Interview with Ethereum

6.

There has been a popular saying among people: time does not exist, and human beings are cheated by memory. Now, we don't know the origin of this sentence? I went through Einstein's books, notes and interviews in detail, but I didn't think of a similar description. Although I have no way to directly assert that Einstein did not say anything like that. But at the very least, Einstein is a physicist, and his point of view should be related to physics. Therefore, we only understand this sentence from the perspective of physics. However, this sentence also coincides with Einstein's view of time and space, which may be why many people would agree that this is what he said

However, to understand Einstein's view of time and space, we have to start with Newton's absolute view of time and space

In fact, the ancients began to think about time and space for a long time. Take the ancient Chinese as an example. In his book corpse, the outstanding corpse of all the schools of thought in the Warring States period wrote: the lower four sides are called the universe, and the past and present are called the universe

That is to say, universe represents space, Zeus represents time, and universe is the collection of time and space. The reason for this view is that people at that time thought that the concept of time mainly came from the universe. The moon goes round the earth for a month, day and night is a day

Newton, the father of modern science, defined the space-time view of Newton's theory in detail when he published his book mathematical principles of natural philosophy in 1687

In fact, the most unacceptable is the relativistic view of time and space. We can sum up the following points:

time and space are not separated, but closely linked. They should be called time and space, and they are a continuum. Time and space are not absolute, but relativistic. The quality, time and space length observed by different observers should be different

How can we understand these two points

for example, suppose you are on the ground and you have a friend flying over your head in a high-speed spaceship

if he passes at 0.1 times the speed of light, what you should see is as follows:

if it is 0.8 times the speed of light, what about you? At this time, the spaceship you see will flatten, which means the space length will be shortened. This is also called the scale effect

if the light speed reaches 0.95 times, the scale effect will be more obvious

in Newton's view of absolute space-time, no matter how fast the spaceship flies, what you see is actually the same

not only the length of space has changed, but also the time, which is also called time inflation. To be specific, let's say that your friend's spaceship is 0.95 times the speed of light. At this time, if he is doing radio Gymnastics in the spaceship, and you are also doing radio Gymnastics in situ, at this time, what you see is that he is doing slow motion radio gymnastics. Similarly, he sees that you are also doing slow motion radio gymnastics, and you feel that your own radio gymnastics is normal speed. That is to say, he has expanded relative to you, and you have also expanded relative to him. This is because the relative velocity between you is 0.95 times the speed of light

Therefore, the time people feel is different in different sports states. Based on this understanding, let's take another example. If you are on the earth and there is an alien in the distance, when the alien is stationary relative to you, the alien's present is your present. If the alien drives away from you, his present will be your past. If the aliens turn to your form, the alien modernity is your future. In other words, the past has not disappeared, but the future has existed. It's like playing a movie. The plot at any moment has been decided, but your movement state will determine where you start to play and at what speed. Therefore, from this point of view, perhaps the sentence "time does not exist" can also be regarded as the past

7. Please refer to the information in interview programs such as Lu Yu you Yue or art life

8. Scientific experiment
scientific experiment
contains steps
scientific method should include six important steps:
1. Observation: observation is the detailed record of facts and events
2. Definition of problems: the definition can be operated by exact proceres
3. Hypothesis: temporary explanation of a thing or a relationship
4. Evidence collection and verification Empirical hypothesis: on the one hand, it is necessary to provide the objective conditions for the hypothesis, on the other hand, it is necessary to find a way to measure the relevant parameters
5. Publishing research results: scientific information must be made public, and real science focuses on solving problems
6. Constructing theory. Scientific theory can be falsified by isolated problems. Scientific experiment is a form of observation. Because of the special importance of scientific experiment in empirical natural science research, it is necessary to discuss scientific experiment separately
when people are not satisfied with observing the objects under natural conditions and require active intervention on the subjects, this leads to the emergence of scientific experiments
in ancient society, scientific experiments have been graally brewing in the process of people exploring the mysteries of nature. But at that time, the experiment only appeared in the primitive and simple form, and it has not become an independent form of social practice. Strictly speaking, scientific experiments began in modern times. The use of experimental methods has become the main feature of modern natural science. The reason why this kind of situation appeared in modern times is that the instrial proction has been greatly developed at this time. Engels said: "since the Crusade, instry has made great progress, and proced many new facts in Mechanics (textile, watch making, mill), chemistry (dyeing, metallurgy, wine making), and Physics (glasses). These facts not only provide a lot of materials for observation, And it also provides a completely different experimental means from the past, and makes the manufacture of new tools possible. It can be said that this is the first time that a truly systematic experimental science has become possible. " Selected works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 3, people's publishing house, 1972, pp. 523-524) from modern times to modern times, scientific experiments have undergone great development, and the sociality of scientific experiments has graally improved. After 1940s, the scale of scientific experiments became larger and larger. Scientific experiment is no longer the cause of indivial scientists, but an integral part of the whole social cause
the reason why scientific experiments are valued by people and superior to natural observation is closely related to the characteristics of scientific experiments
it has the function of purifying the observation object.
the objects and phenomena in nature are in a complex and universal relationship, which contains a variety of factors. Therefore, any specific object is the unity of multi auspiciousness. This situation brings difficulties in understanding, because some characteristics of the object are either covered up, or interfered by other factors, so that some characteristics of the object, or people are not easy to understand clearly, or can not be detected under normal circumstances. In scientific experiments, people can make use of various experimental means to carry out various artificial changes and controls on the research objects, so that they can get rid of the interference of various accidental factors, so that the characteristics of the research objects can be exposed in their true colors. People will be able to obtain the characteristics that are difficult to observe in the natural state of the research object. For example, what causes the common phenomenon of broth corruption? Pasteur believed that the boiling broth later deteriorated as a result of the entry of airborne microorganisms into the broth. However, under natural conditions, broth always comes into contact with the air, and there must be countless st in the air, which carries microorganisms. Therefore, under natural conditions, it is impossible to keep the microorganisms in the air out of the broth. So Pasteur turned to experimental purification. He designed a curved necked bottle to inject broth into the bottle and heat it to kill bacteria. Because the bottle is crooked, it makes it difficult for the st in the outside air to enter the bottle. As a result, the broth was not corrupt. This is through certain experimental means, excluding the effect of microorganisms in the air on the broth, observed that the broth in a relatively pure state is not corrupt< In scientific experiments, people can use various experimental means to create special conditions, such as ultra-high temperature, ultra-high pressure, ultra-low temperature, ultra vacuum and so on. Under this strengthened special condition, people encounter many new phenomena which are not easy to encounter in the state of nature, and make people discover many new facts of great significance. For example, people can create ultra-low temperature close to absolute zero through certain experimental means, so that we can liquefy almost all gases. At this ultra-low temperature, people can also find that some materials have special excellent conctivity, that is, they have no resistance, diamagnetic and other superconcting properties
it is repeatable.
phenomena that occur under natural conditions are often gone forever, so it is impossible to observe them repeatedly. In scientific experiments, people can make the observed objects appear repeatedly through certain experimental means, which is not only concive to people's long-term observation and research, but also concive to people's repeated comparative observation, so as to check the previous experimental results. For example, the British chemist Priestley used a condenser to heat mercury compounds in 1774 to break down a gas, which is many times more combustion supporting than air. Priestley called this gas a deflagration gas. When Priestley told the French scientist Lavoisier the news, Lavoisier immediately started to repeat the experiment, so that he finally found that the combustion supporting gas decomposed by heating mercury oxide was not other gas, but oxygen
it is precisely because of these characteristics that scientific experiments are more and more widely used and play an increasingly important role in modern science. In modern science, the research subjects that people need to solve are increasingly complex and diverse, which makes the forms of scientific experiments increasingly rich and diverse< At present, there is a lack of systematic research on the classification of beneficial experiments. According to the different purposes of experiments, scientific experiments can be divided into qualitative experiments, quantitative experiments and structural analysis experiments. Qualitative experiment is used to determine whether certain factors and properties exist. Quantitative experiment is used to determine a certain number or the relationship between the number of experiments. The structure analysis experiment is used to understand the spatial structure of various components in the object
experiments can be divided into direct experiments and model experiments according to whether the real face means (instruments, equipment, tools, etc.) directly affect the studied objects. Direct real face is an experiment in which the experimental means act directly on the subject. Model experiment is based on the principle of similarity, using the model to replace the research object, that is, to replace the prototype, and the experimental means directly act on the model rather than the prototype. In modern natural science, the model is not limited to the physical model with the same physical properties as the prototype, but has developed mathematical model, cybernetic model and so on. Mathematical modeling is based on the similarity of mathematical form between model and prototype. The cybernetic model is based on the similarity of control functions. Therefore, people can carry out simulation experiments between objects with different forms of motion
no matter what kind of scientific experiments, they are composed of three parts
first, experimenters. This is the person who organizes, designs and concts scientific experiments. There is no link that can be separated from the experimenter, such as the determination of the experimental purpose, the design of the experimental scheme, the formulation of the experimental steps, the operation of the experimental process, the processing and interpretation of the experimental results, etc. The experimenter is the main body of the experiment. Experimenters are engaged in scientific experiments in order to obtain the understanding of the specific objects in nature. Therefore, from the perspective of epistemology, the experimenter is the subject of cognition. Without the experimenter as the cognitive subject, scientific experiment would not happen. However, it should be pointed out that the experimenter should not be understood as an isolated indivial. In any case. The experimenters are not acting as isolated indivials, but as social people. The experimenter inherits the positive achievements of the predecessors, and also draws lessons from the success and failure of the same era. At the same time, the experimenter also relies on the cooperation of people in all aspects. Therefore, any beneficial results obtained by the experimenters will be integrated into the overall social spiritual wealth. This is not to deny the indivial creativity of the experimenter, but to say that this creativity can be brought into play only when it is not divorced from the social foundation
Second, the subjects. This is what the experimenter wants to know. The experimental objects can be objects and phenomena in nature, such as sunlight, or objects and phenomena proced by people, such as machine tools and cloth. However, no matter what kind of experimental object, it is not only the object of change and control, but also the object of cognition. Therefore, from the perspective of epistemology. The experimental object is in the position of cognitive object
thirdly, experimental means. Experimental means are composed of experimental instruments, tools, equipment and other objective material conditions, of which experimental instruments are the main component. The role of experimental means is mainly manifested in two aspects: on the one hand, the experimenter transfers his intention to change and control the experimental object to the experimental object through experimental means, so that the experimenter's intention can be materialized. On the other hand, the experimental means show the characteristics of the experimental object, and transfer the state of the experimental object after undergoing change and control to the experimenter, so that the experimenter can obtain the relevant knowledge about the experimental object. Therefore, the experimental means is the intermediary link between the experimenter and the experimental object. Without proper experimental means, some characteristics of the experimental object can not be exposed, and people can not get the understanding of these characteristics. In this sense, the state of experimental means determines the level of knowledge that scientific experiments can achieve. Every step of the improvement of experimental means means the increase of people's observable observation of the experimental object, which means the improvement of the level of scientific experiment. It can be seen from the history of science that the adoption of new experimental means often leads to major breakthroughs and developments in scientific theory. Therefore, it is a strategic measure to improve the experimental means consciously. However, the experimental means of an era are the concrete manifestation of the level of proctivity at that time, which is restricted by the development of proctivity at that time. Therefore, the improvement of experimental means and the equipment of new experimental means can only be realized with the improvement of the proctivity of the whole society< br />