Ethereum public chain side chain

1.

blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum

blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies

blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

extended data

according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:

1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain

2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain

3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain

alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain

blockchain features

1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain

2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent

3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention

4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes

5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously

2. The digital currency

issued based on Ethereum public chain should be observed according to the price trend of the platform.

3.

Public chain, also known as "public chain", refers to the blockchain that anyone in the world can enter the system at any time to read data, send confirmatory transactions and compete for bookkeeping. The public chain is generally considered to be "completely decentralized", because no indivial or institution can control or tamper with the reading and writing of data in it. In terms of application, blockchain public chain mainly includes bitcoin, Ethereum, super ledger, most counterfeit currencies and smart contracts. The ancestor of blockchain public chain is bitcoin blockchain, which has the following characteristics:

1, open source code

upload the code to GitHub, and everyone can get complete blockchain data by downloading, Accept the test of the public

2, complete decentralization

anyone can become a node, each node is open, everyone can participate in the calculation of the blockchain, any node is not permanent, but phased, and any center is not mandatory for nodes. Anyone can read and send transactions, and transactions can be effectively confirmed on the blockchain. Anyone can participate in the consensus process. The consensus process determines whether a block can be added to the blockchain and the exact current state. Everyone can get financial reward from it, which is proportional to their contribution to the consensus process. These public chains are generally considered to be "completely decentralized"

3. Developing decentralized applications

through this public chain, developers can easily develop centralized applications. Public chain can protect the rights and interests of users from the influence of program developers

4.

This is two different concepts. According to different standards, blockchain can be classified into three categories:

& # 8195&# 8195; 1) According to the network scope of blockchain, it can be divided into public chain, private chain and alliance chain

 &# 8195; 2) According to the docking type of blockchain, it is divided into single chain, side chain and interconnection chain

 &# 8195; 3) According to the display environment of blockchain deployment, it can be divided into main chain and test chain

the main chain can be understood as a formal online and independent blockchain network, while the public chain refers to a blockchain that can be read by anyone, can send transactions and can be effectively confirmed by anyone, and can participate in its consensus process

5.

The public chain is open to all, the private chain is open to indivials who meet specific conditions, and the alliance chain is open to authorized organizations or institutions

public chain, also known as public blockchains, refers to a consensus blockchain that can be read by anyone in the world, sent by anyone, and effectively confirmed

private chain, also known as fully private blockchains, refers to the blockchain in which the write permission is completely in the hands of an organization, and all nodes participating in the blockchain will be strictly controlled

alliance chain, or alliance blockchains, refers to a blockchain that is managed by several organizations or institutions. Each organization or institution controls one or more nodes and records transaction data together. Only these organizations and institutions can read, write and send transaction data in the alliance chain

< H2 > extended data:

blockchain has three types: public chain, private chain and alliance chain

blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies

blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. It is essentially a disintermediated database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains the information of a bitcoin network transaction, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

< H2 > reference: blockchain network

6. The degree of decentralization of public chain. This kind of public blockchain, represented by bitcoin and Ethereum, is not controlled by a third party. All people in the world can read the data records on the chain, participate in transactions and compete for the bookkeeping rights of new blocks
program developers have no right to interfere with users, and each participant (i.e. node) can freely join and exit the network, and carry out relevant operations according to their wishes
private blockchain is on the contrary. The write permission of the network is fully controlled by an organization or institution, and the data read permission is regulated by the organization, either open to the outside world or with a certain degree of access restrictions
in short, it can be understood as a weakly centralized or multi centralized system. Because the participating nodes are strictly limited and few; Compared with public chain, private chain has shorter time to reach consensus, faster transaction speed, higher efficiency and lower cost
the alliance chain is a blockchain between the public chain and the private chain, which can realize "partial decentralization"
each node in the chain usually has its corresponding entity or organization; Participants join the network through authorization and form a stakeholder alliance to jointly maintain the operation of the blockchain.

7. Generally speaking, the competition of blockchain public chain is fierce now, because the public chain project is the foundation of blockchain ecology, and the public chain is a super project with huge system, extremely complex and extremely difficult. At present, the overall market situation is similar to that in the early days of the computer system, which started with the development of technology; Linux operating system and UNIX (Younis) are changing, but in the end, windows dominates and apple OS coexists for a long time< br /> 
at present, Ethereum and EOS are the most popular public chains. However, the market value of EOS has plummeted after its epic loophole recently, which has been downplayed by many media. Often the most promising at the beginning may not win in the end. Recently, because of their innovative consensus algorithm, they proposed quite innovative CPOs and focused on a new public chain project

their name is gaiaworld public chain, and their CPOs consensus algorithm is their core technology. Specific technical details can go to the official website to see the white paper, in short, TPS speed has reached a new height, faster than Ethereum, and can support the layout of large projects< br /> 
at the same time, they have innovated two other technologies. Parallel chain technology can make it easier for other developers to release side chains, and then aegis protocol, which is a specific smart contract protocol&# 160;< br /> 
now there are so many air projects, it's really hard to distinguish the good from the bad, but I think the technology platform is the future
hope to adopt

8. First of all, coin an intelligent chain is the first one to launch a public chain in the exchange, which has attracted a large number of users of the centralized exchange. Moreover, the public chain of the exchange is not so much fork Ethereum as fork coin an intelligent chain, and heco has also made its own fork disabled.

9. Public chain
1, neutral, open and decentralized
2, it can't be changed or cancelled
3, have network effect
4

when we talk about blockchain, we often hear all kinds of "chains", such as public chain, private chain, alliance chain and side chain. So let Gus give you a simple science popularization of these "chains". Today's "chain world" starts with the public chain
what is public chain

public chain is the abbreviation of public chain. It refers to the blockchain that no matter who can read the transaction data, send the transaction and the transaction can be effectively confirmed, and everyone can participate in the consensus process of the transaction. Bitcoin and Ethereum are well-known public chains in the market
we have said before that the essence of blockchain is an account book. In the public chain, everyone can become a node in the system to participate in bookkeeping. Moreover, we can join and leave the blockchain network anytime and anywhere without authorization, which has a high degree of freedom
public chain has many advantages. It is neutral and open, so it can protect users from the influence of developers; All transaction data are open, tamperable and revocable; Moreover, the model without authorization reces the access threshold; Public chain can also achieve large-scale collaboration and sharing through community incentive mechanism
the security of public chain can be maintained by workload proof mechanism POW and rights and interests proof mechanism POS. They usually combine incentive mechanism with digital encryption verification, and follow the general principle: the economic reward everyone can get from it is proportional to the contribution to the consensus process. It is often called "complete decentralization"
problems of public chain

although public chain has many advantages, there are still some problems. For example, the incentive mechanism mentioned above is to encourage all nodes to provide resources and maintain the whole network spontaneously. However, the incentive mechanism like bitcoin has a "verifier's dilemma", that is, the node that has not obtained the bookkeeping right pays the computational effort to verify the transaction without any return

there are also efficiency and safety issues. Take bitcoin as an example. At present, one block is generated every 10 minutes on average, and its POW mechanism is difficult to shorten the block time. POS can shorten the block time relatively, but it is easier to proce bifurcation. Therefore, transactions need to wait for more confirmation before they are considered safe. The test shows that: under the premise of assuming 30% of the computing power each, POS can rece the block time, Ethereum needs 37 block confirmations to reach the security level of bitcoin's 6 block confirmations. It is generally believed that the blocks in bitcoin are secure enough only after six confirmations, which takes about an hour, and can not meet the requirements of most enterprise applications
privacy is also the embarrassment of the public chain system. Due to the characteristics of the public chain itself, the data transmitted and stored are publicly visible, and only through the "pseudo anonymous" way to protect the privacy of both sides of the transaction. For some business scenarios involving a large number of trade secrets and interests, data exposure certainly does not meet the business rules and regulatory requirements
in addition, many public chain projects build platforms first and then find application scenarios, which also brings some challenges to the actual implementation

at present, public chain is regarded as the most promising direction in the field of blockchain, because it conforms to the nature of blockchain and is likely to become the next system level platform
as the underlying platform, the "completely decentralized" feature of public chain may promote the whole society to enter the era of "trusted digital".