Where are the security queries of Ethereum

1.

There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road

from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain

1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0

however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts

first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network

the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis

to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively

(1) fragmentation technology

vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved

however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization

(2) lightning network

lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain

however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel

only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain

another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost

Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactions

the above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network

Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event

Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident

(1) what does Dao mean

before introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized

autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

(2) the infamous Dao event

however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event

refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days

unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13

this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart

to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions

in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"

Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stability

2. Ethereum blockchain has exposed three major problems, and its founder vitalik buterin has been unable to interpret them for a long time. The first is the low performance and TPS of Ethereum blockchain as a whole; The second is that resources are not isolated. The event of cryptokitties virtual cat once occupied 20% of the traffic of the whole Ethereum, which directly caused Ethereum network users unable to carry out timely transactions, which is the biggest pain point of resources not isolated; The third problem lies in the embodiment of Ethereum's governance structure. As a decentralized distributed ledger, the founder team of Ethereum has dominated its network development in the past. The over centralized governance mode has led to the bifurcation of eth, etc and ETF in Ethereum, and the Ethereum community is now in a state of fragmented governance. In the view of Ma Haobo, founder and CEO of "aelf", all kinds of disadvantages of Ethereum are unacceptable. Therefore, the positioning of "aelf" is born for the next generation of decentralized underlying computing platform of Ethereum, which focuses on solving the problems of insufficient performance, non isolation of resources and governance structure of Ethereum.

3. Note that Ethereum is 2.0 now. As of 13:57 on the 4th, the current deposit contract address of Ethereum 2.0 has received 1000098eth, and 31252 addresses have completed the mortgage of 32eth. With the increasing number of mortgage, the annual yield of mortgage will graally decrease. After the mortgage amount reaches 1 million eth, the current annualized yield is about 15.7%. Zhongyuan, a well-known exchange, has taken the lead in opening the mining channel of eth2.0 verification node, and then launched qeth. Users can invest their own eth in verification node mining and exchange qeth to obtain liquidity, and then participate in mining. Compared with the disadvantages of eth2.0, qeth has too many things: the liquidity is guaranteed, the user does not have to bear the technical cost, the threshold of participation does not need 32 eth as low as 0.1eth, the nodes are maintained by the platform, and the income is distributed according to eth2.0.

4. Many people are optimistic about the decentralized exchange. The private key is in their own hands and they enjoy complete control over the user's assets. However, e to the congestion of Ethereum's public chain, the trading experience of the decentralized exchange on Ethereum is not very good and slow. At present, the most promising is the X protocol, but if the problem of Ethereum is not solved, its application problems can not be started at all
in comparison, the decentralized exchange based on EOS is much better, because its TPS is fast enough to handle the decentralized application at the present stage, and its speed is much better than that on Ethereum. Whaleex, in particular, is very smooth in use, with fast transactions. It is not inferior to those centralized exchanges. Among all decentralized exchanges, whaleex is excellent
therefore, I think the decentralized exchange on EOS may break out faster than that on Ethereum, especially the whale exchange, which will be a dark horse. The smart contract of their home is also the only one that has passed the slow fog security audit. The security is particularly high and the use is assured.

5. Ethereum is not a scam, but there are countless scams designed by criminals around Ethereum. The best way to avoid Ethereum scams is not to trust the guaranteed return on investment and manage your own money bag. Choose a formal digital currency exchange to invest. At present, the mainstream digital currency transactions in the market are all coin security, fire coin network, bitnet, etc.

6. At present, there are many digital currency wallets, some of which have good personal experience

light wallets are good for imtoken, geekwallet, kcash, Cobo, etc.

Hardware wallets are good for ledger, trezor, etc., which involve large amount of digital currency or hold for a long time. Generally, hardware wallets are recommended

big body introces these personal good light wallets

1. Imtoken:

is a mobile light wallet app, which supports Eth and Ethereum erc2.0 standard tokens (such as EOS, DGD, SNT, qtum)

advantages: as Ethereum series light wallet, mtoken supports all the tokens of Ethereum erc2.0 standard, can control the miner's fee of each coin, can set the collection amount, and has convenient transaction record query, refreshing interface and easy operation, so it is suitable for ICO investors who need to receive a variety of erc2.0 standard tokens and trade infrequently

disadvantages: 1. The "discovery" mole of the wallet is not intuitive enough. 2. The tokens that can only be stored on the Ethereum platform, such as BTC and Neo, can't be stored. At the same time, the bifurcations of bitcoin can't be stored

2. Geek wallet

geek wallet is a simple and convenient light wallet, which supports the storage and management of mainstream digital currency assets such as bitcoin (BTC), lightcoin (LTC), Ethereum (ETH), EOS, usdt, etc. Using bip44 mnemonics, local private key, off-line signature and other security mechanisms, as well as mobile phone and computer al backup strategy, completely solve the loss of digital currency assets caused by hacker attacks, virus infection, mobile phone loss, forgetting mnemonics and other ways, and provide users with online Multi Chain digital assets one-stop management service. The platform also has tiaoshao market, which can carry out token trading of physical assets on the chain

advantages: it has high security factor, adopts local private key security mechanism, as well as mobile phone and computer al backup strategy, supports the current mainstream currency, and has a jump market on the platform, which can carry out token trading of physical assets on the chain

disadvantages: usdt transaction must use 0.0001 BTC as transaction handling fee, does not support some small currencies, page optimization is good, but the function is relatively few

3. Kcash

kcash is also a light wallet. At present, it supports BTC, ETH, LTC, etc, act and digital currency based on Ethereum and achain smart contract platform. Kcash has cross chain and cross contract technology, and the supported currencies are still increasing

advantages: as a Multi Chain Wallet, kcash supports multiple types of digital currencies and is very friendly to users who invest in multiple series of digital currencies. In addition, kcash also has the function of sending red packets, and in the future, it will launch currency transaction, bank card connection and other functions

deficiency: too many features lead to poor usability. In addition, there are some compatibility problems with Android versions. Some Android models will flash back when opening apps< Cobo

4. Cobo

Cobo is a professional digital asset management wallet, which can help you store your assets safely. The unique POS gain can help you increase the value of your assets. It supports more than 20 kinds of digital assets including eth, EOS and TRX, as well as more than 500 kinds of tokens

advantages: Cobo security is in the lead in the same level, using multiple security verification, hot and cold separation storage, HSM multi signature, Cobo provides you with stable income through intelligent voting, dpos vote pool, POS mining digital asset gain matrix

disadvantages: poor page optimization, complex functions, a little difficult to get started, and there is also a flash back problem of Android version

5. Ledger

Hardware wallet, which supports eth, BTC, zcash and other mainstream currencies, uses encryption chip technology to build security solutions for users, and is used to protect users' digital assets and block chain application security. This is a hardware bitcoin wallet specially designed for consumers. It provides enterprise level security hardware moles and hardware procts supporting the Internet of things

6, ledger

Hardware wallet, support eth, BTC, zcash and other mainstream currencies; Using encryption chip technology to build security solutions for users to protect users' digital assets and block chain application security. This is a hardware bitcoin wallet specially designed for consumers. It provides enterprise level security hardware moles and hardware procts supporting the Internet of things.

7. There are patches
this problem is actually very simple
your graphics card is OK! But the vertical synchronization of the graphics card is not off, so the FPS is very low. You can turn off the vertical synchronization in the properties of the graphics card
it must be this problem
the properties of the graphics card can be found by right clicking on the desktop, and then properties - Settings - Advanced<

vertical synchronization is off
in the 3D settings of the graphics card

8. You have a wrong understanding of some basic definitions of futures.
stock index futures can be short. Futures can be bought before selling, or sold before buying.
when you think that the price of CSI 300 index futures will fall, you can sell first, wait for the market to fall, and then buy and close out, The specific trading process is as follows:
Future bullish (buy up) = buy open --- sell close
Future bearish (buy down) = sell open --- buy close
if you are not clear, please contact me

9. According to California Act No. 129 passed on June 28, 2014, the circulation of electronic money, points, vouchers, discount vouchers and gemcoin has been legalized in California
the news conference of gemcoin, the us rich monetary fund, was held at 11:08 a.m. on October 4, 2014 at Sheraton flushing hotel in New York
on behalf of Steve Chen, group president, Leonard Johnson, vice president of the US Regal monetary fund, announced to the New York public that gemcoin has been officially issued since September 1, 2014, and introced the intrinsic value of gemcoin, which has high appreciation potential and wide liquidity
in his speech, he affirmed the influence of gemcoin in the field of international virtual currency and the stability of its value
gemcoin issued by the us rich monetary fund is supported by AFG group's gem mines all over the world and will have wide circulation
gemcoin, the us rich monetary fund, held a grand press conference in New York on Saturday_ Figure 1-2
gemcoin is mainly circulated in gem mining and financial circles, with huge circulation. Gemcoin has gemcoin equivalent sales of the fund, issue gemcoin equivalent gifts (for example, invest $10000, get $10000 gem and get $10000 gemcoin)
the U.S. Regal monetary fund belongs to the monetary fund of AFG group, whose value is endorsed by AFG group
AFG group was founded in 2002, registered in Delaware, USA, and headquartered in Los Angeles. It is a large multinational enterprise. AFG group invests in finance, real estate fund (REIT), real estate, mining (GEM), auction, communication, biotechnology and aviation equipment. Our business covers North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The global total assets of the group reach more than 50 billion US dollars
all these have laid an incomparable market foundation for gemcoin and kept its value relatively stable
Gem Coins will be issued at US $0.05 from September 1
bitcoin has increased by 16257 times from the initial $0.06 issued in 2009 to the highest $979.45
virtual currency refers to non real currency. When virtual currency is linked with reality, virtual currency has its real value and can be traded and used to purchase goods and services. With the promulgation of ab-129 act, virtual currency has become a legal means of payment
virtual currency is mainly divided into the following categories:
1. Internet based digital currency represented by bitcoin
2. The points, vouchers and vouchers issued by businesses have commercial currency
however, the above two currencies have their own limitations. First, digital currency itself has no value. Its origin is a series of computer digital codes, and digital currency can only be used for circulation if it is accepted by both the payer and the payer. At the same time, its security has been widely questioned; The commercial currency issued by the merchant has a certain intrinsic value, which is often guaranteed by the merchant to pay, and can only be used to purchase the goods or services designated by the merchant. Both digital currency and commercial currency need a large number of users to be widely circulated
gemcoin issued by the us rich monetary fund is a new generation of virtual currency based on digital currency and commercial currency, which has carried out financial innovation. It abandons the inherent defects of traditional virtual currency and has high appreciation potential and wide liquidity
first of all, gemcoin has its intrinsic value. Its value is supported by gem mines all over the world by the holding group of American Regal Monetary Fund. At the same time, gemcoin will have wide circulation. The holding group of American Regal Monetary Fund has US $50 billion assets, and its business covers North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia, with more than 2 million users in the world, 3000 gem chain stores will be set up, all of which have laid an unparalleled market foundation for gemcoin
bitcoin has increased 16257 times from $0.06 originally issued in 2009 to $979.45, but it has no intrinsic value. There is no doubt that gemcoin, backed by the us rich Monetary Fund and gems, will surpass the brilliance bitcoin once created
gemcoin is strongly backed by AFG group and gem minerals, which has more room for appreciation and will lead the new trend of currency.

10. Pro, sister UC is here
sister UC doesn't quite understand the meaning of pro. Do you mean Taobao blocks other browsers? If so, sister UC doesn't think so. No matter what browser you use, you are always shopping on Taobao, right
if you still have problems, please call again!