Solar eclipse attack on Ethereum network

1.

There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road

from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain

1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0

however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts

first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network

the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis

to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively

(1) fragmentation technology

vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved

however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization

(2) lightning network

lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain

however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel

only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain

another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost

Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactions

the above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network

Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event

Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident

(1) what does Dao mean

before introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized

autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

(2) the infamous Dao event

however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event

refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days

unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13

this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart

to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions

in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"

Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stability

2. Ethereum blockchain has exposed three major problems, and its founder vitalik buterin has been unable to interpret them for a long time. The first is the low performance and TPS of Ethereum blockchain as a whole; The second is that resources are not isolated. The event of cryptokitties virtual cat once occupied 20% of the traffic of the whole Ethereum, which directly caused Ethereum network users unable to carry out timely transactions, which is the biggest pain point of resources not isolated; The third problem lies in the embodiment of Ethereum's governance structure. As a decentralized distributed ledger, the founder team of Ethereum has dominated its network development in the past. The over centralized governance mode has led to the bifurcation of eth, etc and ETF in Ethereum, and the Ethereum community is now in a state of fragmented governance. In the view of Ma Haobo, founder and CEO of "aelf", all kinds of disadvantages of Ethereum are unacceptable. Therefore, the positioning of "aelf" is born for the next generation of decentralized underlying computing platform of Ethereum, which focuses on solving the problems of insufficient performance, non isolation of resources and governance structure of Ethereum.

3. Unable to connect to mine pool, try again in 20 seconds. 1. No network. 2. Another wave of attacks on the spark pool.

4. At the top of Ethereum is DAPP. It exchanges with the smart contract layer through Web3. JS. All smart contracts run on EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and use RPC calls. Below EVM and RPC are the four core contents of Ethereum, including: blockchain, consensus algorithm, mining and network layer. Except DAPP, all other parts are in the Ethereum client. The most popular Ethereum client is geth (go Ethereum)

5. Due to Ethereum's decentralization, vitalik buterin's decision to roll back transactions must be approved by at least 51% of users. As a result, Ethereum is divided into two groups. One group is Ethereum classic. They insist on the original intention that the blockchain cannot be changed and stay to maintain the original Ethereum. The other is etherum, maintained by the vitalik buterin team. This is the origin of Ethereum classic brought by "Ethereum hard fork". Contributor: bitewang

6.

The

Ethereum mining

Berlin hard fork will mark the end of the metropolitan era. This is a key stage in Ethereum's history, which is divided into two stages (Byzantine and Constantinople), including several branches, including Atlantis, Istanbul, and finally reached its peak in Berlin

7. I haven't heard of this financial management platform, so I suggest learning from a well-known platform.

8. From bitcoin to Ethereum, it seems that more and more institutional traders are interested in accumulating Ethereum for long-term benefits, because Ethereum is also a store of value

1. Ethereum: a better value accumulation target

for many years, accumulating bitcoin has been the main way to store the value of cryptocurrency. Investors use bitcoin as a sharp weapon against the economic crisis. However, institutional traders are now also interested in Ethereum

in the 2020 annual review report of coinbase, it is noted that institutional customers are more and more interested in Ethereum. The reason is related to how investors evaluate Ethereum ecosystem

first of all, it is the original currency of the network. Because Ethereum is a platform for many valuable projects, Ethereum has become a powerful trading currency in Ethereum ecosystem

Why are more and more institutional traders hoarding Ethereum

the report points out that the driving force for Ethereum holders to invest comes from: first, Ethereum's potential as a value store is constantly developing; 2、 Ethereum's status as a digital currency provides the basis for its network transactions<

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2. Investment institutions such as coinbase and Gemini are optimistic about Ethereum and defi

Arthur Cheong, founder of definance capital and portfolio manager focusing on defi encryption fund, pointed out in a statement in coindesk, "I think bold investors will explore Ethereum and defi after studying bitcoin."

according to the data, some investment institutions such as coinbase and Gemini are incredibly bullish on Ethereum. In addition, more and more large investors are looking for different decentralized financing space

Why are more and more institutional traders hoarding Ethereum< However, deniss vinokourou, a digital asset investment manager, believes that "not everyone is satisfied with the risks associated with defi that still exist, but the rapid growth of active projects in Ethereum supports capital appreciation."

unlike bitcoin, Ethereum has many ways to retain investors and lock them in for a long time. After the release of eth2.0, Ethereum owners have made a lot of profits in long Ethereum

the original text is from ambcrypto and compiled by blockchain knight. The right in English belongs to the original author. If you want to reprint it in Chinese, please contact the compiler.

9. Generally speaking, the competition of blockchain public chain is fierce now, because the public chain project is the foundation of blockchain ecology, and the public chain is a super project with huge system, extremely complex and extremely difficult. At present, the overall market situation is similar to that in the early days of the computer system, which started with the development of technology; Linux operating system and UNIX (Younis) are changing, but in the end, windows dominates and apple OS coexists for a long time< br /> 
at present, Ethereum and EOS are the most popular public chains. However, the market value of EOS has plummeted after its epic loophole recently, which has been downplayed by many media. Often the most promising at the beginning may not win in the end. Recently, because of their innovative consensus algorithm, they proposed quite innovative CPOs and focused on a new public chain project

their name is gaiaworld public chain, and their CPOs consensus algorithm is their core technology. Specific technical details can go to the official website to see the white paper, in short, TPS speed has reached a new height, faster than Ethereum, and can support the layout of large projects< br /> 
at the same time, they have innovated two other technologies. Parallel chain technology can make it easier for other developers to release side chains, and then aegis protocol, which is a specific smart contract protocol&# 160;< br /> 
now there are so many air projects, it's really hard to distinguish the good from the bad, but I think the technology platform is the future
hope to adopt

10. Eclipse is a very painful skill, sometimes one attack, sometimes two attacks, of course, two attacks when cool

some people say that the attack of solar eclipse may be magic and physical attack, and they want to add and then divide by 2. Some say it's magic and physics when attacking twice. But today I brush dog solar eclipse hit 4 times... May be the card, so I think the eclipse of multiple attacks may be the card out

if the problem of skill damage, I think it may be. Eclipse attack may be a magic and physical attack, want to add and then divide by 2, and then get the value of the attack, this is more reliable

but even if the solar eclipse attack is low, you can learn it for yourself

it's easy to control monsters when painting solar eclipses. One solar eclipse is a pile of monsters. Of course, high hard straight resistance exception
PK solar eclipse is easy to control, with large range, quick moves and good control. The hard straightness of the archer is still considerable. It's easy to use even if you take Yin people to escape

if you wear the right equipment (all kinds of magic weapons, intelligence magic attack jewelry), your solar eclipse attack will not be low. It's natural that the attack of double cultivation is low. After all, the highlight of double cultivation solar eclipse is not the damage, but the range and speed.