Ethereum logarithmic coordinates

1.

finally, we get the following relationship between bitcoin price and number of users, which is the logical relationship. It is a kind of equation to describe the relationship between the number of species and time in biology, so the title of the paper is "bitcoin spreads like a virus"

the study also found that this relationship is not accidental, but there is a law behind it, which is Metcalfe's law

Metcalfe's law

in the 1980s, Robert Metcalfe, the inventor of Ethereum, proposed a method to evaluate the value of the Internet. He believes that the value of the network is directly proportional to the square of the network nodes (users). This is the so-called "network effect". The more users, the greater the value of the network

in a network with n users, the number of links between each user and other users is n (n-1) / 2. When n is large, n (n-1) / 2 is about n & # 178;. In this way, Metcalfe's law takes the following form: network value equals the constant c times the square of n

However, if n grows linearly with time, the network value will grow exponentially with time, and there is no boundary, which is obviously not in line with the reality. Therefore, in 2013, Metcalfe revised that n should be logistic growth, which is known as "s" growth

this rule is not only applicable to bitcoin, Peterson also studied the price change of Facebook over time, and found that the price of Facebook also applies to Metcalfe's law

2. In 1648, Newton was sent to study. Newton was not a child prodigy when he was a boy. His achievements were average, but he liked reading books and reading books about the methods of making simple mechanical models. Inspired by them, he made some strange gadgets by himself, such as windmills, wooden clocks, folding lanterns, etc

it is said that little Newton, after understanding the mechanical principle of the windmill, built a model of the mill himself. He tied the mouse to a treadmill with wheels, and then put a grain of corn in front of the wheel, just where the mouse could not reach. Mice want to eat corn, they keep running, so the wheels keep turning; Once again, when he was flying a kite, there was a small light hanging on the rope. At night, the villagers were surprised to see that it was a comet; He also made a small water clock. Every morning, the small water clock will automatically drop water on his face to urge him to get up. He also likes painting and carving, especially sundials. His sundials are placed everywhere in the corner of the house and on the windowsill to check the movement of the sun's shadow

In 1654, Newton went to King's Royal high school in Kowloon, which is more than ten kilometers away from home. Newton's mother had hoped that he would become a farmer, but Newton himself had no intention of this, and loved reading. As he grew older, Newton became more and more fond of reading, meditating and doing small scientific experiments. When he was a student at King's Royal high school, he was once boarded in the home of a pharmacist, so that he was influenced by chemical experiments

later, forced by life difficulties, his mother asked Newton to stop school and support his family. But Newton was so engrossed in his books whenever he had a chance that he often forgot to work. Every time his mother told him to go to the market together with his servant and get familiar with the business of doing business, he begged him to go to the street alone, while he hid behind the trees and read a book. Once, Newton's uncle became suspicious and followed Newton to the market. He found his nephew Newton lying on the grass with his legs outstretched, concentrating on a mathematical problem. Newton's studious spirit moved his uncle, so his uncle persuaded his mother to let Newton return to school, and encouraged him to go to university. Newton went back to school, hungry to absorb the nutrition of books

from about 12 to 17 years old, Newton studied in kinggers Royal high school, and his signature can be seen on the windowsill of the school library. He dropped out of school and returned to elssopp village in October 1659 because his widowed mother wanted Newton to be a farmer. Although Newton obeyed his mother's wishes, according to the later narration of Newton's colleagues, the farming work made Newton very unhappy. Fortunately, Henry Stokes, the principal of King's Royal high school, convinced Newton's mother, and Newton was sent back to school to finish his studies. He finished high school at the age of 18 and got a perfect graation report

On June 3, 1661, he entered Trinity College of Cambridge University[ 5] At that time, the school's teaching was based on Aristotle's theory, but Newton preferred to read more advanced ideas of modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomers such as Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler. In 1665, he discovered the generalized binomial theorem, and began to develop a new set of mathematical theory, which was later known as calculus. In 1665, Newton received his degree, and the University was closed to prevent the London plague. For the next two years, Newton continued to study calculus, optics and the law of gravity at home

In 1669, he was awarded the seat of Lucas professor of mathematics

In 1689, he was elected to Parliament. Newton was a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences from 1689 to 1690 and 1701. He became the president of the Royal Society in 1703 and served for 24 years. He was second only to Joseph Banks and a member of the French Academy of Sciences

In 1696, Newton was promoted by the then Chancellor of the exchequer, Charles Montague, and moved to London to supervise the Royal Mint until his death. He presided over Britain's largest currency recasting work, which was generally idle, but Newton took it very seriously. As an official in charge of the Royal Mint, Newton estimated that about 20% of the coins were forged. It is very difficult to convict the notorious criminals; But Newton proved to be doing well. Newton became a justice of the peace

In 1705, Newton was knighted by Queen Anne

In the 1670s, Newton wrote many religious pamphlets dealing with the literal interpretation of the Bible. Henry Moore's belief in the universe and his rejection of Descartes' Dualism influenced Newton's religious ideas. In an unpublished manuscript he sent to John Locke, he disputed the existence of Trinity

On March 31, 1727, the great Isaac Newton passed away and was buried in Westminster Abbey like many outstanding Englishmen. His tombstone engraved: let people cheer, such a great human glory once existed in the world

when Newton died at the age of 85 in 1727, the British buried him in Westminster Abbey. Westminster Abbey was formerly a monastery. In 1579, Queen Elizabeth I changed Westminster Abbey into a college, and its president was appointed by the British monarch. The official name of Westminster Abbey was changed to "St. Peter's College Church in Westminster". In the following three centuries, Westminster Abbey became the third British higher ecation institution after Oxford and Cambridge. The poet Alexander Pope wrote the following epitaph for Newton: nature and nature & # 39; law lay hid in night ; God said," Let Newton be," and all was light Nature and its laws are hidden in the dark; God said & quot; Let Newton do it& quot; So everything turned into light

For more than 900 years, Westminster Abbey has been an important place for British celebrations as well as for believers to worship, pray and worship. British celebrities are honored to be buried here after death. According to statistics, more than 3300 people are buried in Westminster Abbey (St. Peter's College Church in Westminster), which covers an area of 2972 square meters, including many contemporary celebrities, such as Darwin, Dickens, Newton, Churchill and so on, He was not buried here, but a stone slab with his name was embedded on the ground as a memorial. The most famous one is Newton, who was the first natural scientist in human history to receive a state funeral

his graveyard is located in the middle of the front hall of Westminster Abbey, which is the nave. Above the graveyard stands a statue of Newton, sitting on a pile of books without his hands folded. There are two angels and a huge earth to commemorate his achievements in science

No matter how many mysteries and controversies Newton had in his life, it was not enough to rece Newton's influence. In 1726, Voltaire once said that Newton was the greatest man, because "he ruled our minds with the power of truth, not enslaved us with force"

In fact, if you look up the index of a science network book, you will find that there are two to three times more materials about Newton and his laws and discoveries than any other scientist. Leibniz was not Newton's friend. There was a very heated argument between them. But he wrote: "from the beginning of the world to the time when Newton lived, most of his contribution to the development of mathematics was made by Newton." The great French scientist Laplace wrote: "the principle is the most outstanding masterpiece of the procts of human wisdom." Lagrange often said that Newton was the greatest genius of all time

the relief of Newton in the list of 100 people who influence the process of human history by American scholar Michael Hart, Newton ranks second, only next to Muhammad. The book points out: in the hundreds of years after the birth of Newton, people's way of life has found earth shaking changes, and these changes are mostly based on Newton's theory and discovery. In the past 500 years, with the rise of modern science, most people's daily life has undergone revolutionary changes. Compared with people 1500 years ago, we dress differently, eat differently, work differently, and what's more, we have a lot of leisure time. Scientific discovery not only brought about technological and economic revolution, but also completely changed political, religious, artistic and philosophical thoughts

In 2003, Newton was named the greatest Briton in a global event of the BBC. "The global public is aware that Newton's achievements are universal and have an impact on all mankind," said Tristram hunt, a historian who edited Newton's works in the great Englishman documentary series. These voters have obviously crossed the border, and he is very happy that Newton is the leader

In 1679, Newton returned to the study of Mechanics: gravity and its effect on planetary orbits, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and his discussions with hooker and framstead on mechanics. He summed up his achievements in the book motion of objects in orbit (1684), which contains the preliminary laws of motion later formed in the principles[ 6]

"the mathematical principles of natural philosophy" (now commonly referred to as "principles") was published on July 5, 1687 with the encouragement and support of Edmund Halley. In this book, Newton expounded the three laws of motion which were regarded as truth for the next two hundred years. Newton used the Latin word "gravitas" to name gravity today and defined the law of gravity. In this book, he also proposed the first method to analyze and determine the speed of sound in air based on Boyle's law[ 6]

e to the achievement of the principle, Newton gained international recognition and won him a large group of supporters: Newton established a very close relationship with the Swiss mathematician Nicolas fatio Durer, until their friendship broke down in 1693. The end of this friendship made Newton suffer from neurasthenia[ 6] On the basis of Galileo's work, Newton studied deeply and summed up three basic laws of body motion (Newton's three laws):

the first law (i.e. law of inertia)

when any body is not subject to any external force or force balance (Fnet = 0), it always keeps a uniform linear motion or static state, Until the external force acting on it forces it to change this state

(1) Newton's second law is the law of instantaneous action of force. Force and acceleration proce, change and disappear at the same time. ② F = ma is a vector equation. In application, the positive direction should be specified. All forces or accelerations in the same direction are positive, otherwise negative. Generally, the direction of acceleration is positive

3. In 1666, at the age of 23, Newton was a third year student at Trinity College, Cambridge University
Newton has been puzzled by the question: what forces drive the moon around the earth and the earth around the sun? Why doesn't the moon fall on the earth? Why doesn't the earth fall on the sun
sitting in his sister's orchard, Newton heard the familiar sound of an apple falling on the grass. He turned quickly to watch the second apple fall. The second apple fell from the outstretched branch, rebounded on the ground and lay quietly on the grass. This apple is certainly not the first Apple Newton saw landing, of course, there is no difference between the second one and the first one. What's the difference between the apple and the moon
the next morning, when it was fine, Newton saw his nephew playing with a ball. He had a rubber band tied to his hand, and a ball tied to the other end of the band. He slowly swings the ball first, then it gets faster and faster, and finally it goes straight out
Newton suddenly realized that the motion of the moon and the ball was very similar. Two forces act on the ball. These two forces are the outward driving force and the pulling force of the rubber band. Similarly, there are two forces acting on the moon: the driving force of the moon's movement and the pulling force of gravity. It's gravity that makes the apple land
Newton believed for the first time that the landing of apples, the falling of raindrops and the orbit of planets around the sun were all the results of gravity
it is generally believed that the laws of nature applicable to the earth are quite different from those in space. Newton's law of universal gravitation has dealt a heavy blow to this view. It tells us that the law governing nature and the universe is very simple
Newton promoted the development of the law of gravitation and pointed out that gravitation is not only the characteristic of stars, but also the characteristic of all objects. As one of the most important scientific laws, the law of gravitation and its mathematical formula have become the cornerstone of the whole physics.

4. According to the modern calendar, on January 4, 1643, Isaac Newton was born in elssopp manor, a small village in rural Lincolnshire, England. When Newton was born, England did not adopt the Pope's latest calendar, so his birthday was recorded as Christmas in 1642. Three months before Newton was born, his father, also known as Isaac, had just passed away. Because of premature birth, the new Newton was very thin and small; His mother, Hannah Ayscough, is rumored to have said that Newton was born young enough to fit him into a quart mark Isaac Newton cup. When Newton was three years old, his mother remarried and lived in the home of his new husband, the pastor Barnabas Smith, and entrusted Newton to his grandmother, Margery Ayscough. Young Newton didn't like his stepfather and held some hostility to his mother because of his mother's marriage to him. Newton even "threatened my parents surnamed Smith to burn them down together with their house..."
since he was about five years old, Newton was sent to public school. Newton was not a child prodigy when he was young. He had ordinary aptitude and average grades, but he liked reading books and reading books about the methods of making simple mechanical models. Inspired by them, he made some strange gadgets by himself, such as windmills, wooden clocks, folding lanterns and so on
it is said that little Newton, after understanding the mechanical principle of the windmill, built a model of the mill himself. He tied the mouse to a treadmill with wheels, and then put a grain of corn in front of the wheel, just where the mouse could not reach. Mice want to eat corn, they keep running, so the wheels keep turning; Once again, when he was flying a kite, there was a small light hanging on the rope. At night, the villagers were surprised to see that it was a comet; He also made a small water clock. Every morning, the small water clock will automatically drop water on his face to urge him to get up. He also likes painting and carving, especially sundials. His sundials are placed everywhere in the corner of the house and on the windowsill to check the movement of the sun's shadow< When Newton was 12 years old, he went to Grantham middle school, which is not far from home. Newton's mother had hoped that he would become a farmer, but Newton himself had no intention of this, and loved reading. As he grew older, Newton became more and more fond of reading, meditating and doing small scientific experiments. When he was studying in Grantham middle school, he once boarded in a pharmacist's home, which made him influenced by chemical experiments
Newton's academic performance in middle school was not outstanding. He just loved reading and was curious about natural phenomena, such as color, the movement of the four seasons of the sun and shadow, especially geometry, Copernicus's heliocentric theory and so on. He also takes reading notes in different categories, and likes to make ingenious small tools, tricks, inventions and experiments
at that time, the British society was permeated with new Christian ideas. Newton's family had two relatives who were both priests, which might affect Newton's religious life in his later years. From these ordinary environment and activities, we can't see that Newton was a child with outstanding talent
later, forced to live, his mother asked Newton to stop school and support his family. But Newton was so engrossed in his books whenever he had a chance that he often forgot to work. Every time his mother told him to go to the market together with his servant and get familiar with the business of doing business, he begged him to go to the street alone, while he hid behind the trees and read a book. Once, Newton's uncle became suspicious and followed Newton to the market. He found his nephew lying on the grass with his legs outstretched, concentrating on a mathematical problem. Newton's studious spirit moved his uncle, so his uncle persuaded his mother to let Newton return to school, and encouraged him to go to university. Newton went back to school, hungry to absorb the nutrition of books
according to the two books men of Mathematics (E.T. Bell) and an introction to the history of Mathematics (H. Eve), "Newton began his life of school ecation in a rural school, and later was sent to King's middle school in Grantham, and became the most outstanding student of the school. At King's high school, he boarded with William Clarke, a local pharmacist, and was engaged to Anne storer, the pharmacist's stepdaughter, before he went to Oxford University at the age of 19. Later, because Newton focused on his research and made love cool, Miss Stoller married someone else. It is said that Newton has a good memory of this love affair, but since then there has been no other romance, and Newton never married
however, according to the Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton written by William stukley, a contemporary friend of Newton; According to the description in the book, Stickley visited Mrs. Vincent, Newton's lover Miss Stoller, after Newton died. Mrs. Vincent's name is Catherine, not Anne, who is her sister (see Arthur storer), and Mrs. Vincent only indicates the extent to which Newton was only "affectionate" to her when he was boarding
from about 12 to 17 years old, Newton studied in King middle school, and his signature can be seen on the windowsill of the school library. He dropped out of school and returned to elssopp village in October 1659 because his widowed mother wanted Newton to be a farmer. Although Newton obeyed his mother's wishes, according to the later narration of Newton's colleagues, the farming work made Newton very unhappy. Fortunately, Henry Stokes, the principal of King middle school, convinced Newton's mother, and Newton was sent back to school to finish his studies. He finished high school at the age of 18 and got a perfect graation report< In June 1661, he entered Trinity College of Cambridge University. At that time, the school's teaching was based on Aristotle's theory, but Newton preferred to read more advanced ideas of modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomers such as Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler. In 1665, he discovered the generalized binomial theorem, and began to develop a new set of mathematical theory, which was later known as calculus. In 1665, Newton received his degree, and the University was closed to prevent the London plague. For the next two years, Newton continued to study calculus, optics and the law of gravity at home< Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz independently developed calculus and created their own unique symbols for it. According to the people around Newton, Newton came up with his method several years earlier than Leibniz, but he hardly published anything before 1693, and did not give a complete description until 1704. In the meantime, Leibniz published a complete account of his method in 1684. In addition, Leibniz's sign and "differential method" were fully adopted by the European continent. After about 1820, Britain also adopted this method. Leibniz's notebook records the development process of his thought from the initial stage to maturity, while Newton's known records only find his final results. Newton claimed that he had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he was afraid of being ridiculed. Newton was closely connected with Swiss mathematician Nicolas fatio de illier, who was attracted by Newton's law of gravity from the very beginning. In 1691, Durer planned to write a new version of Newton's mathematical principles of natural philosophy, but never completed it. Some biographers of Newton believe that there may be a love element in their relationship. However, in 1694, the relationship between the two men cooled down. Durer also exchanged letters with Leibniz at that time
in early 1699, other members of the Royal Society (including Newton) accused Leibniz of plagiarizing Newton's achievements, and the controversy broke out in 1711. Newton's Royal Society announced that a survey showed that Newton was the real discoverer, and Leibniz was denounced as a liar. But later, it was found that the conclusion of the survey on Leibniz was written by Newton himself, so the survey was questioned. This led to the fierce debate between Newton and Leibniz in calculus, and destroyed the life of Newton and Leibniz until their death in 1716. This debate has drawn a gap between mathematicians in Britain and continental Europe, and may have hindered the development of British mathematics for at least a century
one of Newton's widely recognized achievements is the generalized binomial theorem, which is applicable to any power. He discovered Newton's identity and Newton's method, classified vertical curves (cubic polynomials of two variables), and made a great contribution to the finite difference theory. He first used fractional index and coordinate geometry to obtain the solution of Diophantine equation. He used logarithm to approach the partial sum of harmonic series (a pioneer of Euler's summation formula), and used power series and reverse power series for the first time. He also found out π A new formula of
in 1669, he was awarded the seat of Lucas professor of mathematics. Before that day, all members of Cambridge or Oxford were appointed Anglican priests. However, the conditions of Lucas' position require that his holder not be active in the Church (presumably allowing him to spend more time on scientific research). Newton thought that he should be exempted from the conditions of clergy, which required the permission of Charles II, who accepted Newton's opinion. In this way, the conflict between Newton's religious views and Anglican beliefs was avoided< From 1670 to 1672, Newton taught optics. During this period, he studied the refraction of light, showing that the prism can disperse white light into a color spectrum, while the lens and the second prism can reorganize the color spectrum into white light. He also found that the color light does not change its own properties by separating monochromatic light beams and irradiating them on different objects. Newton also noticed that colored light would remain the same color, whether reflected, scattered or emitted. Therefore, the color we observe is the result of the combination of the object and the specific colored light, not the result of the color proced by the object
from this work, he came to the following conclusion: any refractive telescope will be affected by light scattering into different colors, so he invented the reflective telescope (now called Newton telescope) to avoid this problem. He polished the lenses himself, used Newton's rings to test the optical quality of the lenses, and made instruments superior to the refracting telescope, which is mainly e to its large diameter lenses. In 1671, he showed off his reflective telescope at the Royal Society. The interest of the Royal Society encouraged Newton to publish his notes on color, which later expanded to optics. But when Robert hooker criticized some of Newton's ideas

5. Newton was sent to study for 64 years. Newton was not a child prodigy when he was a boy. His achievements were average, but he liked reading books and reading books about the methods of making simple mechanical models. Inspired by them, he made some strange gadgets by himself, such as windmills, wooden clocks, folding lanterns, etc. It is said that little Newton, after understanding the mechanical principle of the windmill, built a model of the mill himself. He tied the mouse to a bicycle with wheels, and then put a grain of corn in front of the wheel, just where the mouse could not reach. Mice want to eat corn, they keep running, so the wheels keep turning; Once again, when he was flying a kite, there was a small light hanging on the rope. At night, the villagers were surprised to see that it was a comet; He also made a small water clock. Every morning, the small water clock will automatically drop water on his face to urge him to get up. He also likes painting and carving, especially sundials. His sundials are placed everywhere in the corner of the house and on the windowsill to check the movement of the sun's shadow. As a student for 54 years, Newton went to the king's Royal high school in Kowloon, which is more than ten kilometers away from home. Newton's mother had hoped that he would become a farmer, but Newton himself had no intention of this, and loved reading. As he grew older, Newton became more and more fond of reading, meditating and doing small scientific experiments. When he was a student at King's Royal high school, he was once boarded in the home of a pharmacist, so that he was influenced by chemical experiments. Later, forced by the difficulties of life, his mother asked Newton to stop school and support his family. But Newton was so engrossed in his books whenever he had a chance that he often forgot to work. Every time his mother told him to go to the market together with his servant and get familiar with the business of doing business, he begged him to go to the street alone, while he hid behind the trees and read a book. Once, Newton's uncle became suspicious and followed Newton to the market. He found his nephew Newton lying on the grass with his legs outstretched, concentrating on a mathematical problem. Newton's studious spirit moved his uncle, so his uncle persuaded his mother to let Newton return to school, and encouraged him to go to university. Newton went back to school, hungry to absorb the nutrition of books. From about one or two years old to one year old, Newton studied in kinggers Royal middle school, and his signature can be seen on the windowsill of the school library. He had dropped out of school and returned to elssopp village in October, 1991, because his widowed mother wanted Newton to be a farmer. Although Newton obeyed his mother's wishes, according to the later narration of Newton's colleagues, the farming work made Newton very unhappy. Fortunately, Henry Stokes, the principal of King's Royal high school, convinced Newton's mother, and Newton was sent back to school to finish his studies. When he was one year old, he finished middle school and got a perfect graation report. On June 3, 1991, he entered Trinity College of Cambridge University[ 5] &# 160; At that time, the school's teaching was based on Aristotle's theory, but Newton preferred to read more advanced ideas of modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomers such as Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler. In the past five years, he discovered the generalized binomial theorem and began to develop a new set of mathematical theory, which was later known as calculus. In five years, Newton got his degree, and the University closed down to prevent the London plague. For the next two years, Newton continued to study calculus, optics and the law of gravity at home. After nine years of political career, he was awarded the seat of Lucas professor of mathematics. Nine years later, he was elected to Congress. Newton was a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences from 9 to 90 years in Yilu bar and in Yiqi 01. He became the president of the Royal Society in Yiqi 03 and served for 24 years. He was second only to Joseph Banks in all previous presidents and was also a member of the French Academy of Sciences. In 1919, Newton was promoted by the then Chancellor of the exchequer, Charles Montague, and moved to London to supervise the Royal Mint until his death. He presided over Britain's largest currency recasting work, which was generally idle, but Newton took it very seriously. As an official in charge of the Royal Mint, Newton estimated that about 20% of the coins were forged. It is very difficult to convict the notorious criminals; But Newton proved to be able to do it. Newton became a justice of the peace. In 2005, Newton was knighted by Queen Anne. Newton wrote many religious pamphlets dealing with the literal interpretation of the Bible in the 1960s. Henry Moore's belief in the universe and his rejection of Descartes' Dualism influenced Newton's religious ideas. In an unpublished manuscript he sent to John Locke, he disputed the existence of Trinity. The great Isaac Newton died on March 31 (Granger calendar) and was buried in Westminster Abbey like many outstanding Englishmen. His tombstone engraved: let people cheer, such a great human glory once existed in the world. When Newton passed away at the age of 5 in the year of 1-2 ad, the British buried him in Westminster Abbey. Westminster Abbey was formerly a monastery. In 1959, Queen Elizabeth I changed Westminster Abbey into a college. The president was appointed by the British monarch at Newton's tomb. The official name of Westminster Abbey was changed to "St. Peter's College Church in Westminster". In the following three centuries, Westminster Abbey became the third British higher ecation institution after Oxford and Cambridge. The poet Alexander Pope wrote the following epitaph for Newton: nature and nature & # 39; law lay hid in night ; God said," Let Newton be," and all was light Nature and its laws are hidden in the dark; God said & quot; Let Newton do it& quot; So everything turned into light. For more than 900 years, Westminster Abbey has been an important place for British celebrations as well as for believers to worship, pray and worship. British celebrities are honored to be buried here after death. According to statistics, more than 3300 people are buried in Westminster Abbey (St. Peter's College Church in Westminster), which covers an area of 292 square meters, including many contemporary celebrities, such as Darwin, Dickens, Newton and Churchill. Countless historical figures with far-reaching influence in Britain rest in Westminster Abbey, as well as many celebrities, He was not buried here, but a stone slab with his name was embedded on the ground as a memorial. The most famous one is Newton, who was the first natural scientist in human history to receive a state funeral. His cemetery is located in the nave, in the middle of the front hall of Westminster Abbey. Above it stands a statue of Newton sitting on a pile of books with his hands folded. There are two angels and a huge earth to commemorate his achievements in science. No matter Newton's life had Chinese mysteries and controversies, it was not enough to rece Newton's influence. In one or two years, Voltaire once said that Newton was the greatest man, because "he ruled our minds with the power of truth, not enslaved us with force.". In fact, if you look up the index of a science network book, you will find that there are two to three times more materials about Newton and his laws and discoveries than any other scientist. Leibniz was not Newton's friend. There was a very heated argument between them. But he wrote: "from the beginning of the world to the time when Newton lived, most of his contribution to the development of mathematics was made by Newton." The great French scientist Laplace wrote: "the principle is the most outstanding masterpiece of the procts of human wisdom." Lagrange often said that Newton was the greatest genius of all time. Newton's relief is in the list of 100 celebrities who influence the course of human history by American scholar Michael Hart. Newton ranks second, only next to Muhammad. The book points out: in the hundreds of years after the birth of Newton, people's way of life has found earth shaking changes, and these changes are mostly based on Newton's theory and discovery. In the past 500 years, with the rise of modern science, most people's daily life has undergone revolutionary changes. Compared with people 500 years ago, we dress differently, eat differently and work differently. What's more, we have a lot of leisure time. Scientific discovery not only brought about technological and economic revolution, but also completely changed political, religious, artistic and philosophical thoughts. In 2003, in a global campaign to select the greatest Britons, Newton was named the first of the greatest Britons. "The global public is aware that Newton's achievements are universal and have an impact on all mankind," said Tristram hunt, a historian who edited Newton's works in the great Englishman documentary series. These voters have obviously crossed the border, and he is very happy that Newton is the leader His main achievements are mechanics. In the past nine years, Newton returned to the study of Mechanics: gravity and its effect on planetary orbits, Kepler's law of planetary motion, and discussions with hooker and framstead on mechanics. He summed up his achievements in the book "motion of objects in orbit" (four years of Yilu bar), which contains the preliminary laws of motion later formed in "principles"[ Lu Chen 160 The mathematical principles of natural philosophy (now commonly referred to as "principles") was published on May 5, 1999 with the encouragement and support of Edmund Halley. In this book, Newton expounded the three laws of motion which were regarded as truth for the next two hundred years. Newton used the Latin word "gravitas" to name gravity today and defined the law of gravity. In this book, he also proposed the first method to analyze and determine the speed of sound in air based on Boyle's law[ Lu Chen 160; Because of the achievement of the principles, Newton gained international recognition and won him a large group of supporters: Newton established a very close relationship with the Swiss mathematician Nicolas fatio Durer, until their friendship broke down in 1993. The end of this friendship made Newton suffer from neurasthenia[ Lu Chen 160; Based on the work of Galileo and others, Newton made in-depth research and summed up three basic laws of body motion (Newton's three laws): the first law (i.e. law of inertia) any body always keeps a uniform linear motion or static state when it is not subject to any external force or force balance (Fnet = 0), Until the external force acting on it forces it to change this state. Newton's second law is the law of instantaneous action of force. Force and acceleration proce, change and disappear at the same time. ② F = ma is a vector equation. In application, the positive direction should be specified. All forces or accelerations in the same direction are positive, otherwise negative. Generally, the direction of acceleration is positive. ③ According to the principle of independent action of force,

6. Newton (1643-1727) is a famous British physicist, mathematician and astronomer. He is the greatest scientific master in the 17th century< On January 4, 1643 (December 25, 1642, Julian calendar), Newton was born into a peasant family in ulsop, a small town in Lincolnshire, England. At the age of 12, he entered Grantham middle school, not far from home. Newton entered Trinity College of Cambridge University as a fee recing student in 1661. He became a scholarship winner in 1664 and a bachelor's degree in 1665

the great London plague of 1665-1666. Cambridge is not far from London, and schools are closed for fear of being affected. Newton returned to his hometown of ulsorp in June 1665< In 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge University and was elected as the second member of Trinity College on October 1, and the first member of Trinity College on March 16 of the following year. Barrow was fully aware of Newton's talent at that time. On October 27, 1669, barrow asked Newton, who was only 26 years old, to replace him as the professor of Lucas lecture< He was accepted as a member of the Royal Society in 1672 and elected as president of the Royal Society in 1703. Newton got the post of mint supervisor in 1696, was promoted to Director in 1699 and resigned from Cambridge University in 1701. He was knighted in 1705

Newton suffered from bladder stones, rheumatism and other diseases in his later years. He died in London late at night on March 30, 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey at the age of 84. In memory of Newton, people named the unit of force after him, which is called "cow" for short< Second, scientific achievements. Newton's contribution to the cause of science throughout his life covers the fields of physics, mathematics and astronomy< Newton's most important achievement in physics is the establishment of the basic system of classical mechanics, thus becoming the first great synthesis in the history of physics< br />
2￡? For optics, Newton devoted himself to the study of the color and nature of light, and also made a great contribution< br />
3￡? In mathematics, Newton summed up and developed the previous work, put forward the "flow number method", established the binomial theorem, and established calculus< br />
4￡? In astronomy, Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, created a reflecting telescope, and used it to observe the laws of planetary motion

Newton designed the telescope in the 1770s. It is generally known as the reflecting telescope, and its effect is far better than Galileo's famous refracting telescope< 3. Anecdotes

1? The story of Apple landing

an accidental event can often trigger a scientist's thought flash

on a warm evening in the late summer of 1666, in ulsorp, Lincolnshire, England, a young man with a book under his arm walked into his mother's garden, sat under a tree and began to read his book. As he flipped the page, there was something shaking in the branch above him. One of the most famous apples in history fell and hit 23-year-old Isaac Newton on the head

just that day, Newton was pondering a question: what forces keep the moon in orbit around the earth and the planets in orbit around the sun? Why did the apple that hit him in the head fall to the ground? It was from thinking about this problem that he found the answer to these questions - the theory of universal gravitation

because Newton's "mathematical principles of natural philosophy" uses Euclidean geometry, it is a strict and perfect system, and there is no story about Apple landing in the book, so many people have reservations about Apple landing

in fact, Newton's relatives and friends confirmed the story of Apple landing many times. Voltaire, a French writer and scientist, once recalled that when he went to England in 1726, one year before Newton's death, he heard Newton's stepsister say that one day, when Newton was lying under an apple tree, he suddenly saw an apple fall, which aroused his thinking. Newton had an idea, suddenly formed a view in his mind: will Apple landing and planets around the sun be governed by the same laws of the universe? Realized the law of gravitation

a close friend of Newton's in his later years, Stacey, also clearly mentioned that one day in April 1726, after having lunch with Newton, they came to Newton's backyard and drank tea under the apple tree. In the conversation, "he told me that it was under the same circumstances in the past that the idea of paying attention to gravity appeared in his mind. It happened accidentally under an apple tree, and he was in meditation at that time."

another close friend of Newton's in his later years, Pemberton, also talked about the story of verifying the inverse square relationship of gravity caused by the landing of apple in his works about recalling Newton

Newton told the story of Apple again in his later years. It was 60 years since the apple fell to the ground. I think there are two reasons why an old man has such a deep memory of this event: first, the law of gravity is a brilliant achievement that attracts worldwide attention, and the person concerned is deeply excited and nostalgic for the event that triggered inspiration; Secondly, the dispute with hooker also left deep memory. Newton clarified the truth from one side, and should think that the fact that apple fell to the ground is true

2. The infatuation of scientific research

Newton devoted himself to the infatuation of scientific research. It is said that once Newton boiled an egg. While he was reading a book, he was working. He threw a pocket watch into the pot. After the water boiled, he uncovered the cover and found out that he had cooked the pocket watch as an egg by mistake. Another time, a visitor asked him to evaluate a prism. Newton was immediately attracted by this prism which can be used for scientific research, and answered without hesitation: "it's a priceless treasure!" When the visitor saw Newton salivating over the prism, he said he was willing to sell it to him and deliberately asked for a high price. Newton immediately bought it with joy. When the housekeeper learned about it, she said angrily, "well, you idiot, you just need to discount a price according to the weight of the glass!"

3. Like to keep cats

it is said that Newton insisted on leaving two cat holes, big and small, when he was building a house, so that the big cat could walk through the big hole and the small cat could walk through the small hole. Of course, it's just a legend, not a proof. But it's true that Newton liked cats. Because Newton was unmarried all his life, the cat became an indispensable partner in his life, but the cat also caused him a lot of trouble. Newton's mother died in 1692, which made him extremely painful. One morning, in order to calm down, when he went to the chapel of bridge University for worship, he forgot to put out the candle, which may be caused by the cat. After the candle overturned, he burned the optical and chemical manuscripts and other theories on culture on the table<

4. The mystery of never getting married

Newton expressed his lofty ambition in a poem when he was young:

the crown of the secular world, I despise it as the st under my feet,

it is heavy, and the best is just a void<

but now I'm happy to welcome the crown of thorns,

although it hurts, the main taste is sweet<

I see the crown of glory in front of me,

it is full of happiness, eternal

it can be said that every great scientist is a poet full of passion and ideals, but Newton is a special type of poet who pursues to use the spectrum of light in science to explain his ideals. He let his thoughts spread their wings and take the whole universe as a barrier. His whole heart is filled with nature and universe. Perhaps this is the most fundamental reason why he never married< However, Newton was not completely isolated from love. He even fell in love twice in his life. Newton was 23 years old when he was studying at Cambridge University. Because of the plague in Cambridge, his school was on holiday. Newton returned to the country and lived with his uncle. There, he once fell in love with his beautiful, intelligent, studious and thoughtful cousin. My cousin also likes this university student with profound knowledge and extraordinary insight. They often walk together. Newton liked to deliver long speeches on the spot, and his speeches were mostly about the problems he was studying and studying. My cousin didn't understand, but she listened patiently and seemed to find it very interesting. Newton thought in his heart: "such a lovely woman, I must be very good for what I said. Of course, she must have a good brain. She is an extraordinary woman. If only I could get her help, solve many of my difficult problems and work with me< However, Newton was shy and did not express his love to his cousin in time. When he returned to Cambridge University, he would gather again to immerse himself in scientific research. He had long forgotten that there was a beautiful girl waiting for him in the distant countryside. He never paid attention to his personal life, but her cousin mistakenly thought that Newton was indifferent to her, so she chose another husband to marry. Newton lost a good time of love because he was absorbed in scientific research

Newton was so busy that he even dreamed of the universe and the world. He often goes into a university restaurant without a tie, shoelaces or breeches. Nevertheless, Newton was a young man with a romantic heart. Once, "the passion of youth" urged him to propose to a young girl. He took her hand gently and looked at the beauty affectionately. At this critical moment, his mind suddenly slipped to another world. All that remained in his mind was the infinite binomial theorem. As if in a dream, he subconsciously grasped his lover's finger, took it as a pipe, and forced it into his pipe. The girl cried out in pain before he came to his senses. Facing the surprised girl, he quickly apologized like a sheep in a soft voice: "Oh, honey, forgive me! I know. I can't. It seems that I should be single all my life

the girl forgives Newton, but she can't understand him. Love is in vain again. Many new problems in science kept rushing to Newton's mind, and his whole enthusiasm focused on the cause of science. Since then, the "passion of youth" has never appeared in "colorful melody"

5. Famous sayings

(1) "I don't know what the world thinks of me, but I think I'm just like a child playing on the Beach, and I'm complacent about finding a pebble or a shell that is more beautiful than usual. As for the vast ocean of truth that unfolds in front of me, But I didn't find it at all

(2) "if I see farther than Descartes, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants."< 6. The spread of Newton's theory in China and its influence

the spread of Newton's theory in China

Newton lived from one year before the death of Ming Dynasty to five years after Yongzheng of Qing Dynasty, and the publication of mathematical principles of natural philosophy was equivalent to 25 years after Kangxi. From 1687 to 1840, Newton's physics and astronomy were hardly introced to China The basic content of the book "principles" was not published until after the Opium War

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