Ethereum adopts side chain technology
There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road
from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain
1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0
however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts
first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network
the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis
to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively
(1) fragmentation technology
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved
however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization
(2) lightning network
lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain
however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel
only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain
another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost
Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactionsthe above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network
Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event
Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident
(1) what does Dao meanbefore introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized
autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
(2) the infamous Dao event
however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event
refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days
unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13
this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart
to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions
in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"
Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stabilityEthereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract function. It provides decentralized virtual machine (Ethereum virtual machine) to process point-to-point contract through its special cryptocurrency ether (also known as "Ethereum")
The token on theblockchain is called ether, and the code is eth. It can be traded in many foreign exchange markets of cryptocurrency, and it is also the medium used to pay transaction fees and computing services on Ethereum
the concept of Ethereum was first proposed by vitalik buterin, a programmer, from 2013 to 2014, inspired by bitcoin, with the general meaning of "next generation cryptocurrency and decentralized application platform", and began to develop through ICO crowdfunding in 2014. As of February 2018, Ethernet is the second highest cryptocurrency in market value, second only to bitcoin
extended data:
Ethereum platform has no characteristics and value. Like programming languages, it's up to entrepreneurs and developers to decide what to use. However, it is clear that some application types benefit more from the functions of Ethereum than others. Ethereum is especially suitable for those applications that automatically interact directly between points or promote group coordination activities across networks
for example, coordinate the application of point-to-point market, or the automation of complex financial contracts. Bitcoin enables indivials to exchange money without the help of financial institutions, banks or governments. The impact of Ethereum may be more profound
in theory, any complex financial activities or transactions can be automatically and reliably carried out on Ethereum with coding. In addition to financial applications, any application scenario with high requirements for trust, security and persistence, such as asset registration, voting, management and Internet of things, will be affected by Ethereum platform on a large scale
An important reason for the popularity of "virtual currency" in China is the lack of multi-level and multi category investment market, which makes many investors choose speculative procts such as "virtual currency"
therefore, China should also pay close attention to the construction of e-money system and virtual currency in line with the background of the times, improve the supervision of the investment market and the new financial technology system, and make good use of financial technology on the premise of preventing financial risks, so that it can better serve the real economy
in the face of the rapid development of Internet Finance and financial technology, relevant departments need to do a solid job in risk prevention and control while encouraging innovation. In order to regulate the development of this virtual commodity better and make its transaction in the market truly based on the use value, we should build special regulatory measures and even institutions for innovation such as "virtual currency" on the existing basis
many people don't understand what side chain is. This concept comes from bitcoin community and was put forward in December 2013. There are some problems with the birth of bitcoin itself or the mechanism of a blockchain itself. But if you modify bitcoin protocol or chain directly, it is easy to make mistakes. Moreover, because the bitcoin block has been operating continuously, if it is wrong, the amount of funds involved will be very large, which is not allowed
in fact, sidechains do not refer to a particular blockchain, but to all blockchains that comply with the side chain protocol. This term is relative to the main chain of bitcoin
for more information, what is a side chain
Meituan belongs to BTC type
BTC (business to customer) is one of the categories of e-commerce according to the trading partners, which means the e-commerce of commercial institutions to consumers
this form of e-commerce is generally based on online retail instry, mainly relying on the Internet to carry out online sales activities
BTC is also called B2C. B2C mode is the earliest e-commerce mode in China
extended information:
the payment method of B2C e-commerce is the combination of cash on delivery and online payment, while most enterprises choose logistics outsourcing to save operating costs
with the change of users' consumption habits and the promotion of excellent enterprise demonstration effect, the number of online shopping users is increasing. In addition, some large-scale examinations such as the civil service examination also began to implement B2C mode
its basic needs include user management needs, customer needs and vendor needs
user management requirements: user registration and user information management
customer needs: provide electronic directory to help users search and find the goods they need
compare similar procts to help users make purchase decisions
evaluate goods, add shopping cart, place order, cancel and modify order
be able to pay online; Track the status of the order
seller's needs: check the customer's registration information
process customer orders
complete the settlement of procts purchased by customers and process customer payment
be able to publish commodity information, publish and manage online advertising
establish an interface with the bank for electronic auction
inventory management
establish interface with logistics distribution system
be able to track proct sales
to achieve customer relationship management
provide after-sales service
The first real milestone should be a local election, and the ultimate goal is a national election
At a time when people's trust in government agencies in western countries is declining at an alarming rate, the Russian government under Putin is taking measures to strengthen people's trust in its system Russia's democratic system has a long history, but the corruption left by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the plunder by the western world in Yeltsin's reign are still a big problemRussia's launch of this system coincides with the time when "us special prosecutor Mueller formally filed a lawsuit against 13 Russians and three Russian entities for interfering in the 2016 US presidential election, causing a global sensation". For the anti democratic forces, the incident makes Mueller look more like an available fool
while Washington's bigwigs are still dissatisfied and complaining about the election results they don't like, Russia is taking action to ensure that one of Joseph Stalin's most frequently quoted maxims - "the voter decides nothing, the teller decides everything" does not apply to Russia
RSK smart contract is a smart contract platform based on bitcoin blockchain. RSK (rootstock) has been an eye-catching development platform since its concept was proposed. In essence, RSK is to build a decentralized and Turing complete intelligent contract platform similar to Ethereum. However, RSK is based on the bitcoin ecosystem rather than an independent blockchain. The specific way is to use the side chain technology. This approach has both challenges and great advantages
smart contract platform:
smart contract is the current research hotspot. Nick Szabo came up with the idea 20 years ago. Generally speaking, it is an electronic contract that can be executed automatically based on trigger conditions. Smart contract is the next generation of procts to realize automatic execution in various business environments, which may subvert the existing business model. For example, on-demand economy, such as insurance contract customized according to each journey, reaching the set end of the journey or writing a program to determine, and then the insurance contract ends. This insurance mode can even be connected to P2P mode, which makes traditional insurance companies useless. These simple examples can be realized through RSK smart contract platform
The advantages of RSK:
RSK has many innovations. Firstly, Turing complete virtual machine is compatible with Ethereum virtual machine. Ethereum contracts can be run on RSK virtual machines. The goal of RSK is to achieve 20 seconds block time and 300 transfer transactions (TPS) per second at the first launch, which can be expanded to 1000 TPS. It has reached the level of PayPal, but it has not reached the throughput of credit card network. Compared with other platforms, the biggest advantage of RSK is the combined mining of bitcoin, and the security level is equal to that of bitcoin network. But it also needs to persuade miners to implement. RSK revealed that they will make miners profitable, and the implementation of the contract round fees will make miners profitable. It is likely that the RSK platform will be very popular and the contract execution will reach a stable level