Basic principles of Ethereum
bitcoin, Ruitai coin, Laite coin, ethereum and other digital cryptocurrencies all use blockchain technology
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin, which is essentially a decentralized database and the underlying technology of bitcoin. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography. Each data block contains the information of a bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
warm tips: the above explanations are for reference only, without any suggestions. There are risks in entering the market, so investment should be cautious. Before making any investment, you should make sure that you fully understand the nature of the investment and the risks involved in the proct. After a detailed understanding and careful evaluation of the proct, you can judge whether to participate in the transaction
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do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
install MIPS based Linux header file
$CD $prjroot / kernel
$tar - xjvf linux-2.6.38. Tar. Bz2
$CD linux-2.6.38
create an include folder under the specified path to store related header files< br />$ mkdir -p $TARGET_ Prefix / include
ensures that the Linux source code is clean
$make mrproper
generates the required header file< br />$ make ARCH=mips headers_ check
$ make ARCH=mips INSTALL_ HDR_ PATH=dest headers_ Install
all the files in dest folder to the specified include folder< br />$ cp -rv dest/include/* $TARGET_ Prefix / include
delete dest folder at last
$RM - RF dest
$LS - L $target_ PREFIX/include
First of all, we need to understand what is MLM:
MLM refers to the illegal behavior of organizers and development personnel to obtain wealth by calculating and paying remuneration to the developed personnel based on the number or performance of the personnel directly or indirectly developed, or requiring the developed personnel to pay certain fees to obtain the qualification to join. The essence of MLM is "Ponzi scheme", that is to say, the money of later comers is distributed to the income of former comers
However, the new type of MLM does not restrict personal freedom, does not accept ID cards and mobile phones, and does not take classes collectively. Instead, it uses capital operation as a banner to pull people to cheat money, drives luxury cars, wears gold and silver, and uses money to attract your relatives and friends to join in, and finally makes you lose all your moneythen judge whether the ether coin is a kind of MLM, whether you need membership fee, whether you need to ask your relatives and friends to join
extended materials:
Ethereum is an underlying technology platform on which developers can create distributed applications. With the application, there will be transactions. With a transaction, you need money to complete the transaction. In this way, money has value, and investors' investment has a return. If the transaction volume on the platform is larger and larger, the demand for money will be higher and higher, and the money will be more and more valuable
from the perspective of image, bitcoin creates a kind of digital gold, while Ethereum creates a country, and Ethereum is the credit currency of the country
after bitcoin, there are thousands of digital virtual currencies in the world, many of which are completely deceptive in the guise of "digital currency". Previously, Haikou Municipal Public Security cracked down on a pyramid selling organization called "Eurasian currency", which operated on the internet pyramid selling platform, making more than 40000 investors cheated, involving 4.06 billion yuan. The field of virtual currency has just started, so we need to be cautious
resources : Ethernet money network
The hottest things this year are "bitcoin", "Ethereum" and all kinds of cryptocurrencies, so hot that even aunts and uncles are about to start talking about them. It is no exaggeration to say that 2017 is the first year of the development of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology
as the underlying technology behind bitcoin, the concept of blockchain has only been mentioned in the past two or three years, although as early as 2009, "Nakamoto Tsung" released bitcoin. After this wave of digital currency boom, the concept of blockchain technology has really entered the eyes of all walks of life. I'm afraid it's too early to mention the wide application of blockchain technology, which is still in a very early stage of development. However, e to the arrival of the boom, many technicians and teams have contributed their efforts to build some blockchain concept projects“ Needless to say, as the first application of blockchain technology, bitcoin of "Zhongben cong" has realized the function of distributed ledger, which can realize the first decentralized value transmission of human beings. It can be said that it is "blockchain 1.0". Then Ethereum invented the smart contract, which extended the function of blockchain technology to build applications. It is well deserved to be defined as "blockchain 2.0". However, the blockchain concept projects that came out later did not realize this leap forward role, but only improved to a certain extent at the application level, so they can not be called "blockchain 3.0"
so what is "blockchain 3.0"? Maybe bitcoin OS is the answer: an operation system that is completely based on blockchain technology and follows the concept of blockchain technology. In the 1980s, before Microsoft released the windows operating system, personal computers and Internet technology were still in a non systematic state and could not be popularized. After the release, personal computers were allowed to enter ordinary people's homes, making PC and Internet universal application procts. Recently, bitcoin OS team announced the implementation of the bifurcations of bitcoin and Ethereum on Christmas day, so as to officially publish the plan of developing blockchain OS
anyone who knows a little bit about blockchain technology knows that bitcoin solves the problem of account book, while Ethereum is a smart contract to realize application expansion. Later, a team will launch a distributed storage project. But these systems with only a single functional mole are not "operating systems". The traditional definition of operating system is a huge management and control program, which includes five management functions: process and processor management, job management, storage management, device management and file management. In fact, the OS based on blockchain does not need to change all the five functional blocks into distributed ones, as long as the parts related to the external transmission of value and information can be decentralized and distributed. Therefore, the blockchain operating system should have at least three functions of "account system management, computing resource management and storage resource management", which can realize distributed ledger, edge computing and edge storage. Although it is still too early to define the instry standard in this way, bitcoin OS team is committed to realizing the blockchain OS possessed by these three functional blocks first, and then improving it through iteration
according to the bitcoin OS team, the name "bitcoin OS" is actually "blockchain OS", which is named after "bitcoin", which is also a tribute to the inventor "Satoshi Nakamoto". At present, from the technical details given by the bitcoin OS team, we may be able to see some aspects of this "blockchain 3.0" project
firstly, the management function of the account book system supports locating the ownership of resources according to the account ID, such as the private key; Computing resource management can obtain corresponding computing resources according to the demand, support edge computing, and share distributed computing power. In addition, storage resource management can use storage resources according to the demand, and support edge storage. Compared with bitcoin OS, Ethereum only supports account system and smart contract, which can not meet the distribution of distributed computing tasks. Ethereum only supports the fair execution of contract code, let alone the management of storage resources. So Ethereum is only a custom calculator
in addition, it is worth mentioning that bitcoin OS self customized enhanced smart contract. It supports two modes, which are more flexible and efficient
1. Central computing mode: the outgoing node is responsible for executing the smart contract, and both the incoming parameters and the output results support sipfs to be stored in the storage node
Distributed computing mode: ordinary nodes can claim computing tasks, input parameters and output results support sipfs storage to storage nodesfinally, we also need to mention the built-in sipfs super interstellar file system of bitcoin OS. Sipfs can realize the decentralized storage of technical input parameters and output parameters. At the same time, the file has a life cycle, and the DNA description of the file descriptor is recorded on the blockchain. The file descriptor of sipfs does not exist on the blockchain, but it will be stored in a separate file descriptor data file. After the end of the file life cycle, the blockchain will automatically delete the file descriptor, Realize the intelligent slimming of blockchain
"blockchain 3.0" is worth looking forward to, and bitcoin OS team, as the vanguard, is worth paying attention to and encouraging. We are looking forward to the real blockchain operating system
Some time ago, a picture of Chinese aunts appearing on the scene of the blockchain conference became popular on the Internet. For a while, it caused a heated discussion. Netizens said one after another: "aunts have been targeted by the blockchain." In fact, since a few years ago, when the concept of blockchain came out, there have been some illegal elements carrying out pyramid selling activities in the name of blockchain, which has become one of the latest varieties of pyramid selling. In fact, with the development of blockchain, all kinds of virtual currencies emerge as the times require. Most of them are scams. In the name of "virtual currency" and "blockchain", swindlers carry out scams. This is mainly to make use of the psychology that investors do not understand virtual currency and blockchain, but want to catch up with the upsurge of virtual currency investment. This kind of scam seems complicated, but it is also very simple. However, once it is cheated, it is difficult to recover the investment
in a word, blockchain technology is not a fraud, but is used by swindlers to cheat investors by using information asymmetry
mahjong is the earliest application of blockchain in China:
the idea that a wants to play mahjong is equivalent to creating a block:
a calls to inform B, C and D, which means "decentralization & quot; Point to point transmission of
ABCD has formed a consensus that the touch action is "mining", and four people are "miners"
mahjong is a hash value. The Hu card is to hit the correct hash value and get the corresponding chip reward, which is called bitcoin
each of the four recorded the first round of the game. In the whole blockchain, this is only one node. If 20 mahjong games were played that day, that is, 20 nodes (blocks), and 20 blocks were connected together to form a complete ledger, that is blockchain< According to historical records, China is the world's earliest application group in blockchain, so you can be proud to say that China is more than 1000 years ahead of the world in blockchain application
it's powerful. Our country is [strong] [strong] [strong]