1. DTV share, Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with intelligent contract function. It provides decentralized virtual machines to handle point-to-point contracts through its private cryptocurrency, Ethernet. Key points: open source, smart contract function, public chain platform, Ethernet
2. The smart contract has been written for a long time
if they can add changes, the description is centralized
the contract is written into the Ethereum smart contract, which is a contradiction sentence
the financial customer service doesn't understand, which is very unreliable
community sites
3. At the top of Ethereum is DAPP. It exchanges with the smart contract layer through Web3. JS. All smart contracts run on EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and use RPC calls. Below EVM and RPC are the four core contents of Ethereum, including: blockchain, consensus algorithm,
mining and network layer. Except DAPP, all other parts are in the Ethereum client. The most popular Ethereum client is geth (go Ethereum)
4. in front of the article: the video version is slightly different from the text version. If you want to see my affectionate interpretation, please see the video version (meow understands blockchain phase 22 | sharding: Ethereum is too slow, "disk" him!), The logic of thinking is strange. Please see the extended version
recently, Ethereum has shown an overwhelming positive trend e to the Constantinople upgrade, while Ethereum's upgrade road is like upgrading and fighting monsters, falling into rabbithole. No one knows how deep the hole is. Since it is a long way to go, it is of vital importance to make every step well and accurately. After overcoming this difficulty, Ethereum's next technical difficulty, sharding fragmentation, has been put on the table again. This issue of "meow understands blockchain" will take you into sharding, the magic weapon that makes Ethereum fast
what is sharding
slicing technology is not a new concept. At first, it is an optimization scheme for large central database. Specifically, it divides the data in large database into many shards according to certain rules, and then stores these data in different servers to rece the data access pressure of each server, So as to improve the performance of the whole database system
let's take a small popular example:
for example, meituan, Didi taxi and other software that we often use can be divided according to the "city". Because the data of different cities do not need to communicate, the data of different cities can be stored in different databases, so that the database server can be deployed to the nearest node from the corresponding city, Can also improve the speed of access, why not do it
from the above example, we should have a preliminary understanding of the concept of fragmentation. What about fragmentation in blockchain scenarios
taking Ethereum fragmentation as an example, in the original single chain system, the overall performance of the public chain depends on the performance of a single node. After fragmentation, each node only needs to undertake the work of the whole network, and each fragmentation works in parallel. According to vitalik, each shard is like a separate galaxy, and each fragmentation is like an independent universe, In this way, the efficiency will be improved naturally! Originally, the total network TPS of Ethereum chain was about 20. Now, if it is increased to 100 pieces, the total network TPS can be increased to 2000. Similarly, the total network capacity will be increased to 100 times of the original
"each node only needs to undertake part of the work of the whole network", which will lead to several major problems. 1. How to determine which piece of work this node is responsible for? 2. Which transactions should be classified into which segments? 3. Does each node only need to store its own transaction information (ledger)
according to the implementation of the above problems, we can divide the fragmentation into three types: network fragmentation, transaction fragmentation and state fragmentation
Network fragmentation: how to divide the nodes of the whole network into different partitions
transaction segmentation: how to divide the whole network transactions into different segments
State fragmentation: how to make each node only maintain the account book in its own fragmentation without affecting the security of the whole system
the difference and connection between main chain and fragmentation chain
we have understood the types of fragmentation, so what's the difference between main chain and shard chain
turn left | turn right
the realization of Ethereum fragmentation is a long process. Even vitalik himself said that it will be graally realized by stages. We'd better look forward to whether fragmentation can move from theory to practice
5. Life is like a pool of ckweed, green and green, with a little bit of water color. When there is no wind, it is like a piece of cloth on the surface of the pool, without any wrinkles. It is also like a natural bronze mirror floating in the pool. Among them, there are also several branches that go straight across the surface of the pool. The surface of the ckweed is slightly broken, but it can't be completely cut, which shows its vitality. Weeds and Kingfisher also disturb the surface of ckweed from time to time, and the ripples of fish are inevitable, which makes ckweed more crowded and tense. Strong wind, wrinkled is ckweed; It is weeds that bend their heads; It is Kingfisher that has disappeared for a long time. The wrinkle is only for a moment. When the wind is a little small, Ping's face returns to its original state. After that, it was wrinkled and floating. Sometimes there are fish "visits.". Wind is the devil, weeds are bacteria, but they can't destroy it. After the wind, the surface is still intact - except for a few sundries. This reminds me of Wen Tianxiang's poem "life experience is ups and downs, the rain hits Ping". Yes, life is not like ckweed. There are always disturbances in a quiet life; And the wind and waves contain a peaceful life. The twists and turns of life, it is not the wind ckweed survival, ckweed is to take root in the water, and people are to survive in the world. Bumpy, long life, sighing to the sky, sighing the past life; Praise the Yellow River, praise the Yellow River majestic; Weeping at the grass, weeping grass nobody knows; Standing on the high mountain singing, singing the power of the high mountain; If there is only the tranquility of ckweed and no strong wind in life, then life is a cup of fresh water and tasteless; If there is only Xiaohe's selfishness, the world is frozen everywhere; If there is only the arrogance of Dashan, there is no selfless love in the world... Your own life and your own road are under your own feet and controlled by yourself. life! Duckweed!
6. Go to Jingdong Mall to see after-sales service. You have to log in to see it. I have operated it once. It's troublesome!
7. Give me a hand! It's good for Peking University to take the lead. As long as we communicate sincerely, there are no problems that can't be solved. The development of the company is very fast now, and it should have a very good prospect
I also hope you can find a suitable job for yourself and have a better development!
8. If you go to have a look, you will know that what others say is the feelings of others. If you go to the field, you will know whether it is suitable for you. It's in Madianqiao commercial building, North Third Ring Road
9. This year's Chinese college entrance examination (Forum) in Sichuan Province is entitled "familiar", but one candidate wrote a composition in ancient Chinese characters that most people are not familiar with. On the evening of the 17th, a post of "oracle bone inscriptions in Sichuan" appeared on a website, which made netizens marvel. At 8:36 p.m. on the 17th, there was a post on the website of the forum "Guoxue Shudian", which was named "dzjimagine", like a teacher reading papers on the spot, The Post said that on the same day in the language group found "the most powerful gag since marking" -- a composition "familiar" written in ancient Chinese“ "Dzjimagine" said that the teacher who found the composition was the composition marking teacher of Chinese group 1, who then reported to the leader of the marking group; Because the college entrance examination does not prohibit writing in ancient Chinese characters, the leader of the marking group only reports to the language supervision group; The first reaction of the quality inspection team was still at a loss“ As it is forbidden to take photos and take relevant materials out of the marking room for the college entrance examination, I was unable to take photos of the composition at that time (it is estimated that some teachers of the composition group have taken photos quietly). After a rough inspection, this composition mainly uses oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, seal script and other ancient characters. The writing is very neat and standard. " The netizen also said that this incident immediately caused a big shock in the Chinese marking group. After the marking work was finished at about 6 p.m., a teacher asked the Chinese quality inspection group about the score of the composition. The reply of the quality inspection group was that they had contacted an ancient character expert from Sichuan University and asked the expert to translate the composition into simplified Chinese as soon as possible, Then evaluate the level of composition. The teacher said that it was true. The reporter noticed that many netizens followed the post within an hour. In these posts, the reporter found that there are generally two views. One is that the examinee is "too good, talent", the other is that "the examinee should play his talent in the art examination room". Is there such a composition? The reporter inquired three teachers in a row and said, "I heard everyone talking about it, but I haven't seen the test paper and I don't know what they wrote. We have regulations that we can't disclose information to the outside world. ". However, a teacher in the Chinese language group revealed that this was absolutely true, because a friend of his had seen the composition with his own eyes. A friend told the marking teacher that the composition was almost full of composition area, about 800 words, very neat“ My friend knows a little bit about this. At first glance, he knows it's ancient characters like oracle bone inscriptions, but he can't understand the exact meaning. " However, the reporter respectively called a number of experts and professors who studied ancient Chinese characters and said that "they have not heard of this and have not been invited.". On the evening of the 19th, Li Cheng, the leader of the Chinese marking group and the dean of the College of Arts of Sichuan Normal University, was contacted by the reporter. He just said "I don't know about this" and hung up. Zhou, director of Sichuan Provincial College of admissions and examination, said in an interview with TV reporters: "you media don't need to know about this. If there is such a thing, it will be reported to the media if necessary. ". He Shanqing, a professor in the History Department of Sichuan University and an expert on ancient Chinese characters, said that if a student really wrote an 800 character article in ancient Chinese characters, he thought it was amazing: "there are not as many ancient Chinese characters as modern Chinese characters, which is very limited, but ancient Chinese characters such as oracle bone inscriptions can still write articles. I have only seen ancient Chinese writings written in oracle bone inscriptions, with a maximum of 400 words; Generally speaking, it takes at least a month to write an 800 word article in ancient Chinese. " He Shanqing made three guesses to the reporter: first, the student was very interested in ancient Chinese characters, and had prepared before the exam, so he was able to write a composition ring the exam; Second, candidates have a certain understanding of the ancient characters, using some radicals to piece together some ancient characters, but the article is not formed; Third, the examinee does not understand the ancient characters, is graffiti, but looks like ancient characters. Hu Guangwei, a sociologist at the Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences, said that if it really exists, it just shows the remarkable characteristics of the "post-90s": they like to show themselves and don't think too much about it; However, if the performance is a little excessive, there is a suspicion of mischief. According to experts in Cheng Evening News, it is not advisable to write college entrance examination compositions in ancient Chinese. Some teachers suggest that college entrance examination compositions should be written in simplified Chinese. In recent days, the news that some candidates write in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in college entrance examination compositions has attracted much attention. The reporter confirmed from some Chinese marking teachers yesterday (21st): at the summary meeting of the marking group, the leader of the marking group reported the scoring of the composition for the college entrance examination. Experts found that there were oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and small seal characters in the composition. Because of the wrong topic, the score was low. In addition, because of this "composition of college entrance examination in ancient Chinese", it also leads to another question: whether the composition of college entrance examination can use ancient Chinese characters, and whether "simplified Chinese characters must be used" should be added in the marking rules of college entrance examination. Marking teacher: the score of writing biased questions is low. At present, the college entrance examination papers have entered the final stage of unification and division. The teachers who have been dismissed and returned home are still impressed by the composition. A marking teacher in the central city of Cheng told reporters that at the summing up meeting of the marking group, the leader of the marking group reported the scoring of the composition for the college entrance examination“ All the experts of the expert committee have read it. After translation, they find that although the title of this composition is familiar, the content is far away from the topic. " In the end, the scores given by experts are not high, "only a few points". Another marking teacher also confirmed: "it was said at the meeting, but it was off topic, and the score was low. However, it is not known how many chapters have not been notified, and what the content of the composition is According to this marking teacher, he was in the marking group where he found "ancient writing composition". Later, the marking group spent a lot of effort to find some experts to translate, and found that there were oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, and Xiaozhuan. Later, a marking teacher in the group who read the translated article said that the composition was "wrong after the full text", which made people unable to understand“ The key to the composition of the college entrance examination is to examine the students' language organization ability, not the philology. The judging standard still depends on the structure and expressiveness of the article itself. " A composition marking teacher said that although he did not read the translated text of the composition, but from the comments given by the marking group, it is feasible, "so should composition marking.". In this regard, Li Cheng, the leader of the Chinese marking group, refused to be interviewed. But I don't deny that the score of this composition is not high“ There are a set of strict rules for composition in college entrance examination. Once a standard is set, no dispute or amendment is allowed. " Expert on ancient Chinese characters: it takes one or two months to write two or three hundred character articles on oracle bone inscriptions. The reporter then interviewed he Gu, a professor of the school of history and culture of Sichuan University and a member of the Chinese character society. According to Professor He, at present, there are not many experts studying oracle bone inscriptions in Sichuan, most of them are concentrated in the ancient Chinese language research room of Sichuan University. He is skeptical that some candidates use oracle bone inscriptions to write college entrance examination compositions“ For a person who has studied oracle bone inscriptions for decades, it takes at least one to two months to write two or three hundred character articles in oracle bone inscriptions. It's incredible that a high school student can have such a level. " Professor he said that because there are only more than 1000 characters in oracle bone inscriptions at present, and many characters in modern Chinese can't find corresponding characters in oracle bone inscriptions. Take the title of the composition "familiar" as an example, "familiar" can be reluctantly replaced by "who", but "Xi" is not in oracle bone inscriptions. It is almost impossible to express modern language in oracle bone inscriptions, especially in such a short time. For this reason, he speculated that only a few words in this composition may be written in oracle bone inscriptions, and other words may be written in other ancient Chinese characters“ Or, before the examination, I recorded some ancient Chinese characters, and then casually put them on Professor he thinks that it takes much more time to write ancient characters than simplified characters. Professor he said: "as there is not much demand for the application of ancient Chinese characters, there are fewer and fewer students studying ancient Chinese characters. This student may be a good material for learning ancient Chinese characters and suitable for research. " Chinese teacher: writing a composition in simplified Chinese should be included in the scoring standard. For this composition, there is an exclamation on the Internet. Many netizens think this candidate is very talented“ Knowing so many ancient Chinese characters has already reached the graate level. " But more high school and College Chinese teachers hold a negative attitude. A Chinese teacher in Cheng No.7 Middle School said that there is no rule that "simplified Chinese characters must be used" in the college entrance examination marking rules, but the conventional font is simplified Chinese characters. Simplified characters are also used in any formal documents, circulars and publications of the state“ Composition, the most important thing is to see the writing skills, want to use this way (ancient writing) for their own more points, it is very difficult“ For the first time in many years. This is also a signal. Maybe such a rule should be added to the college entrance examination marking rules. " This teacher thinks that after the emergence of this ancient writing, whether there will be candidates writing in "Martian" and "foreign language" in the future, if the marking teacher has to find an expert to translate, then the marking cost is too high. A Chinese teacher in Shishi middle school also suggested that "simplified Chinese characters must be used" should be added to the scoring rules of the college entrance examination. In this way, it also makes teachers more instructive in the ordinary teaching, and more emphasis on students' standardized writing“ It's good to give full play to these specialties after entering the University. It's not advisable when the college entrance examination is so serious. " A professor from the school of literature and journalism of Sichuan University told reporters that at present, the college entrance examination rules all over the country do not explicitly require the writing of simplified Chinese characters. This really let the examinee exploit the loophole. In previous years, some candidates wrote a lot of English in their compositions, but they didn't get good marks either, because this overturned the purity of Chinese characters“ It's OK to quote, but it's not right to use these words instead of simplified characters. After all, writing is a show of pure literature. Those candidates who try to get high marks by writing should be given zero points. " As for the suggestions of these teachers, the relevant person in charge of the provincial ecation and examination institute said that the marking work of the college entrance examination has been completed and has entered the final stage of unification and division. As for whether it will join this part next year, it will be announced to the society in the college entrance examination regulations next year after the consultation of the relevant departments“ Recently, the news that college entrance examination composition is written in ancient characters is spreading rapidly on the Internet, which has become the focus of social attention. Netizens call this composition "the most excellent composition for college entrance examination" this year. The writer has been given a name with the characteristics of post-90s generation - "master of ancient Chinese characters". Attachment: Ancient Chinese composition copied by Xiao Huang after college entrance examination Author: Ancient Chinese composition copied by Xiao Huang after college entrance examination (Page 1) teacher Pu provides composition content: familiar with (teacher Pu interprets it according to the version copied by Xiao Huang, and the mistakes in the text have not been modified) Dayan lost his way in the process of learning to fly because he was familiar with it
