Ethereum case
There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road
from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain
1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0
however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts
first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network
the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis
to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively
(1) fragmentation technology
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved
however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization
(2) lightning network
lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain
however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel
only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain
another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost
Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactionsthe above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network
Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event
Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident
(1) what does Dao meanbefore introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized
autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
(2) the infamous Dao event
however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event
refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days
unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13
this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart
to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions
in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"
Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stabilitylearned from the Xi'an Municipal Public Security Bureau's opening branch recently that the "3. 30" network hacker theft virtual currency case was broken down nearly half a year, and 3 suspect suspects were all arrested. The initial investigation found that the gang involved in the case reached 600 million yuan. p>
on March 30, 2018, the economic development branch of Xi'an Public Security Bureau received an alarm from the victim Zhang, claiming that his personal computer was suspected to have been illegally intruded, and a large number of virtual currencies such as bitcoin and Ethereum were looted, with a market value of over 100 million yuan. The Municipal Public Security Bureau quickly set up a special group to carry out the detection work
has been examined by the 3 suspects as hacker. Many illegal gains have been obtained through illegal invasion, control of company's enterprise and personal network system, and the amount of suspect involved has reached 600 million yuan. At present, the case is still under further investigation
the MLM currency of blockchain will collapse on the day when the capital chain breaks as the underlying technology of bitcoin, "blockchain" is like a distributed database ledger. With the price of virtual currency based on blockchain technology such as "bitcoin" soaring, ordinary investors are increasingly interested in blockchain and digital currency
Li Xuyang, head of Tencent's security and anti fraud laboratory, said that there are more than 3000 MLM platforms using the blockchain concept. The reporter's inventory of recent cases found that "blockchain + fraud" mainly has three "routines"
extended data
with the sharp rise and fall of bitcoin and the explosion of the concept of "blockchain", many pyramid schemes under the banner of "blockchain" also appear frequently
putting on the "new vest" of blockchain, the "old routine" immediately incarnates another "new shortcut" of "Chinese aunts" in pursuit of "financial freedom" and "big pits" worth hundreds of millions. Experts suggest that relevant departments establish a joint supervision and joint strike mechanism, improve the ability of risk investigation, and timely cool down the excessive speculation chaos of "blockchain"
each gold coin can be exchanged for 0.0014 yuan
in gold coins × 0.0014 yuan
There are the following four cases in the amount determination:
1. Organizing more than three people to gamble, and the accumulated amount of profit from taking a lottery is more than 5000 yuan
2. Organizing more than three people to gamble, and the total amount of gambling money is more than 50000 yuan
3. Organize more than 3 people to gamble, and the total number of participants is more than 20
4. Organizing more than 10 citizens of the people's Republic of China to gamble abroad to collect kickbacks and introction fees
the minimum penalty for gambling is six months' imprisonment
legal basis:
Article 303 of the criminal law of the people's Republic of China who, for the purpose of making profits, gathers people to gamble or takes gambling as a business shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be fined. Those who open casinos shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be fined; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined
Article 1 of the interpretation of the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate on the specific application of law in handling gambling criminal cases is for the purpose of making profits, and it is stipulated in Article 303 of the criminal law in any of the following circumstances; Gathering people to gamble(1) organizing more than three people to gamble, and the accumulated amount of profits from taking a lottery is more than 5000 yuan
(2) organizing more than three people to gamble, and the accumulated amount of gambling capital is more than 50000 yuan(3) organizing more than 3 people to gamble, and the total number of participants is more than 20
(4) organizing more than 10 citizens of the people's Republic of China to gamble abroad to collect kickbacks and introction feesextended information:
there are three kinds of behaviors that constitute gambling crime:
(1) gathering people to gamble, that is, providing casinos and gambling equipment for gambling activities, organizing and attracting others to participate in gambling, and taking advantage of them. When gathering people to gamble, some of the actors take part in gambling themselves, while others do not take part in gambling themselves, but they all belong to the situation of gathering people to gamble
(2) to set up a gambling house, that is to say, for the purpose of making profits, to provide a place for gambling, to set up a way of gambling, to provide gambling equipment, chips, funds, etc (3) gambling as a business, that is, gambling as a regular business, gambling income as the main source of livelihood or the main source of profligacy. As long as for the purpose of making profits, it is a gambling crime to carry out one of the above behaviors of gathering people to gamble, opening a gambling house or taking gambling as a business. Whoever commits the crime of gambling shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be finedin the implementation, we should pay attention to distinguish the boundaries between gambling crimes and general gambling violations. In the determination of gambling crime, the actor's subjective purpose is to make profits, and objectively has the behavior of gathering people to gamble, opening casinos or taking gambling as a business. The two conditions must be met at the same time. Those who take part in gambling for many times but do not take it as the main source of life or extravagance, or those who provide places and gambling tools but do not profit from them, shall not be punished as crimes and may be punished according to law
According to reports, in April this year, Hanshan county power supply company found that the line loss of a section of high-voltage line in Lintou town of Hanshan County suddenly increased, nearly 10 times higher than the normal value. After section by section investigation, the line loss finally pointed to an abandoned factory in Lintou town
it is reported that after verification by the electric power department, Ma madly stole nearly 150000 kwh of electricity in more than one month. Ma was detained for theft. The case is under further investigation