Uncle block Ethereum

1. When it comes to money, mining is indispensable. In ethereum network, if you want to get Ethereum, you also need to mine it. When it comes to mining, there must be a consensus mechanism
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.

2.

The meaning is: when there is doubt in the lawsuit case, it's better to injustice the elder brother than the younger brother; It's better to wrongly my nephew than to wrongly my uncle

this is a set of criteria developed by Hai Rui, an honest and upright official of the Ming Dynasty: "whoever is suspicious in a lawsuit, he should rather have his brother Qu than his brother Qu; It's better to have uncle Qu than nephew Qu; It is better to make the poor rich than the poor; It's better to be stubborn than stupid. The matter is to fight for property, rather than Qu Xiaomin, Qu Xianghuan, in order to save the disadvantages. When it comes to arguing about appearance, it's better to Qu the local officials than to Qu the people

When there is doubt in a lawsuit, the elder brother would rather be wronged than the younger brother; It's better to wrongly my nephew than to wrongly my uncle; It is better to injustice the rich than the poor; It is better to be unjust to the stubborn than to be unjust to the stupid. If the dispute lies in the property, it is better to do justice to the local officials and landlords rather than to the people. If the dispute lies in the etiquette and appearance, it's better to wrongly the local officials than to wrongly the ordinary people, so as to maintain the integrity of the noble and the humble

the world is complicated. When Hai Rui encounters cases that can't be decided, he simply inclines to the weak and thinks he is at ease

extended materials

Hai Rui's life has experienced four dynasties: Zhengde, Jiajing, Longqing and Wanli. He cracked down on the powerful, dredged the river, built water conservancy projects, advocated severe punishment of corrupt officials, prohibited taking bribes for personal gain, and carried out a whip law to force corrupt officials to return land to the people. In 1587, Hai Rui died in his official residence in Nanjing. As a gift to the crown prince, Taibao and posthumous Zhongjie. After Hai Rui died, the legend about him was widely spread among the people

According to Yao Shuxiang's Jian Zhi Bian in Ming Dynasty, Hai Rui's family was poor, and his 5-year-old daughter had no snacks. A servant in the house saw that the little girl was poor and gave her a piece of cake

as soon as she had two bites, her father Hai Rui came over with his hands behind his back and frowned, "where did the cake come from?" My daughter told me the truth. Hai Rui was very angry and scolded: "how can a good woman casually accept a man's things? You are the only one who starves to death. You are my daughter

a 5-year-old girl would never think that a piece of cake would turn her into a bad woman. She cried and began to fast. Apart from Hai Rui, the whole family was flustered and tried every means to coax her to eat. Even if she "killed me, she would not eat". After seven days of starvation, she lost her breath

In Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, Hai Rui was the magistrate of Chun'an County, not afraid of the powerful. Zhang Zhibo, the Duke of the state, was ordered to inspect the provinces. Relying on his power, he was corrupt and perverted the law, and the people resented him. When Hai Rui persuades the peasants to come back, Zhang Biao, Zhang Zhibo's trusted official, comes to the county government and asks for ten thousand liang of credit. Hai Rui refuses and casts Zhang Biao out

Zhang Zhibo was very angry when he heard the news, and then he went to Chun'an and asked Hai Rui to make an account with him. He accused Zhang Zhibo of being corrupt and perverted the law. Zhang Zhibo was very embarrassed and asked 400 trackers to make trouble again. Hai Rui was not willing to disturb the people because of the busy farming, so he personally led the Yamen to carry the fiber. Zhang Zhibo was afraid of causing public indignation and left in confusion

3. Many wives and concubines

according to the supplement to Wanli yehuo Bian written by Shen Defu in Ming Dynasty, Hai Rui had three wives and two concubines in his life. The first wife, Xu, had two daughters and was divorced by Hai Rui. The second wife, pan, was driven out of the house less than a month after entering the house

the third wife, Wang, gave birth to a son for Hai Rui two years before he arrived in Chun'an, named Zhongdi. In the year after Hai Rui took office in Chun'an, Mrs. Wang gave birth to a son for Hai Rui, named Zhongliang. Mrs. Wang also gave birth to a daughter

Mrs. Wang died in 1568 (the second year of Longqing) on the night of July 24 of the lunar calendar. Hai Rui said that she died of illness, but others said that she committed suicide. In the 15th year of Wanli, Mrs. Wang died under extremely suspicious circumstances. 11 days before Mrs. Wang's death, Hai Rui's concubine Han hanged herself

when Hai Rui was in her 70s, she had a concubine named Qiu. It is said that she gave birth to a son for Hai Rui in her old age, but she died when she was three years old

3. This situation can be dealt with by legal means. It is suggested to consult a professional lawyer and collect relevant evidence at the same time.

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5.

Welcome and send, red and white with ceremony, these are some customs in Chinese society. As for the number, it should be adjusted to local conditions, depending on local traditions and even the established rules of the family

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