The platform problem of Ethereum

1.

There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road

from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain

1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0

however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts

first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network

the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis

to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively

(1) fragmentation technology

vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved

however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization

(2) lightning network

lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain

however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel

only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain

another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost

Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactions

the above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network

Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event

Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident

(1) what does Dao mean

before introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized

autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

(2) the infamous Dao event

however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event

refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days

unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13

this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart

to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions

in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"

Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stability

2. Ethereum blockchain has exposed three major problems, and its founder vitalik buterin has been unable to interpret them for a long time. The first is the low performance and TPS of Ethereum blockchain as a whole; The second is that resources are not isolated. The event of cryptokitties virtual cat once occupied 20% of the traffic of the whole Ethereum, which directly caused Ethereum network users unable to carry out timely transactions, which is the biggest pain point of resources not isolated; The third problem lies in the embodiment of Ethereum's governance structure. As a decentralized distributed ledger, the founder team of Ethereum has dominated its network development in the past. The over centralized governance mode has led to the bifurcation of eth, etc and ETF in Ethereum, and the Ethereum community is now in a state of fragmented governance. In the view of Ma Haobo, founder and CEO of "aelf", all kinds of disadvantages of Ethereum are unacceptable. Therefore, the positioning of "aelf" is born for the next generation of decentralized underlying computing platform of Ethereum, which focuses on solving the problems of insufficient performance, non isolation of resources and governance structure of Ethereum.

3. Really, Ethereum itself is a kind of virtual digital currency. When trading, it is a string of numbers. How can there be a fake? ZB trading has been going on for many years

4. This is a routine. Don't believe it can help you come up with it. Don't worry

5. Confinement is a thing that must be done after childbirth. If you don't take delivery, the maternal body will leave the root of the disease after pregnancy, which is difficult to cure. Pregnant women can choose to take delivery at home or in the delivery center

first of all, confinement is usually for one month. So whether at home or in the confinement center is the same, it needs to live for a month. But this time is not certain, can only be said to be at least a month's time to live. A month is a minimum time, even if the maternal recovery is fast, but also to live enough for a month. But if the maternal recovery is relatively slow, then it is not only to live for a month, it is necessary to live longer. Therefore, it is more recommended that pregnant women take delivery at home, which is more convenient and comfortable<

secondly, confinement is the key period for a newborn baby to recover. During this period, it is necessary to take good care of the baby. The time of each confinement is different, but it is generally 30 days or 42 days, so the body will recover more completely

in the end, the place to take delivery of the baby must choose a better place, a place with more complete facilities and better service. Otherwise, if the pregnant woman goes to the delivery center and no one is in charge, the delivery of the baby will be greatly reced

pay attention to diet after childbirth:

women have higher requirements for diet when they are in confinement, and many women think that there are not so many restrictions after childbirth, but as long as women are still in lactation, there are still many things to pay attention to

1. During lactation, women should not eat food with milk returning function, such as leek, malt, etc. Many women think ginseng tonic body is very effective, but ginseng will make maternal milk, in breast-feeding, it is best not to eat. In addition, more estrogen content of food is also easy to cause milk, such as pigeons, hens and so on

2. Women should not eat caffeinated food ring lactation. Caffeine can stimulate the nervous system. It is likely to enter the child's body through milk, causing damage to the child's nervous system and heart, and also causing indigestion

3. Eat less salt and monosodium glutamate, too much salt will increase the burden on the kidney. And monosodium glutamate will affect the development of children, eat too much monosodium glutamate will make children appear mental retardation, growth retardation and so on

women should not only pay attention to their diet when they are in confinement, even when they are out of confinement, as long as they are still in the lactation period, they can not do whatever they want in their diet, so as not to have adverse effects on their children.

6. Don't say ether, even when big pie trading, there are risks. If you want to rece the risk, you need to find a reliable platform and a reliable team, so as to minimize the risk.

7. Virtual digital currency. It can be invested. The money bought can be collected. There is a lot of room for appreciation. At present, the issue price of 3 yuan is
szhbfz11

8. In order to speed up the research and development steps and instrial layout of big data + blockchain information new service, jinwowo network technology group has successively established blockchain research centers in Chongqing and Hangzhou, which are committed to the collection of big data information, safe and efficient storage, and in-depth analysis of the huge economic benefits brought by big data for all sectors of society. Build a more valuable integrated service instry of Internet technology service instry with reasonable, efficient and shared big data.

9. How to match adventure and mining team with hero mining team
recommendation on matching adventure and mining team:

five tigers may be a big fool in other games, but Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun may be the only heroes who can play a small role in adventure and mining. Why do you say that? Because these two heroes also need to be changed in the later period

first of all, let's talk about the two heroes Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. This time, Guan Zhang is the most useless. The attributes of these two heroes are not necessary, and the extreme attack is also very weak. As for fitness skills, heroes don't want them. What's the use of fitness skills

five heroes provide 12 defenses, which is a very poor conversion. It's not as good as the last two tristans, which directly have 11 defenses. Or it's easier to use five defense heroes directly

the following points should be noted:

1. When you are ready to make a breakthrough with 72m, you'd better keep the experience value above 7m. After breaking through the first two levels, the cost performance is particularly high, especially the first level of 5-sense 10 - & gt; 11. It only needs 2.14M experience, but it can increase the combat power by about 5K. The second level will require more than 5m experience, and then more than 7m, so the cost performance will become average

2. After four sleeps, the character should get to level 20 on average, because the price performance ratio of the first 20 levels of four sleeps is also very high. The 20-30 price performance ratio is extremely low. However, we can't do it in this period. There's no way. We can plan it ourselves.