Ethereum gambling attack
There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road
from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain
1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0
however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts
first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network
the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis
to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively
(1) fragmentation technology
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved
however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization
(2) lightning network
lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain
however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel
only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain
another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost
Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactionsthe above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network
Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event
Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident
(1) what does Dao meanbefore introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized
autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
(2) the infamous Dao event
however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event
refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days
unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13
this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart
to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions
in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"
Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stabilitywhat is Ethereum:
Ethereum is an innovation based on the application of technologies and concepts in bitcoin to computers. Ethereum itself imitates a lot of bitcoin technology to maintain the computer platform. Blockchain technology is one of them
Ethereum platform can safely run any program users want
advantages of Ethereum over other competitive currencies before Ethereum appeared, some digital currencies imitated bitcoin. However, these projects have their own shortcomings, they can only support one or several specific applications at the same time< However, the reason why Ethereum can surpass the limitations of these projects in the past is because of the core idea of Ethereum
what Ethereum wants to implement is a blockchain protocol with built-in programming language. Since it supports programming language, in theory, any blockchain application can be defined with this language, and then run on Ethereum's blockchain protocol as an application
The design of Ethereum is very flexible and adaptable
Ethereum target sets the advantages of blockchain technology, in order to add the advantages of blockchain, such as decentralization, openness and security, to almost all computing fields
blockchain applications of Ethereum
Ethereum has many blockchain applications, such as digital applications of gold and stocks, financial derivatives applications, DNS and digital authentication, etc
Ethereum has achieved more than 100 blockchain applications by many start-ups
Ethereum has also been closely watched by some financial institutions, banking consortia (such as R3), as well as large companies like Samsung, Deloitte, RWE and IBM. As a result, a number of blockchain applications such as simplified and automated financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, and gift cards designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions have emerged
the relationship between Ethereum and blockchain:
Ethereum is a programmable blockchain
Ethereum does not give users a series of preset operations (such as bitcoin transaction), but allows users to create complex operations according to their own wishes
in this way, Ethereum can be used as a platform for various types of decentralized blockchain applications, including but not limited to cryptocurrency
like other blockchains, Ethereum also has a peer-to-peer network protocol. Ethereum blockchain database is maintained and updated by many nodes connected to the network. Each network node runs the Ethereum simulator and executes the same instructions. Therefore, people sometimes call Ethereum "world computer"
First of all, we need to understand what is MLM:
MLM refers to the illegal behavior of organizers and development personnel to obtain wealth by calculating and paying remuneration to the developed personnel based on the number or performance of the personnel directly or indirectly developed, or requiring the developed personnel to pay certain fees to obtain the qualification to join. The essence of MLM is "Ponzi scheme", that is to say, the money of later comers is distributed to the income of former comers
However, the new type of MLM does not restrict personal freedom, does not accept ID cards and mobile phones, and does not take classes collectively. Instead, it uses capital operation as a banner to pull people to cheat money, drives luxury cars, wears gold and silver, and uses money to attract your relatives and friends to join in, and finally makes you lose all your moneythen judge whether the ether coin is a kind of MLM, whether you need membership fee, whether you need to ask your relatives and friends to join
extended materials:
Ethereum is an underlying technology platform on which developers can create distributed applications. With the application, there will be transactions. With a transaction, you need money to complete the transaction. In this way, money has value, and investors' investment has a return. If the transaction volume on the platform is larger and larger, the demand for money will be higher and higher, and the money will be more and more valuable
from the perspective of image, bitcoin creates a kind of digital gold, while Ethereum creates a country, and Ethereum is the credit currency of the country
after bitcoin, there are thousands of digital virtual currencies in the world, many of which are completely deceptive in the guise of "digital currency". Previously, Haikou Municipal Public Security cracked down on a pyramid selling organization called "Eurasian currency", which operated on the internet pyramid selling platform, making more than 40000 investors cheated, involving 4.06 billion yuan. The field of virtual currency has just started, so we need to be cautious
resources : Ethernet money network
The idea of Ethereum was born in 2013. Vitalik buterin ˙ When he was a programmer in the bitcoin community, he suggested to the core developers of bitcoin to develop a language for application developers to facilitate the development of various applications. Bitcoin core developers disagree. So God V decided to develop a new platform for this purpose
V God wrote the white paper of etheric currency in 2013, in which he explained the goal of building a decentralized program. In 2014, we got development funds through crowdfunding, so we developed the Ethernet system< (better digital currency trading platform "currency exchange")
since its birth, it has carried out four hard bifurcations so far
for the first time, in order to adjust the difficulty
released a stable version of "homeland" for the second time
for the fourth time, in order to prevent DDoS and rece weight
there is only the third hard fork, because of the hacker attack, and forced to fork. This is the Dao event
On July 30, 2015, v-god and Ethereum Foundation created the first smart contract platform and designed the Dao Ethereum contracton April 30, 2016, the Dao smart contract was officially deployed, and the world's largest crowdfunding was completed, reaching an amazing $150 million As an aside, the biggest crowdfunding event in time is EOS crowdfunding, which has reached an even more amazing $5 billion!)
on June 17, 2016, the Dao was attacked by hackers, who stole about 50 million US dollars of Ethernet currency, and the price also plummeted from US $20 to US $15, causing great harm to Ethereum. In order to recover the loss of investors, the community finally decided to hard fork
therefore, on July 20, 2016, at the block height of 1920000, the hard branching was successful, and the new chain is called Ethereum eth, while the original chain is now Ethereum classic etc
Bitcoin is not gambling
At present, Atari will launch an encrypted casino in the Ethereum based virtual world{rrrrrrr}
Atari, the game company behind the iconic Pacman, asterioids and Pong, will cooperate with decentral games to develop an encrypted currency casino
according to a press release shared with coindesk on Monday, Atari casino will be built in Vegas City, the game area of the virtual space in Ethereum's decentraland, and will be leased for the first two years
in the virtual world, players live in the avatar's body when interacting with the digital world or "meta world". Decentral games, a part of decentraland ecosystem, claims to be the first community-owned Yuanjie cryptocurrency casino
according to the press release, token holders of DG will also be able to use them to participate in governance and company related decisions
"by working with decentral games, we can transfer Atari's game experience to the blockchain," Atari CEO Frederic Chesnais said in the announcement
Decentraland is supported by digital currency group, the parent company of coindesklight wallets are good for imtoken, geekwallet, kcash, Cobo, etc.
Hardware wallets are good for ledger, trezor, etc., which involve large amount of digital currency or hold for a long time. Generally, hardware wallets are recommended
big body introces these personal good light wallets
1. Imtoken:
is a mobile light wallet app, which supports Eth and Ethereum erc2.0 standard tokens (such as EOS, DGD, SNT, qtum)
advantages: as Ethereum series light wallet, mtoken supports all the tokens of Ethereum erc2.0 standard, can control the miner's fee of each coin, can set the collection amount, and has convenient transaction record query, refreshing interface and easy operation, so it is suitable for ICO investors who need to receive a variety of erc2.0 standard tokens and trade infrequently
disadvantages: 1. The "discovery" mole of the wallet is not intuitive enough. 2. The tokens that can only be stored on the Ethereum platform, such as BTC and Neo, can't be stored. At the same time, the bifurcations of bitcoin can't be stored
2. Geek wallet
geek wallet is a simple and convenient light wallet, which supports the storage and management of mainstream digital currency assets such as bitcoin (BTC), lightcoin (LTC), Ethereum (ETH), EOS, usdt, etc. Using bip44 mnemonics, local private key, off-line signature and other security mechanisms, as well as mobile phone and computer al backup strategy, completely solve the loss of digital currency assets caused by hacker attacks, virus infection, mobile phone loss, forgetting mnemonics and other ways, and provide users with online Multi Chain digital assets one-stop management service. The platform also has tiaoshao market, which can carry out token trading of physical assets on the chain
advantages: it has high security factor, adopts local private key security mechanism, as well as mobile phone and computer al backup strategy, supports the current mainstream currency, and has a jump market on the platform, which can carry out token trading of physical assets on the chain
disadvantages: usdt transaction must use 0.0001 BTC as transaction handling fee, does not support some small currencies, page optimization is good, but the function is relatively few
3. Kcash
kcash is also a light wallet. At present, it supports BTC, ETH, LTC, etc, act and digital currency based on Ethereum and achain smart contract platform. Kcash has cross chain and cross contract technology, and the supported currencies are still increasing
advantages: as a Multi Chain Wallet, kcash supports multiple types of digital currencies and is very friendly to users who invest in multiple series of digital currencies. In addition, kcash also has the function of sending red packets, and in the future, it will launch currency transaction, bank card connection and other functions
deficiency: too many features lead to poor usability. In addition, there are some compatibility problems with Android versions. Some Android models will flash back when opening apps< Cobo
4. Cobo
Cobo is a professional digital asset management wallet, which can help you store your assets safely. The unique POS gain can help you increase the value of your assets. It supports more than 20 kinds of digital assets including eth, EOS and TRX, as well as more than 500 kinds of tokens
advantages: Cobo security is in the lead in the same level, using multiple security verification, hot and cold separation storage, HSM multi signature, Cobo provides you with stable income through intelligent voting, dpos vote pool, POS mining digital asset gain matrix
disadvantages: poor page optimization, complex functions, a little difficult to get started, and there is also a flash back problem of Android version
5. Ledger
Hardware wallet, which supports eth, BTC, zcash and other mainstream currencies, uses encryption chip technology to build security solutions for users, and is used to protect users' digital assets and block chain application security. This is a hardware bitcoin wallet specially designed for consumers. It provides enterprise level security hardware moles and hardware procts supporting the Internet of things
6, ledger
Hardware wallet, support eth, BTC, zcash and other mainstream currencies; Using encryption chip technology to build security solutions for users to protect users' digital assets and block chain application security. This is a hardware bitcoin wallet specially designed for consumers. It provides enterprise level security hardware moles and hardware procts supporting the Internet of things.
The
Ethereum mining
Berlin hard fork will mark the end of the metropolitan era. This is a key stage in Ethereum's history, which is divided into two stages (Byzantine and Constantinople), including several branches, including Atlantis, Istanbul, and finally reached its peak in Berlin
Poyang Lake silver carp, crab roe, fresh cuttlefish, balsam pear, seasoning
· features: fresh, smooth and tender, white as jade
· operation: cuttlefish to make antler, add crab roe, seasoning, mix glue, brew into balsam pear cup, steam the edge, cook the silver carp to taste, buckle into the bowl, steam and then thicken the plate<
the method of guayan silver fish shreds (Sichuan flavor)
white gourd 700g, Sichuan salt 10g
grass carp 6oog, cooking wine 15g
lean pork 150g, scallion 10g
egg 3 ginger 10g
tomato 100g, pepper 3G
monosodium glutamate 2G, wet starch 50g
(cooking method)
1, Cut into pieces 6 cm long, 5 cm wide and 5 mm thick, and then change them into two thick pieces. Put them on a plate, sprinkle with fine dry starch, make them evenly coated with a layer of powder. Put the pot on a high fire, add water to boil, put the shredded melons into the pot for several times, and then soak them in cold water; The grass carp was dissected, washed, peeled, and boned. The length and width of the grass carp were 6cm and 5cm respectively. 5 mm thick slice, and then cut into two thick silk, into a bowl, with Sichuan salt, cooking wine, ginger, onion code flavor; After blanching, peel and cut into two thick pieces; Beat the lean pork into velvet, put it into a bowl and soak it in clear soup
2. Put the pot on the fire, mix the soup and bring to a boil. After the shredded fish is thoroughly cooked, put the fish head and bone into the disc, add Sichuan salt, pepper and cooking wine for seasoning. After boiling, remove the resie. Put the minced meat soup into the pot and turn it. After boiling, move it to a low heat and slowly remove the foam. After the soup is clear, pour the melon swallow into the pot and cook it until it tastes good. Then put it around the soup bowl, Then put the shredded fish into the pot and cook it to taste. Put it into the center of the soup bowl and arrange it with chopsticks. Garnish the shredded fish and melon with tomatoes. When the soup boils, pour it into the bowl.
There are the following four cases in the amount determination:
1. Organizing more than three people to gamble, and the accumulated amount of profit from taking a lottery is more than 5000 yuan
2. Organizing more than three people to gamble, and the total amount of gambling money is more than 50000 yuan
3. Organize more than 3 people to gamble, and the total number of participants is more than 20
4. Organizing more than 10 citizens of the people's Republic of China to gamble abroad to collect kickbacks and introction fees
the minimum penalty for gambling is six months' imprisonment
legal basis:
Article 303 of the criminal law of the people's Republic of China who, for the purpose of making profits, gathers people to gamble or takes gambling as a business shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be fined. Those who open casinos shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be fined; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined
Article 1 of the interpretation of the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate on the specific application of law in handling gambling criminal cases is for the purpose of making profits, and it is stipulated in Article 303 of the criminal law in any of the following circumstances; Gathering people to gamble(1) organizing more than three people to gamble, and the accumulated amount of profits from taking a lottery is more than 5000 yuan
(2) organizing more than three people to gamble, and the accumulated amount of gambling capital is more than 50000 yuan(3) organizing more than 3 people to gamble, and the total number of participants is more than 20
(4) organizing more than 10 citizens of the people's Republic of China to gamble abroad to collect kickbacks and introction feesextended information:
there are three kinds of behaviors that constitute gambling crime:
(1) gathering people to gamble, that is, providing casinos and gambling equipment for gambling activities, organizing and attracting others to participate in gambling, and taking advantage of them. When gathering people to gamble, some of the actors take part in gambling themselves, while others do not take part in gambling themselves, but they all belong to the situation of gathering people to gamble
(2) to set up a gambling house, that is to say, for the purpose of making profits, to provide a place for gambling, to set up a way of gambling, to provide gambling equipment, chips, funds, etc (3) gambling as a business, that is, gambling as a regular business, gambling income as the main source of livelihood or the main source of profligacy. As long as for the purpose of making profits, it is a gambling crime to carry out one of the above behaviors of gathering people to gamble, opening a gambling house or taking gambling as a business. Whoever commits the crime of gambling shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be finedin the implementation, we should pay attention to distinguish the boundaries between gambling crimes and general gambling violations. In the determination of gambling crime, the actor's subjective purpose is to make profits, and objectively has the behavior of gathering people to gamble, opening casinos or taking gambling as a business. The two conditions must be met at the same time. Those who take part in gambling for many times but do not take it as the main source of life or extravagance, or those who provide places and gambling tools but do not profit from them, shall not be punished as crimes and may be punished according to law