrollment of 4% of the students. At present, the number of students is 156% of that ten years ago, the number of professors has increased by 23%, and the number of scientific research personnel has increased by 53%. However, the government's scientific research funding has only increased by 42%, and the available area for ecation has only increased by 7%. We are facing great challenges
However, it is not surprising in Switzerland. Due to its unique ecation system, all resources in Switzerland are concentrated in 10 universities and 2 federal polytechnics. In other words, there are only 12 universities at the level of higher ecation, and the country is not short of money, so the current situation is formed3. This is not very clear, because the research team in the central bank's digital currency is generally the relevant personnel of the central bank departments and their think tanks. As early as 2014, domestic banking institutions began to study digital currency
at present, the central bank's research on digital currency is still at an early stage, and it only plans to launch digital currency, but it is still far away from issuing digital currency. When the central bank studies digital currency, it may study the existing mainstream digital currencies such as bitcoin, Ruitai, dogcoin, etc.
at present, the central bank's research on digital currency is still at an early stage, and it only plans to launch digital currency, but it is still far away from issuing digital currency. When the central bank studies digital currency, it may study the existing mainstream digital currencies such as bitcoin, Ruitai, dogcoin, etc.
4.
See the article:
< pre t = "code" L = "HTML" > http://www.yyearth.com/article/14-04/network.html5. The naming rule of network card under Linux: eth0, eth1. The first Ethernet card, the second. Lo is the loopback interface. Its IP address is fixed at 127.0.0.1 and its mask is 8 bits. It represents your machine itself. 1. Ifconfig is to view the information of network card. Ifconfig [interface] interface is optional. If this item is not added, the information of all network cards in the system will be displayed. If this option is added, the specified network card information will be displayed. For example: ifconfigeth0eth0l inkencap:EthernetHWaddr00 :0C:29:F3:3B:F2 inetaddr:192.168.0.10Bcast :192.168.0.255M ask:255.255.255. :1500M etric:1RXpackets :78 errors:0dropped :0 overruns:0frame :0TX packets:104errors :0 dropped:0overruns :0 carrier:0collisions :0t xqueuelen:100RXbytes :11679(11.4Kb)TX bytes:14077 (13 .7Kb)I nterrupt:10Baseaddress : 0x1080 you can see: the first line: connection type: Ethernet hwaddr (hardware MAC address); the second line: IP address, subnet and mask of the network card; the third line: up (represents the network card's on state); running (represents the network cable of the network card is connected); multicast (supports multicast) MTU: 1500 (maximum transmission unit): 1500 bytes; the fourth line: up (represents the network card's on state); the third line: up (represents the network cable of the network card is connected) Five lines: Statistics of received and sent packets seventh line: Statistics of bytes of received and sent data 1) Configure the IP address of eth0 and activate the device# Ifconfiget0192.168.1.10netmask 255.255.255.0up (2) configure the IP address of eth0 alias device eth0:1 and add route# Ifconfigeth0: 1192.168.1.3? Routeadd – host192.168.1.3 deveth0:1 (3) activate the device# Ifconfigeth0: 1up (4) disable the device# Ifconfigureth0: down (5) view the configuration of the specified network interface# Ifconfigeth0 (6) view all network interface configurations# Ifconfig2, route command to configure and view the configuration of the kernel routing table, for example: (1) the route added to the host# Routeadd – host192.168.1.2develth0: 0 # routeadd – host10.20.30.148gw10.20.30.40 (2) routes added to the network# Routeadd – net10.20.30.40netmask 255.255.255.248eth0? Routeadd – net10.20.30.48netmask 255.255.255.248gw10.20.30.41? Routeadd – net192.168.1.0/24eth1 (3) add default gateway# Route add default gw192.168.1.1 (4) view the configuration of the kernel route table# Route (5) delete the route# As a result, it is routedel – host 10.20.20.30.30.148gw10.20.20.20.30.40\\\\\\\\\\\\255.0route E0.0.0.0gw172.16.19.254servicenetworkrestart3, traceroute command show the route of the packet to the destination host, for example: # traceroute.cn4, ping command to test the network connectivity, for example: # ping.cn # Ping – c4192.168.1.125, netstat command to display the network status information
6. You are a cat, not a router. You don't need to make any settings. If you have any problems, you can report to the network provider directly.
7. Unknown_Error
8. I think the way to get the IP address of your network card is DHCP. You can set it to static mode by executing the setup command and selecting network setting to set the way to get the static IP address and set the IP address< Then, start the network service:
service network restart
use ifconfig command to check whether the IP address is available?
service network restart
use ifconfig command to check whether the IP address is available?
9. Just set IP to get it automatically
VI / etc / sysconfig / network scripts / ifcfg-eth0
change bootproto = static to bootproto = DHCP
VI / etc / sysconfig / network scripts / ifcfg-eth0
change bootproto = static to bootproto = DHCP
10. 1. VI / etc / sysconfig / network scripts / ifcfg-eth0
the previous MAC address is saved in the configuration file of ifcfg-eth0,
2. Delete the netmask of ifcfg-eth0 as 192.168.116.0gateway = 192.168.116.2 and set the subnet mask as 255.255.255.0
3. Delete / etc / udev / rules. D / 70-persistent-net.rules and restart the machine
the previous MAC address is saved in the configuration file of ifcfg-eth0,
2. Delete the netmask of ifcfg-eth0 as 192.168.116.0gateway = 192.168.116.2 and set the subnet mask as 255.255.255.0
3. Delete / etc / udev / rules. D / 70-persistent-net.rules and restart the machine
Hot content