What is the smallest unit of Ethereum blockchain
warm tips: the above explanations are for reference only, without any suggestions. There are risks in entering the market, so investment should be cautious. Before making any investment, you should make sure that you fully understand the nature of the investment and the risks involved in the proct. After a detailed understanding and careful evaluation of the proct, you can judge whether to participate in the transaction
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what is Ethereum:
Ethereum is an innovation based on the application of technologies and concepts in bitcoin to computers. Ethereum itself imitates a lot of bitcoin technology to maintain the computer platform. Blockchain technology is one of them
Ethereum platform can safely run any program users want
advantages of Ethereum over other competitive currencies before Ethereum appeared, some digital currencies imitated bitcoin. However, these projects have their own shortcomings, they can only support one or several specific applications at the same time< However, the reason why Ethereum can surpass the limitations of these projects in the past is because of the core idea of Ethereum
what Ethereum wants to implement is a blockchain protocol with built-in programming language. Since it supports programming language, in theory, any blockchain application can be defined with this language, and then run on Ethereum's blockchain protocol as an application
The design of Ethereum is very flexible and adaptable
Ethereum target sets the advantages of blockchain technology, in order to add the advantages of blockchain, such as decentralization, openness and security, to almost all computing fields
blockchain applications of Ethereum
Ethereum has many blockchain applications, such as digital applications of gold and stocks, financial derivatives applications, DNS and digital authentication, etc
Ethereum has achieved more than 100 blockchain applications by many start-ups
Ethereum has also been closely watched by some financial institutions, banking consortia (such as R3), as well as large companies like Samsung, Deloitte, RWE and IBM. As a result, a number of blockchain applications such as simplified and automated financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, and gift cards designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions have emerged
the relationship between Ethereum and blockchain:
Ethereum is a programmable blockchain
Ethereum does not give users a series of preset operations (such as bitcoin transaction), but allows users to create complex operations according to their own wishes
in this way, Ethereum can be used as a platform for various types of decentralized blockchain applications, including but not limited to cryptocurrency
like other blockchains, Ethereum also has a peer-to-peer network protocol. Ethereum blockchain database is maintained and updated by many nodes connected to the network. Each network node runs the Ethereum simulator and executes the same instructions. Therefore, people sometimes call Ethereum "world computer"
Public chain, also known as "public chain", refers to the blockchain that anyone in the world can enter the system at any time to read data, send confirmatory transactions and compete for bookkeeping. The public chain is generally considered to be "completely decentralized", because no indivial or institution can control or tamper with the reading and writing of data in it. In terms of application, blockchain public chain mainly includes bitcoin, Ethereum, super ledger, most counterfeit currencies and smart contracts. The ancestor of blockchain public chain is bitcoin blockchain, which has the following characteristics:
1, open source code
upload the code to GitHub, and everyone can get complete blockchain data by downloading, Accept the test of the public
2, complete decentralization
anyone can become a node, each node is open, everyone can participate in the calculation of the blockchain, any node is not permanent, but phased, and any center is not mandatory for nodes. Anyone can read and send transactions, and transactions can be effectively confirmed on the blockchain. Anyone can participate in the consensus process. The consensus process determines whether a block can be added to the blockchain and the exact current state. Everyone can get financial reward from it, which is proportional to their contribution to the consensus process. These public chains are generally considered to be "completely decentralized"
3. Developing decentralized applications
through this public chain, developers can easily develop centralized applications. Public chain can protect the rights and interests of users from the influence of program developers

1. Data layer
the data layer is the lowest layer in the six hierarchies of the blockchain. We can understand the data layer as a database, but for the blockchain, this database is a tamperable and distributed database, which is what we call "distributed ledger"
in the data layer, that is, the "distributed ledger", the data information on the blockchain is stored, and the blockchain structure, asymmetric encryption technology, hash algorithm and other technical means of the block are encapsulated to ensure the security of the data in the case of the whole network being open. The specific method is:
in the blockchain network, nodes use consensus algorithm to maintain the consistency of data layer (that is, the distributed database), and use asymmetric encryption and hash algorithm in cryptography to ensure the non usurpation and traceability of the distributed database
This constitutes the bottom data structure of blockchain technology. However, it is not enough to have a distributed database. We also need to let the data information in the database be shared and exchanged. Next, we will introce the upper layer of the data layer - the network layer
Second, network layer
the network system of blockchain is essentially a P2P (point-to-point) network. Point to point means that there is no need for an intermediate link or centralized server to control the system. All resources and services in the network are distributed in the hands of each node, and the transmission of information is also a direct communication between the two nodes. However, it should be noted that P2P
(peer-to-peer) was not invented by Nakamoto, and the blockchain only integrates this technology
therefore, the network layer of blockchain is actually a particularly powerful point-to-point network system. In this system, each node can not only proce information, but also receive information, just like sending e-mail. You can write your own e-mail, and you can also receive the e-mail sent to you by others
in the blockchain network, nodes need to jointly maintain the blockchain system. Every time a node creates a new block, it needs to notify other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block, and then create a new block on the basis of the block. In this way, the whole network can jointly maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system
however, what rules should the whole network follow to maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system? This involves the so-called "laws and regulations" (rules), which we will introce next: the consensus layer
Third, consensus layer
in the world of blockchain, consensus simply means that the whole network should maintain and update the general ledger of blockchain system according to a unified and agreed rule, which is similar to the rule of updating data. It is one of the core technologies of blockchain and the governance mechanism of blockchain community to let highly dispersed nodes reach consensus efficiently in the decentralized blockchain network
at present, the mainstream consensus mechanism algorithms include: proof of work of bitcoin (POW), proof of rights and interests of Ethereum (POS), proof of rights and interests of EOS (dpos), etc
we now introce the data layer, network layer and consensus layer. These three layers ensure that there are data, networks and rules for updating data on the network. However, there is no free lunch in the world. How can nodes actively participate in the maintenance of the blockchain system? Here is the incentive layer, which we will introce next: incentive layer< 4. Incentive layer
incentive layer is the so-called mining mechanism, which can be understood as incentive mechanism: you can get as much reward as you contribute to the blockchain system. With this incentive mechanism, the whole network nodes can be encouraged to participate in the data recording and maintenance on the blockchain
mining mechanism and consensus mechanism are actually the same truth. Consensus mechanism can be understood as the company's general rules and regulations, while mining mechanism can be understood as the reward rules for what you do well in the general rules and regulations
just like the consensus mechanism POW of bitcoin, it stipulates that more work pays more. Whoever can find the correct hash value first can get a certain amount of bitcoin reward
and Ethereum's POS stipulates that the older the holder is, the more likely he or she will be rewarded
it should be noted that the incentive layer is generally only available for the public chain, because the public chain must rely on the nodes of the whole network to jointly maintain data, so there must be a set of incentive mechanism to encourage the nodes of the whole network to participate in the construction and maintenance of the blockchain system, so as to ensure the security and reliability of the blockchain system
the blockchain is safe and reliable, and it is not intelligent enough, right? The contract layer we will introce next can make the blockchain system more intelligent
v. contract layer
Contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, which is the basis of block chain programming. What we call "smart contract" is at the contract level
if the bitcoin system is not intelligent enough, the "smart contract" proposed by Ethereum can meet many application scenarios. The principle of the contract layer is to embed the code into the blockchain system, in this way to realize the smart contract that can be customized. In this way, on the blockchain system, once the terms of the smart contract are triggered, the system can automatically execute commands< Finally, the application layer. The application layer is very simple. As the name suggests, it is a variety of application scenarios and cases of blockchain. What we now call "blockchain +" is the so-called application layer. At present, the blockchain applications that have been implemented are mainly various blockchain applications built on
eth, EOS and other public chains. There are more applications of gambling and games, and the real practical applications have not yet appeared.
as a pet that people love, what other characteristics do I have besides "beauty"
every day, I will act coquetry with my host
when I am full, I will work to earn money, eat less and earn more
for me, it doesn't cost the owner money, but also makes money (male clown)
I have a baby who is not out of shape. When the baby grows up, it can make money. When the baby grows up, it can make money again. There are endless generations (female clowns)
I carry 54 gene codes (well, several pairs more than 23 pairs of the host), engraved with genes given by my grandparents and parents, and my own random genes, which determine my appearance: background color, clothing pattern, skin pattern. Occasionally, there may be gene mutation to obtain some extremely rare appearance. Anyway, I'm unique
I am a digital collector, which is my most typical and important feature. I am a non-standard digital currency (like ethereal currency, each unit is equivalent, we call it standard digital currency). Each of our brothers and sisters represents the value of a currency, and with the owner's careful photos, the value will be higher and higher. If the owner has a new lover, he can sell me at any time to make money. Oh, I swear I won't count the money for you, Really
I, based on the blockchain, can never be changed: all my actions above will be recorded on Ethereum, and the host can clearly query all the above data information of me and my partners through the verification of the third-party platform. The gentleman is frank, that's us. Our smart contract part of the code, are open source Oh, owners can view any
next, let me give a brief introction to the play of cryptoclones
cryptoclones is a digital and collectable blockchain game based on Ethereum blockchain. Using ether money to adopt clowns can be resold, and they can also be used to breed a new generation of clowns with strange shapes. They can also be cultivated to work and earn money, which makes the digital collection of clowns more sustainable and playable
1. The proction of clowns
the proction mechanism of clowns can be divided into two kinds, one is the official output, the other is the breeding output between two clowns
one official clown is proced every 15 minutes, and the total number is only 50000. At certain times, the official will also release some strange clowns with special shapes. The price of the original clown is the average of the prices of the last five clowns in the market
two clowns of different genders can reproce in the breeding center of the market. In each breeding pair, one clown who plays the role of father can receive the breeding fee paid by the other party (maternal Master). After breeding, there is a certain recovery period, which is related to the clown's genes. The clown in the role of mother will have a period of pregnancy, and she will not be able to breed with other clowns until she gives birth to her baby. There is no limit to the number of breeding times of each etheric clown, but the recovery period and pregnancy period will increase with the number of breeding times
2. Clown's appearance
every clown's appearance is determined by the tamperable genes stored in the smart contract, and each gene is unique, so every clown is unique
the appearance of a clown is composed of eight parts, each part of which can be divided into ordinary and rare attributes. The number of rare attributes is less than that of ordinary attributes, which makes the clown with rare attributes more precious
the appearance of a clown born in breeding is closely related to his parents and the genetic genes carried by his parents. The offspring have a high probability of inheriting the shape of some parts of his parents, so that their parents' good genes can be inherited, and it is possible to mutate and become a completely different clown from his parents
3. Clown trading
the ether clown can be used to trade directly
sell: users can choose clowns to be auctioned in the market, and they can sell their own clowns. When selling, users need to set the highest starting price, the lowest acceptance price and the auction time. The Dutch auction is adopted in the auction. During the auction time, the highest price set by the seller is graally transferred to the lowest price. If the owner is not willing to sell at a low price, a longer auction time can be set or the clown can be sold off the shelves
buy: the buyer selects the clown on sale in the market and pays ether to buy the clown he likes. When the buyer purchases, the transaction will be concluded at the auction price at the current time point. If you have a favorite clown, but feel that the price is not suitable for the time being, and want to pay more attention, you can collect the clown after you like it. Later, we can understand the dynamic of the clown through "my attention"< There are four kinds of clown attribute values: growth value, strength value, agility value and wisdom value. Generation 0 clowns get the value of each attribute randomly, and the non generation 0 clowns are mainly inherited
attribute values can be changed by eating food
after the clown's growth value reaches the requirement (100 points), he can go to the factory to earn money (ETH). Different kinds of factories need different clowns. Dream college needs the wisdom of every working clown. Clowns with more than 800 points of wisdom go to Dream Academy of Sciences to work, and their income can get bonus. If a clown with less than 300 wisdom goes to work, his income will be reced to
a part-time job will consume physical strength. The total physical strength is 120 points. It consumes 1 point every 12 minutes and can work up to 24 hours. During the period of not working, physical strength can be recovered, a little every 8 minutes
when the time reaches 0 o'clock or the clown's physical exertion is completed, the clown's work income will be settled according to the actual working hours at 0 o'clock every day. When every 12 minutes is a work, less than 12 minutes will not be counted
5. Clown food and feeding
owners can buy spinach, beef, carrots, walnuts and other food through the mall to feed clown pets
the price of food is related to the selling price of original clowns on the platform the day before. So the owners can hoard some food when the price of food is low
feeding spinach is helpful to growth value, beef corresponds to clown pet's strength value, carrot corresponds to agility, walnut corresponds to wisdom
the clown can only eat one food a day. We suggest that spinach should be fed in the early stage to meet the working conditions as soon as possible, and then according to the natural properties of clown in the later stage. When working, choose the type of factory with the highest attributes to work
6. It's more lovely to have a sun exposure.
it's OK. Go to the square and have a look. Here gathered a lot of lovely owners and clowns, if you adopt a very ugly cute clown, also bask in, let everyone know our style.
as the computing level of the whole bitcoin network continues to rise exponentially, a single device or a small amount of computing power can not get the block reward provided by bitcoin network
after the computing power of the whole network has been improved to a certain extent, the low probability of getting rewards has prompted some geeks on "bitcoin talk" to develop a method that can combine a small amount of computing power and operate jointly. The website established in this way is called "mine pool"
extended data:
the existence of the mine pool reces the difficulty of mining bitcoin and other virtual digital currencies, reces the threshold of mining, and truly realizes the concept of bitcoin mining that everyone can participate in
but its disadvantages are also very obvious, because computing power is connected to the mine pool. As a mine pool, it will have a huge amount of computing power resources. In the bitcoin world, computing power represents the bookkeeping right, and computing power is everything. If the computing power of a single mine pool reaches more than 50%, it will be easy to launch 51% attacks on bitcoin and other similar virtual digital currencies, The consequences are very terrible:
the mine pool can make the mine pool with 49% of the remaining computing power have no harvest, instantly quit the competition and go bankrupt. The mine pool's computing power exceeds 50%. If 51% attack is launched, it will easily occupy all the effective computing power of the whole network
source of reference: network mine pool
blockchain 1.0 mainly refers to bitcoin. Blockchain 2.0 extends to all assets, while blockchain 3.0 goes beyond currency, finance, even commerce, and all areas of our lives, including politics, social relations, ecation, medical care, etc. According to the prediction and conception of people in the instry, the era of blockchain 3.0 will be realized in the next five years. At that time, blockchain will be recognized and accepted by all the public like the Internet, thus completely subverting our lives
McKinsey has submitted a technical report on blockchain to the Federal Insurance Advisory Committee of the United States. The report calls 2009-2016 the "Dark Age" and believes that all blockchain solutions ring this period are based on bitcoin, and the new era of blockchain will begin in 2016. At that time, the application of blockchain will become unprecedented. Applying an original sentence in McKinsey report: Based on the current development speed of blockchain, we believe that blockchain solutions may realize their full potential in the next five years.
ether clown, cryptotown is my full name. Make a real blockchain pet development game
I carry 54 gene codes (well, several pairs more than 23 pairs of the host), engraved with genes given by my grandparents and parents, and my own random genes, which determine my appearance: background color, clothing pattern, skin pattern. Occasionally, there may be gene mutation to obtain some extremely rare appearance. Anyway, I'm unique
I am a digital collector, which is my most typical and important feature. I am a non-standard digital currency (like ether currency, each unit is equivalent, we call it standard digital currency). Each of our brothers and sisters represents the value of a currency, and with the owner's careful photos, the value is getting higher and higher. You can sell me to make money at any time. Oh, I swear I won't count money for you, really
I, based on the blockchain, can never be changed: all my actions above will be recorded on Ethereum, and the host can clearly query all the above data information of me and my partners through the verification of the third-party platform. The gentleman is frank, that's us. Our smart contract part of the code, are open source Oh, owners can view any
super simple:
it is a digital blockchain game with collection value based on Ethereum blockchain development. Using ether money to adopt clowns, we can resell them and use them to create a new generation of clowns with strange shapes. We can also cultivate them and let them work to make money, which makes the digital collection of clowns more sustainable and playable
1. The proction of clowns
the proction mechanism of clowns can be divided into two kinds, one is the official output, the other is the breeding output between two clowns
one official clown is proced every 15 minutes, and the total number is only 50000. At certain times, the official will also release some strange clowns with special shapes. The price of the original clown is the average of the prices of the last five clowns in the market
two clowns of different genders can reproce in the breeding center of the market. In
2, the appearance of clowns
each clown is unique
the appearance of a clown is composed of eight parts, each part of which can be divided into ordinary and rare attributes. The number of rare attributes is less than that of ordinary attributes, which makes the clown with rare attributes more precious
3. Clown circulation
etheric clown can be used to trade directly. Sell: users can choose to hang clowns to the market for auction, and can sell their own multiple clowns. When selling, users need to set the highest starting price, the lowest acceptance price and the auction time. The Dutch auction is adopted in the auction. During the auction time, the highest price set by the seller is graally transferred to the lowest price. If the owner is not willing to sell at a low price, a longer auction time can be set or the clown can be sold off the shelves
buy: the buyer selects the clown on sale in the market and pays ether to buy the clown he likes. When the buyer purchases, the transaction will be concluded at the auction price at the current time point. If you have a favorite clown, but feel that the price is not suitable for the time being, and want to pay more attention, you can collect the clown after you like it. Later, we can understand the dynamic of the clown through "my attention"< There are four kinds of clown attribute values: growth value, strength value, agility value and wisdom value. Generation 0 clowns get the value of each attribute randomly, and the non generation 0 clowns are mainly inherited
attribute values can be changed by eating food
after the clown's growth value reaches the requirement (100 points), he can go to work in the factory (ETH). Different kinds of factories need different clowns. Dream college needs the wisdom of every working clown. Clowns with more than 800 points of wisdom go to Dream Academy of Sciences to work, and their income can get bonus. If a clown with less than 300 wisdom goes to work, his income will be reced to
a part-time job will consume physical strength. The total physical strength is 120 points. It consumes 1 point every 12 minutes and can work up to 24 hours. During the period of not working, physical strength can be recovered, a little every 8 minutes
when the time reaches 0 o'clock or the clown's physical exertion is completed, the clown's work income will be settled according to the actual working hours at 0 o'clock every day. When every 12 minutes is a work, less than 12 minutes will not be counted
5. Clown food and feeding
owners can buy spinach, beef, carrots, walnuts and other food through the mall to feed clown pets
the price of food is related to the selling price of original clowns on the platform the day before. So the owners can hoard some food when the price of food is low
feeding spinach is helpful to growth value, beef corresponds to clown pet's strength value, carrot corresponds to agility, walnut corresponds to wisdom
the clown can only eat one food a day. We suggest that spinach should be fed in the early stage to meet the working conditions as soon as possible, and then according to the natural properties of clown in the later stage. When working, choose the type of factory with the highest attributes to work
the above opinions are personal opinions only. If there are different answers, please select them by yourself~
Hello, I'm the jester of ether, and cryptotown is my full name. Make a real blockchain pet development game, officially open the internal test today
as a pet that people love, what other characteristics do I have besides "beauty"
every day, I will act coquetry with my host
when I am full, I will work to earn money, eat less and earn more
for me, it doesn't cost the owner money, but also makes money (male clown)
I have a baby who is not out of shape. When the baby grows up, it can make money. When the baby grows up, it can make money again. There are endless generations (female clowns)
I carry 54 gene codes (well, several pairs more than 23 pairs of the host), engraved with genes given by my grandparents and parents, and my own random genes, which determine my appearance: background color, clothing pattern, skin pattern. Occasionally, there may be gene mutation to obtain some extremely rare appearance. Anyway, I'm unique
I am a digital collector, which is my most typical and important feature. I am a non-standard digital currency (like ethereal currency, each unit is equivalent, we call it standard digital currency). Each of our brothers and sisters represents the value of a currency, and with the owner's careful photos, the value will be higher and higher. If the owner has a new lover, he can sell me at any time to make money. Oh, I swear I won't count the money for you, Really
I, based on the blockchain, can never be changed: all my actions above will be recorded on Ethereum, and the host can clearly query all the above data information of me and my partners through the verification of the third-party platform. The gentleman is frank, that's us. Our smart contract part of the code, are open source Oh, owners can view any
next, let me give a brief introction to the play of cryptoclones
cryptoclones is a digital and collectable blockchain game based on Ethereum blockchain. Using ether money to adopt clowns can be resold, and they can also be used to breed a new generation of clowns with strange shapes. They can also be cultivated to work and earn money, which makes the digital collection of clowns more sustainable and playable
1. The proction of clowns
the proction mechanism of clowns can be divided into two kinds, one is the official output, the other is the breeding output between two clowns
one official clown is proced every 15 minutes, and the total number is only 50000. At certain times, the official will also release some strange clowns with special shapes. The price of the original clown is the average of the prices of the last five clowns in the market
two clowns of different genders can reproce in the breeding center of the market. In each breeding pair, one clown who plays the role of father can receive the breeding fee paid by the other party (maternal Master). After breeding, there is a certain recovery period, which is related to the clown's genes. The clown in the role of mother will have a period of pregnancy, and she will not be able to breed with other clowns until she gives birth to her baby. There is no limit to the number of breeding times of each etheric clown, but the recovery period and pregnancy period will increase with the number of breeding times
2. Clown's appearance
every clown's appearance is determined by the tamperable genes stored in the smart contract, and each gene is unique, so every clown is unique
the appearance of a clown is composed of eight parts, each part of which can be divided into ordinary and rare attributes. The number of rare attributes is less than that of ordinary attributes, which makes the clown with rare attributes more precious
the appearance of a clown born in breeding is closely related to his parents and the genetic genes carried by his parents. The offspring have a high probability of inheriting the shape of some parts of his parents, so that their parents' good genes can be inherited, and it is possible to mutate and become a completely different clown from his parents
3. Clown trading
the ether clown can be used to trade directly
sell: users can choose clowns to be auctioned in the market, and they can sell their own clowns. When selling, users need to set the highest starting price, the lowest acceptance price and the auction time. The Dutch auction is adopted in the auction. During the auction time, the highest price set by the seller is graally transferred to the lowest price. If the owner is not willing to sell at a low price, a longer auction time can be set or the clown can be sold off the shelves
buy: the buyer selects the clown on sale in the market and pays ether to buy the clown he likes. When the buyer purchases, the transaction will be concluded at the auction price at the current time point. If you have a favorite clown, but feel that the price is not suitable for the time being, and want to pay more attention, you can collect the clown after you like it. Later, we can understand the dynamic of the clown through "my attention"< There are four kinds of clown attribute values: growth value, strength value, agility value and wisdom value. Generation 0 clowns get the value of each attribute randomly, and the non generation 0 clowns are mainly inherited
attribute values can be changed by eating food
after the clown's growth value reaches the requirement (100 points), he can go to the factory to earn money (ETH). Different kinds of factories need different clowns. Dream college needs the wisdom of every working clown. Clowns with more than 800 points of wisdom go to Dream Academy of Sciences to work, and their income can get bonus. If a clown with less than 300 wisdom goes to work, his income will be reced to
a part-time job will consume physical strength. The total physical strength is 120 points. It consumes 1 point every 12 minutes and can work up to 24 hours. During the period of not working, physical strength can be recovered, a little every 8 minutes
when the time reaches 0 o'clock or the clown's physical exertion is completed, the clown's work income will be settled according to the actual working hours at 0 o'clock every day. When every 12 minutes is a work, less than 12 minutes will not be counted
5. Clown food and feeding
owners can buy spinach, beef, carrots, walnuts and other food through the mall to feed clown pets
if you want to know more about IAC ant colony advertising platform, adopt IAC clown.
