Why is Ethereum's absenteeism so high

1.

There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road

from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain

1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0

however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts

first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network

the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis

to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively

(1) fragmentation technology

vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved

however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization

(2) lightning network

lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain

however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel

only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain

another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost

Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactions

the above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network

Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event

Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident

(1) what does Dao mean

before introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized

autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

(2) the infamous Dao event

however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event

refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days

unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13

this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart

to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions

in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"

Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stability

2. In May 2017, investors and onlookers saw bitcoin worth more than $2300. This number marks the highest price of bitcoin in its entire career. Due to the success of bitcoin in the past few years, many investors are attracted by it and other cryptocurrencies
however, bitcoin is not the only cryptocurrency with rising value. The value of another cryptocurrency called Ethereum has been increasing since January 2017. From $8.24 to $203. Up 2367%
investors are worried that in the past few years, cryptocurrencies have gained the favor of many investors who are looking for other investment methods than traditional ones. Although most investors still invest their money in traditional financial markets, such as the stock market and foreign exchange market, many of these investors have begun to worry about the economic climate of the world economy
recent events have made us aware of the instability of traditional financial markets such as the stock market and foreign exchange market. Many investors have been looking for other ways to invest their money
with the creation and popularization of cryptocurrency and its rapidly rising value, many investors, especially those from Asia, have joined the trend of bitcoin and cryptocurrency
advantages of Ethereum
although many people are more familiar with it, Ethereum has also gained a fair share of the market with its own value. However, there are key differences between the blockchains used by Ethereum and bitcoin
the difference between the two systems is that Ethereum's data processing speed is faster than that of bitcoin, because once agreed, Ethereum's system will automatically apply to the terms and conditions in the contract
although many people may think that Ethereum may be inferior to bitcoin because its value is lower than bitcoin, this is a good thing for investors who are looking for investment channels other than bitcoin. A lower price may attract more investors because it has more room for growth. The only drawback is that Ethereum is not as established as bitcoin. In view of this, bitcoin is more secure than Ethereum<
not as volatile as before
since bitcoin was founded in 2009, cryptocurrencies have made great achievements, and they have continued to grow. In fact, the value of legal cryptocurrency has risen a lot since then
although cryptocurrencies have performed very well this year, analysts expect that when the economic situation is good, investors will leave cryptocurrencies and return to traditional investment media. When this happens, the volatility of cryptocurrency will decrease because of the decrease of demand
of course, we will still see the growth of cryptocurrency in the next few years, which will help the instry remain strong. When that happens, it's a good idea for investors to hold cryptocurrencies for future growth.

3. At present, defi liquidity mining is the hottest, so you can use Eth and give it to the exchange for investment. It mainly depends on whether the exchange you choose has enough weight. If you choose the mining service of currency, as one of the four major exchanges, I think it is very important. Then the threshold of its procts is low. I think it is the best mining method at present.

4. The token of Ethereum is proced in the process of mining, with a mining rate of 5 Ethereum coins per piece. The mining process of Ethereum is almost the same as that of bitcoin. For each transaction, miners can use the computer to run the unique title metadata of the block through hash function, and guess the answer repeatedly and quickly until one of them wins

many new users believe that the sole purpose of mining is to generate ether in a way that does not require a central issuer (see our guide "what is ether?"). It's true. The token of Ethereum is proced in the process of mining, with a mining rate of 5 Ethereum coins per piece. But mining is at least as important. Usually, banks are responsible for keeping accurate records of transactions. They make sure that money is not created out of thin air and that users don't cheat and spend money many times. However, blockchain introces a new way to keep records, the whole network instead of intermediary, to verify transactions and add them to the public ledger

Ethereum mining

although "no trust" or "trust minimization" monetary system is the goal, there are still people who need to ensure the security of financial records and ensure that no one cheats. Mining is one of the innovations that makes decentralized records possible. Miners have reached a consensus on the history of transactions in terms of preventing fraud (especially double spending on ether) - an interesting issue that hasn't been addressed before the decentralized currency works on the blockchain. While Ethereum is looking at other ways to reach a consensus on the effectiveness of the deal, mining currently keeps the platform together

how mining works
today, the mining process of Ethereum is almost the same as that of bitcoin. For each transaction, the miner can use the computer to guess the answer repeatedly and quickly until one of them wins. More specifically, the miner will run the unique header metadata (including time stamp and software version) of the block through the hash function (which will return a fixed length, unordered string of numbers and letters, which appears to be random), changing only the 'nonce value', which will affect the hash value of the result

if the miner finds a hash that matches the current target, the miner will be granted ether and broadcast the block across the network for each node to verify and add to their own ledger . If miner B finds the hash, miner a stops working on the current block and repeats the process for the next block. It's hard for miners to cheat in this game. There is no way to fake the work and come up with the right answer to the puzzle. That's why solving puzzles is called "proof of work."

on the other hand, others have little time to verify whether the hash value is correct, which is exactly what each node does. About every 12-15 seconds, a miner finds a stone. If the miner starts to solve the puzzle faster or slower than this, the algorithm will automatically re adjust the difficulty of the problem so that the miner can rebound to about 12 seconds of solution time

miners earn these ethers randomly, and their profitability depends on their luck and the computing power they put in. The specific workload verification algorithm used by Ethereum is called "ethash", which aims to require more memory, making it difficult to mine with expensive ASIC. Special mining chips are now the only profitable way to mine bitcoin

in a sense, ethash may have achieved this goal successfully, because dedicated ASIC is not available for Ethereum (at least not yet). In addition, as Ethereum aims to shift from proof of work mining to "proof of equity" (which we will discuss below), buying ASIC may not be a wise choice because it may not prove useful for a long time< However, Ethereum may never need miners. Developers plan to abandon proof of work, the algorithm currently used by the network to determine which transactions are valid and protect them from tampering to support proof of equity, which is guaranteed by token owners. If and when the algorithm is launched, proof of equity can become a means to achieve distributed consensus, and the consensus uses less resources.

5. Because the money transfer based on Ethereum requires a very small amount of eth as the miner's fee, so the money can't be transferred without eth. At this time, you need to buy a small amount of eth. You can buy at least 10 yuan in bitpie's wallet, which can last for a long time.

6.

Ethereum miner fee

1. In a public chain, anyone can read and write data. Reading data is free, but writing data to the public chain costs a certain amount of money, which helps to prevent junk content and protect its security through payment

Secondly, any node on the network (each connected device containing a of the account book is called a node) can participate in the mining method to protect the network. As mining requires computing power and electricity charges, miners need to be paid for their services, which is also the origin of miners' fees

Third, the difference between Ethereum and bitcoin, Ethereum introces the concept of gas, the purpose of which is to limit the amount of work required to execute the transaction and pay for the execution. Gas is used to measure the resources (including computation, storage, bandwidth, etc.) consumed by your transaction (or contract code call)

extended data:

ten rights of miners:

1. The "ten rights" of coal mining enterprise workers in safe proction include: the shift leader does not go down the well, and the workers have the right not to go down the well; The workers have the right to leave the well early if the shift leader leaves the well early; Workers have the right not to work if potential safety hazards are not investigated; If the management personnel command against rules and regulations, the workers have the right not to carry out them

Without safety measures, workers have the right not to start work; Workers have the right not to go down the well if they don't organize safety study before class; If the "Trinity" (monitor, safety inspector and gas inspector) safety inspection is not carried out, workers have the right not to start work

The workers have the right not to start the work if the detection and monitoring system is not installed in place and operates abnormally; Workers have the right not to go down the well if they are not equipped with fully qualified labor protection and protective equipment; The route to avoid disaster is not marked, and workers have the right not to go down the well. The coal mine shall not dect the wages and dismiss the workers for the above reasons

7. Alipay will use it, the same, if it does not, or do not stir up the money, the money did not send this method.

8. Last time, I cooperated with Shengshi Huacai company in Shenzhen. Shengshi Huacai company knows a lot about the development of blockchain system, and many companies are looking for them to do blockchain system.

9. The biggest disadvantage of Ethereum is that its quantity has been increasing. How can an item without an upper limit be used as an investment proct? As we all know, the rise in the price of a commodity is in the final analysis the quantity comparison between the supply and demand sides. The supply exceeds the demand, the price falls, the supply is less than the demand, and the price rises. The amount of bitcoin and lettercoin is fixed. The total amount of bitcoin is 21 million, and now there are more than 10 million. The rest will take another 100 years. Now the amount of Ethereum is more than 90 million, and 18 million will be generated every year. Ethereum has 250 blocks per hour, 5 coins for each block (and some transaction fees and other rewards), 24 hours a day, that is, 30000 + coins will be added every day. So there's no limit to the amount of ether

how many years can the ether coin be g
how many Ethernet coins can be proced each year? At present, five new ether coins are generated for each new block. If you dig out a block every 14 seconds, it will take 31.5 million seconds (365 x 24 x 60 x 60) a year, which means that 2.25 million blocks are g out every year
every miner has considered how long the ether coin can be g, whether I can't dig the ether coin after I buy the miner, or I can't dig the ether coin after I invest in the miner. I can tell you clearly that the ether coin can't be g up, and the official shows the quantity when it comes to the ether coin, but don't go, Ethernet currency is constantly bifurcating. Once the quantity is threatened, it will continue to bifurcate. The miners can continue to dig for new currencies from the bifurcations. For example, etc and ETF are examples. After the bifurcations, the ETH price will go up crazily. Therefore, miners need not worry about the quantity of Ethernet currency.